United States v. McKneely , 519 F. App'x 517 ( 2013 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
March 12, 2013
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 12-1432
v. (D. of Colo.)
DRACY LAMONT McKNEELY, (D.C. No. 1:93-CR-00308-MSK-1)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, ANDERSON, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit
Judges. **
Dracy McKneely appeals from the denial of a Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 4(a)(6) motion through which he sought to reopen the time to appeal
the denial of a Rule 60(b) motion—which was itself an attack on a denial of a
§ 2255 petition. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the
district court’s denial of the Rule 4(a)(6) motion.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
**
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
I. Background
We start with a somewhat complicated procedural background to illustrate
the legal issue before us. McKneely was convicted of possession with intent to
distribute cocaine in 1994. We affirmed that conviction the following year.
United States v. McKneely, 69 F.3d 1067 (10th Cir. 1995). McKneely then
collaterally attacked his conviction in a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 proceeding. The
district court denied relief in 2001 and we affirmed that judgment. United States
v. McKneely, 37 F. App’x 952 (10th Cir. 2002).
In 2009—eight years after judgment in his § 2255 proceeding— McKneely
filed a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(4) motion to set aside the district
court’s denial of his § 2255 petition. McKneely argued “that the judgment [was]
void” (as Rule 60(b)(4) requires) because the district court had supposedly failed
to address an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel argument.
Given that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(c)(1) requires such motions
to be made “within a reasonable time,” and given McKneely’s lack of explanation
for the eight-year delay, the district court denied McKneely’s motion as untimely.
The district court filed that order in March 2009. McKneely filed no notice of
appeal.
On August 10, 2009, the district court received a motion from McKneely
requesting relief under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(6), which
permits the district court to reopen the time for filing a notice of appeal if certain
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conditions are met, including specific timeliness conditions. McKneely claimed
he deserved such reopening because he had not received the March 2009 order
until “sometime during the first week of July [2009].” R., Vol. 1 at 247.
McKneely also filed a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) motion to alter
or amend the judgment, which was effectively a motion to reconsider the court’s
March 2009 order. The district court denied the Rule 59(e) motion as untimely
but said nothing about the Rule 4(a)(6) motion.
McKneely appealed both the denial of his Rule 59(e) motion and the
presumed denial of his Rule 4(a)(6) motion. We affirmed the district court’s
conclusion that the Rule 59(e) motion was untimely but dismissed McKneely’s
challenge to the Rule 4(a)(6) “denial” because no denial had actually taken
place—and we therefore had no judgment on which to base our jurisdiction.
United States v. McKneely, 398 F. App’x 334 (10th Cir. 2010).
On remand, the district court reached McKneely’s Rule 4(a)(6) motion and
denied it for untimeliness. The district court took McKneely at his word that he
received the March 2009 order “sometime during the first week of July [2009]”
and assumed that McKneely meant the first full week of July 2009. The district
court further gave McKneely the benefit of the assumption that he received it on
the last day of that week (Saturday, July 11, 2009). Applying the version of Rule
4(a)(6) in effect in 2009, the district court calculated that the seven-day period in
which McKneely was required to file such a motion expired on July 24, 2009 at
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the latest. 1 McKneely dated his motion “2/2/09,” which was obviously an
impossibility given that it would predate the March 2009 order. Noting that the
envelope in which McKneely’s motion arrived was postmarked August 5, 2009,
the district court surmised that McKneely meant to write “8/2/09” on his motion,
rather than “2/2/09.” 2 Under that supposition, and applying the prison mailbox
rule, the court ruled that McKneely’s effective filing on August 2, 2009 was late
as compared to the July 24, 2009 deadline. The court therefore denied
McKneely’s Rule 4(a)(6) motion as untimely. McKneely now appeals that order.
II. Analysis
Denials of Rule 4(a)(6) motions are reviewed for abuse of discretion. Kuhn
v. Sulzer Orthopedics, Inc., 498 F.3d 365, 368 (6th Cir. 2007); Arai v. Am. Bryce
Ranches, Inc., 316 F.3d 1066, 1069–70 (9th Cir. 2003). McKneely’s Rule 4(a)(6)
motion, however, is arguably part of a collateral attack on the March 2009 denial
1
Before December 1, 2009, Rule 4(a)(6) required filing a motion under its
auspices within seven days of receiving notice of the entry of an order from which
the time to file a notice of appeal has expired. At the time, the seven-day window
was calculated according to the “old” Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 26,
which meant that “seven days” would usually come out to somewhere between
nine and thirteen days. On December 1, 2009, Rule 26 was changed to the “a day
is a day” approach and Rule 4(a)(6)’s time limit was set at fourteen days. That
change would not materially alter the district court’s analysis, assuming the
fourteen-day limit should apply.
2
Having examined McKneely’s motion ourselves, we conclude there is no
possibility McKneely meant to write “7/2/09.” McKneely wrote “2/2/09” at three
separate locations. In all three, the first and second digits are plainly the same,
and plainly a “2.” See R., Vol. 1 at 248–49.
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of his Rule 60(b)(4) motion, which was itself a collateral attack on the 2001
denial of his § 2255 petition, which was of course a collateral attack on his drug
conviction. The government contends that in this posture, McKneely is actually
appealing from a “final order in a proceeding under section 2255,” and therefore
may not appeal without a certificate of appealability (COA) from this court. See
28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1), (c)(1)(B).
Some circuits have adopted the essence of the government’s argument (and
we are aware of none that have rejected it). For example, the Second Circuit
holds that a petitioner must obtain a COA when appealing the denial of a Rule
4(a)(6) motion to reopen the time to appeal a § 2255 judgment. 3 Eltayib v. United
States, 294 F.3d 397, 400 (2d Cir. 2002). But the standard for obtaining a COA is
more complicated. The petitioner must first show “that jurists of reason would
find it debatable whether the district court abused its discretion in denying the
Rule 4(a)(6) motion.” Id. If the petitioner succeeds, then he or she must show
that the underlying § 2255 petition meets the usual COA standard, i.e., it raises a
substantial question of whether the petitioner was denied a constitutional right.
Id.
The Third Circuit likewise requires a COA in similar circumstances. In
United States v. Rinaldi, 447 F.3d 192 (3d Cir. 2006), the petitioner challenged
3
This differs slightly from McKneely’s circumstance because he seeks to
reopen the time to appeal a Rule 60(b) motion, which itself sought to reopen his
§ 2255 judgment.
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his conviction on direct appeal, then through § 2255, then through a Rule 60(b)
motion attacking his § 2255 denial, then through a Rule 59(e) motion seeking
reconsideration of his Rule 60(b) denial, then through a Rule 4(a)(6) motion
seeking to reopen the time to appeal his Rule 59(e) denial. 4 Id. at 193–94. The
court held that a petitioner appealing a Rule 4(a)(6) denial must obtain a COA in
such circumstances. The court then adapted the Second Circuit’s COA standard,
requiring the petitioner to show both a colorable claim as to the Rule 4(a)(6)
denial and as to the underlying Rule 60(b) denial. Id. at 195.
Although the approach set forth in these decisions makes sense as a general
matter, the government has not adequately briefed all of the required elements.
Assuming we would adopt the Second and Third Circuits’ two-step approach (as
the government encourages), the government has not countered McKneely’s
assertions relating to the second step—i.e., that the underlying Rule 60(b) denial
was erroneous. Indeed, the government has deemed that issue “outside the scope
of this appeal.” Aple. Br. at 13.
We conclude it is unwise to adopt the government’s COA argument on this
record. Nonetheless, the result would be the same whether we adopted it or not.
Assuming McKneely needs a COA and we adopted the Second and Third Circuits’
approach, McKneely would first need to show a substantial question of whether
4
This course of proceedings substantially mirrors McKneely’s except that
McKneely filed his Rule 59(e) and Rule 4(a)(6) motions simultaneously, and both
were meant to reopen his Rule 60(b) denial.
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the district court abused its discretion in denying the Rule 4(a)(6) motion.
McKneely’s only argument in this regard is to assert by affidavit—for the first
time on appeal—that he made a mistake when he said he received the March 2009
denial of his Rule 60(b) motion “sometime during the first week of July [2009].”
What he meant to say, he now claims, is that he received it during the first week
of August. 5
This does not cast substantial doubt over the district court’s decision.
McKneely’s affidavit was not in the record below. The district court could not
have considered it, and therefore did not err by failing to consider it. We note
that about two months after filing his notice of appeal, McKneely filed another
Rule 59(e) motion with the district court explaining his alleged August-not-July
mistake. See United States v. McKneely, Case No. 1:93-cr-00308-MSK-1, Docket
#173 (D. Colo., filed Dec. 20, 2012). But on the record before the district court
when it denied McKneely’s Rule 4(a)(6) motion, there is no substantial question
whether the court abused its discretion. And the lack of a substantial question
also disposes of McKneely’s appeal on the merits, assuming he does not need a
COA. We express no opinion about McKneely’s second Rule 59(e) motion.
5
His affidavit does not explain why he repeatedly dated the same document
“2/2/09.” His reply brief asserts that this too “should have been August, 2009.”
Aplt. Reply Br. at 2.
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III. Conclusion
McKneely’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis is GRANTED, but the
district court’s denial of McKneely’s Rule 4(a)(6) motion is AFFIRMED.
Appellant’s “Motion for Certified Question of Tenth Circuit Law” is DENIED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Timothy M. Tymkovich
Circuit Judge
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