United States v. Alexander , 696 F. App'x 317 ( 2017 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
_________________________________ June 5, 2017
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Clerk of Court
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 16-7092
(D.C. No. 6:16-CR-00051-RAW-1)
IKE ALEXANDER, (E.D. Okla.)
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before KELLY, MURPHY, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Ike Alexander’s appointed counsel has submitted an Anders brief stating an appeal
in this case would present no non-frivolous issues. After a careful review of the record,
we agree. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we grant counsel’s motion to
withdraw and dismiss the appeal.
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Conviction and Sentence
On July 13, 2016, Mr. Alexander pled guilty to a single count of being a felon in
possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The Presentence
Investigative Report (“PSR”) determined that he qualified for an enhanced sentence
under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”) because he had at least three prior
convictions for “violent felonies” under the ACCA. Under the ACCA, a person who has
been convicted of being a felon in possession and who has three previous, separate
convictions for violent felonies or serious drug offenses, or both, shall be imprisoned not
less than 15 years. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).
The PSR identified the following Oklahoma state convictions as Mr. Alexander’s
ACCA predicate offenses: (1) Assault with a Deadly Weapon and Shooting with Intent
to Kill; (2) Robbery with a Firearm; (3) Robbery With a Firearm, Assault with a
Dangerous Weapon, Shooting with Intent to Kill, and Kidnapping; (4) Assault and
Battery on a Correctional Officer; and (5) Attempted Robbery with a Firearm. Mr.
Alexander pled guilty to the first four offenses on October 18, 2000, and the fifth offense
on February 5, 2009. The PSR recommended a total offense level of 31 and a criminal
history category of VI, yielding an advisory range under the United States Sentencing
Guidelines (“Guidelines”) of 188 to 235 months. Because of Mr. Alexander’s previous
violent felonies, the ACCA mandated a minimum prison sentence of 15 years (180
months). Mr. Alexander did not object to the PSR.
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At the sentencing hearing, the district court found the PSR had correctly
determined that Mr. Alexander qualified for an enhanced sentence under the ACCA. The
court sentenced Mr. Alexander to 188 months, above the required ACCA minimum but at
the low end of the applicable Guidelines range.
B. Anders Brief
Mr. Alexander appeals the district court’s sentence. His appointed counsel
filed a brief pursuant to Anders v. California, which provides that:
[I]f counsel finds [the defendant’s] case to be wholly
frivolous, after a conscientious examination of it, he
should so advise the court and request permission to
withdraw. That request must, however, be accompanied
by a brief referring to anything in the record that might
arguably support the appeal. . . . [T]he court—not
counsel—then proceeds, after a full examination of all the
proceedings, to decide whether the case is wholly
frivolous. If it so finds it may grant counsel’s request to
withdraw and dismiss the appeal . . . .
386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967).
His counsel’s Anders brief identified one potential issue on appeal: whether
the district court erred in finding that the fourth predicate conviction—assault and
battery on a correctional officer—qualified as a violent felony under the ACCA.
Anders Br. at 8-9. But even this issue, counsel argues, is not meritorious. He seeks
our permission to withdraw.
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Mr. Alexander submitted a pro se,1 handwritten response to the Anders brief
challenging whether certain of his offenses qualify as ACCA predicates and
attempting to raise an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. The Government also
filed a response.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
We review de novo a district court’s decision that a prior conviction counts as
a predicate offense for the purpose of imposing an ACCA sentence enhancement.
United States v. Johnson, 630 F.3d 970, 975 (10th Cir. 2010). When a defendant
does not object to the sentence enhancement below, we review for plain error.
United States v. Spring, 80 F.3d 1450, 1461 (10th Cir. 1996).
B. Counsel’s Anders Brief
The only issue raised in counsel’s Anders brief is whether Mr. Alexander’s
conviction for assault and battery on a correctional officer under Oklahoma law
qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA.2 Anders Br. at 8-9 (suggesting the
1
Because Mr. Alexander proceeds pro se, we construe his arguments liberally.
See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam).
2
The ACCA defines the phrase “violent felony” to mean:
any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term
exceeding one year, . . . that—
(i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or
threatened use of physical force against the person
of another; or
Continued . . .
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conviction is not a violent felony because it ‘“may be accomplished by a slight
touch’”) (quoting United States v. Mitchell, 653 F. App’x 639, 644 (10th Cir. 2016)
(unpublished)).
Counsel did not object to the district court’s determination that his client’s
prior offenses are violent felonies. Whether Mr. Alexander was properly subject to
the ACCA, therefore, would be subject to plain error review on appeal. Spring, 80
F.3d at 1461.
Even if the district court plainly erred in counting this offense as a violent
felony, however, the error would be harmless because Mr. Alexander would have
four remaining predicate convictions and would therefore still qualify for an ACCA-
enhanced sentence with one offense to spare. See United States v. Couchman, 329 F.
App’x, 836, 837-38 (10th Cir. 2009) (granting counsel’s motion to withdraw where
exclusion of two of the defendant’s ACCA predicate offenses still left three valid
predicates). Any challenge to the district court’s application of the ACCA would
thus be futile. See United States v. Esparza-Estrada, 252 F. App’x 880, 884-85 (10th
Cir. 2007) (granting counsel’s motion to withdraw when defendant’s appeal would
have been futile).
(ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, [or] involves use
of explosives . . . .
18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B).
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C. Mr. Alexander’s Arguments
Mr. Alexander raises four arguments disputing the application of the ACCA.
None can meet the plain error standard.
First, Mr. Alexander questions how he could have more than two predicate
convictions when he was only sentenced twice—once in October 2000 and again in
February 2009. He acknowledges he was convicted of multiple charges in October
2000, but he argues these convictions should count as only one qualifying predicate
for ACCA purposes. This argument fails. Whether prior convictions constitute a
single criminal offense or more than one for purposes of the ACCA depends not on
the date of the convictions or the sentencing but on whether the crimes were
committed at different times. § 924(e)(1); United States v. Harris, 447 F.3d 1300,
1305 n.2 (10th Cir. 2006) (“Separateness under the ACCA turns on when and where
the crimes were committed, not when the convictions were entered.”). Mr.
Alexander committed each of his five predicate offenses on different days in different
locations against different victims. Even though judgment on four of the convictions
occurred on the same day in October 2000, they did not constitute a single offense for
ACCA purposes. The conviction for which he was sentenced in February 2009 then
provided a fifth, not a second, predicate offense.
Second, Mr. Alexander contends he did not plead guilty to the first predicate
offense—shooting with the intent to kill his brother, Isaac Alexander—because
“[Isaac] has never been shot in his life[.]” Response to Anders Brief at 1. But the
factual basis for this offense is not relevant for our purposes as long as (1) Mr.
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Alexander was convicted of the offense, and (2) the offense is a qualifying ACCA
predicate. Regarding the first requirement, the PSR states that Mr. Alexander pled
guilty to shooting Isaac, who was struck by the bullet and wounded. Mr. Alexander
never objected to the PSR, and his contentions regarding the factual basis for the
conviction find no support in the record. Second, shooting with intent to kill under
Oklahoma law constitutes an ACCA qualifying predicate. See United States v.
McCalister, 314 F. App’x 110, 111-12 (10th Cir. 2008) (unpublished) (recognizing
that shooting with intent to kill is a “crime of violence” under the Guidelines); see
also United States v. Wray, 776 F.3d 1182, 1184-85 (10th Cir. 2015) (explaining that
we interpret “crime of violence” under the Guidelines and “violent felony” under the
ACCA interchangeably). Thus, it was not plainly erroneous for the district court to
count this conviction as an ACCA predicate. Even if the district court plainly erred
on this issue, the error would be harmless because Mr. Alexander would still have at
least three other qualifying predicates.
Third, Mr. Alexander claims he is not subject to the ACCA because three of
his prior convictions occurred in 1999 when he was a juvenile. [Response to Anders
brief at 1.] This argument is meritless because Mr. Alexander was convicted and
sentenced as an adult for crimes punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding
one year. Under the statute, these convictions count towards the ACCA
enhancement. See § 924(e)(2)(B) (stating that qualifying ACCA predicate conviction
includes a “violent felony,” which is any crime punishable for imprisonment for a
term exceeding one year); United States v. Cure, 996 F.2d 1136, 1139-40 (11th Cir.
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1993) (holding that prior conviction for crime committed when defendant was
under 17 satisfied ACCA’s requirements because defendant was adjudicated as an
adult under Florida law and sentenced for a term exceeding one year).
Finally, Mr. Alexander’s Anders response suggests he may wish to raise an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim, but such claims “should be brought in
collateral proceedings, not on direct appeal.” United States v. Galloway, 56 F.3d
1239, 1240 (10th Cir. 1995) (en banc). When ineffectiveness claims are brought on
direct appeal, they “are presumptively dismissible, and virtually all will be
dismissed.” Galloway, 56 F.3d at 1240. This court “recognizes a narrow exception
to this principle only where the issue was raised before and ruled upon by the district
court and a sufficient factual record exists.” United States v. Battles, 745 F.3d 436,
457 (10th Cir. 2014). This case does not fall within that exception. Moreover, in
light of Galloway’s general rule that ineffective assistance claims be brought through a
motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 and not on direct appeal, this court has granted a defense
counsel’s motion to withdraw and dismissed an appeal based on an Anders brief even
when the defendant may have had an ineffective assistance claim. United States v.
Calderon, 428 F.3d 928, 931-32 (10th Cir. 2005) (granting counsel’s motion to
withdraw because even if defendant had a valid ineffectiveness claim, “this Court
would not address such a claim here”). We do the same here.
III. CONCLUSION
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Neither Mr. Alexander nor his counsel identify a non-frivolous issue for
review on appeal, and our independent review of the record did not uncover one
either. We therefore grant counsel’s motion to withdraw and dismiss this appeal.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT,
Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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