United States v. Young , 663 F. App'x 727 ( 2016 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
TENTH CIRCUIT October 31, 2016
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 16-3077
(D.C. No. 2:03-CR-20116-KHV-JPO-1)
WILLIAM YOUNG, (D. Kan.)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before LUCERO, MATHESON, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
William Young appeals the district court’s judgment revoking his supervised
release and sentencing him to eight months of incarceration and an additional period of
supervised release. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C.
§ 3742(a), we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with instructions to issue an
*After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may
be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
amended judgment consistent with this order.
I. BACKGROUND
After being indicted in 2003, Mr. Young pled guilty to a single count of conspiring
to distribute and possess with the intent to distribute five or more grams of cocaine base
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2 and 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(iii); 846. In 2005, the
United States District Court for the District of Kansas imposed a sentence of 151 months
of imprisonment followed by four years of supervised release. The court ordered both
standard and special conditions on Mr. Young’s supervised release.1
Mr. Young was released from prison and began his supervised release in April
2015. In February 2016, the probation office filed a petition in the district court to revoke
Mr. Young’s supervised release. According to the petition, Mr. Young had used illegal
drugs, failed to check in with his probation officer, and skipped treatment programs in
which he was enrolled.
The district court held a hearing in March 2016 and revoked Mr. Young’s
supervised release. It sentenced him to eight months of imprisonment and three more
years of supervised release.
At this hearing, Mr. Young, through counsel, stipulated to the facts underlying the
alleged violations and agreed the court could impose between 8 and 14 months in
1
Mr. Young appealed his sentence, but the plea agreement he signed contained a
waiver of his appellate rights. We enforced the waiver and dismissed his appeal. United
States v. Young, 206 F. App’x 779 (10th Cir. 2006) (unpublished).
-2-
custody. He asked the court not to impose any term of imprisonment, however, and
instead to continue the hearing, order him to a halfway house, and reassess his progress
after a few months in a structured environment. The Government opposed this request
and argued Mr. Young should be incarcerated.
Based on Mr. Young’s numerous positive drug tests, the district court concluded it
was “required to revoke and impose a sentence that includes a term of imprisonment”
unless it found there were “appropriate substance abuse programs” available for Mr.
Young or that his “current or past participation in programs” justified another course, in
which case it could “grant[] an exception from the mandatory revocation and
imprisonment.” ROA Vol. 2 at 15.2
The court decided Mr. Young was “not entitled to an exemption” and that his
violations “pretty much sp[oke] for themselves.” Id. After Mr. Young had a chance to
allocute, the court expressed its “wish that [Mr. Young] had stuck with” his treatment
program. Id. at 21. The district court stated that “eight months in custody would be
appropriate” because Mr. Young had not shown any reason why he should be exempt
from the revocation requirement. Id. at 23. The court selected eight months from the
non-binding policy statements of the United States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”),
2
See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(g)(4) (requiring revocation of supervised release and
imposition of a term of imprisonment “[i]f the defendant . . . tests positive for illegal
controlled substances more than 3 times over the course of 1 year”); see also 18 U.S.C.
§ 3583(d) (“The court shall consider whether the availability of appropriate substance
abuse treatment programs, or an individual’s current or past participation in such
programs, warrants an exception . . . from the rule of section 3583(g) . . . .”).
-3-
which provided for a custody range of 8 to 14 months.
In addition to the eight-month prison term, the court ordered three years of
supervised release and specified that “all of the conditions that were previously imposed”
would again apply. Id.; see also id. at 24.
The court asked, “Is there any comment, counsel, on the proposed sentence?” Id.
at 23. Mr. Young’s lawyer answered, “No, Your Honor.” Id.
But when the district court entered its written judgment almost two weeks later,
the terms of Mr. Young’s new period of supervised release were not identical to the terms
previously imposed. Mr. Young complains the written judgment added an entirely new
condition requiring him to “reside at a residential re-entry center program, in the
community corrections component allowing for work release, for up to 120 days, at the
direction of the U.S. Probation Officer.” ROA Vol. 1 at 34. He also argues the written
judgment materially altered another condition: whereas the court previously required Mr.
Young to “participate in an approved program for mental health,” id. at 21, the new
judgment ordered him to “participate as directed in a cognitive behavioral program,” id.
at 34.
Mr. Young filed a timely notice of appeal. See Fed. App. R. 4(b)(1)(A)(i).
II. DISCUSSION
Mr. Young raises two issues on appeal. First, he argues the district court
committed plain error during the March 2016 revocation hearing because it “did not
consider the § 3553(a) factors and gave no explanation whatsoever for the given
-4-
sentence.” Aplt. Br. at 9. We reject his argument and affirm because the district court
did not err, plainly or otherwise.
Second, Mr. Young argues we must remand for the district court to conform its
written judgment to its oral sentence concerning his supervised release conditions. The
Government agrees with Mr. Young that the district court’s oral pronouncement controls.
So do we, and we remand for correction of the judgment.
A. Consideration of § 3553(a) Factors
1. Legal Background
Section 3583 provides that a court may revoke a term of supervised release after
considering certain factors listed in § 3553(a). See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3).3 “The
sentencing court, however, is not required to consider individually each factor listed in
§ 3553(a), nor is it required to recite any magic words to show us that it fulfilled its
responsibility to be mindful of the factors that Congress has instructed it to consider
before issuing a sentence.” United States v. Cordova, 461 F.3d 1184, 1189 (10th Cir.
2006) (quotations omitted); see also United States v. Kelley, 359 F.3d 1302, 1305 (10th
3
Section 3583(e) requires consideration of a subset of the § 3553(a) factors. As
we said in United States v. Cordova, the relevant factors in the revocation context
include: “the nature and circumstances of the offense; the history and characteristics of
the defendant; the need for the sentence imposed to afford adequate deterrence, protect
the public, and provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training,
medical care or other correctional treatment in the most effective manner; pertinent
guidelines; pertinent policy statements; the need to avoid unwanted sentence disparities;
and the need to provide restitution.” 461 F.3d 1184, 1188-89 (10th Cir. 2006) (quotations
omitted).
-5-
Cir. 2004) (“[I]t is enough if the district court considers § 3553(a) en masse and states its
reasons for imposing a given sentence.”).4
2. Standard of Review
Whether the district court failed to consider the § 3553(a) factors is a question of
procedural reasonableness. See United States v. Vigil, 696 F.3d 997, 1001 (10th Cir.
2012). If a defendant preserves the issue, “we generally review the procedural
reasonableness of that defendant’s sentence using the familiar abuse-of-discretion
standard of review.” United States v. Sanchez-Leon, 764 F.3d 1248, 1262 (10th Cir.
2014) (quotations omitted).
Here, however, the parties agree that our review is for plain error because Mr.
Young failed to object during the sentencing hearing. “Under the plain error standard,
[Mr. Young] must demonstrate: (1) an error, (2) that is plain, meaning clear or obvious
under current law, (3) that affects substantial rights, and (4) that seriously affects the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Piper,
No. 15-3288, 2016 WL 6211807, at *3 (10th Cir. Oct. 25, 2016).
3. Analysis
Mr. Young asserts, “The district court gave no explanation, and no consideration
to the relevant § 3553(a) factors, when it imposed the eight-month term of imprisonment
4
When imposing a sentence following revocation, district courts must also
consider the policies articulated in Chapter 7 of the Guidelines, see Cordova, 461 F.3d at
1188, but we have no need to address the Guidelines here because Mr. Young argues on
appeal only that the district court failed to consider the § 3553(a) factors.
-6-
and three-year term of supervised release.” Aplt. Br. at 13. He argues “[t]he sentencing
court must ‘say something that enables the appellate court to infer that [the district court]
considered [the relevant factors].’” Id. (quoting United States v. Robertson, 648 F.3d
858, 860 (7th Cir. 2011)). The district court’s failure to do so here, he argues, was plain
error.
We disagree. The record clearly shows the district court considered the § 3553(a)
factors and provided sufficient reasoning for the sentence it imposed. The hearing
transcript contradicts Mr. Young’s assertion that the court gave no explanation. It said:
I do believe eight months in custody would be appropriate because you
haven’t shown me any reason, based on your personal circumstances or
anything else, why you’re entitled to an exception from the legal
requirement that I revoke and sentence up to a term of imprisonment.
ROA Vol. 2 at 23. The court also described its familiarity with the treatment program
Mr. Young had failed to complete and said it “really wish[ed] that [Mr. Young] had stuck
with” the program and “had a better attitude about it” because it teaches participants
skills for “cop[ing] with issues that come up in daily life” and about “taking ownership”
of decisions. Id. at 21-23. Mr. Young’s track record in the program is part of “the
history and characteristics of the defendant” under § 3553(a)(1). The district court thus
considered this factor.
Mr. Young also overlooks the district court’s consideration of his work history, id.
at 19, and his history of “anxiety, panic, [and] PTSD,” topics he raised during his
allocution, id. at 17.
-7-
Further, the court’s statement that “we don’t have available substance abuse
programs which would appropriately respond to your treatment needs,” id. at 15,
demonstrates its consideration of the need “to provide the defendant with . . . correctional
treatment in the most effective manner” under § 3553(a)(2)(D).5
“[W]e have made it quite clear that the sentencing court is not required to consider
individually each factor listed in § 3553(a) before issuing a sentence.” Kelley, 359 F.3d
at 1305. The district court did not make express reference to the § 3553(a) factors, but
we do not demand “that the district court recite any magic words,” id. (quotations
omitted). Based on the record before us, we are confident the district court “fulfilled its
responsibility to be mindful of the factors that Congress has instructed it to consider.” Id.
Mr. Young has failed to show the district court erred, let alone plainly so. We also
note that, under the third element of the plain-error standard, Mr. Young has not shown
how the district court’s alleged failure to consider the § 3553(a) factors negatively
affected his substantial rights because his eight-month sentence is, in his words, “at the
lowest end of the guidelines range.” Aplt. Br. at 14. Finally, in affirming the district
court’s decision on this point, we perceive no serious effect on “the fairness, integrity, or
public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Piper, 2016 WL 6211807, at *3.
5
The court’s explanation was not limited to the eight-month sentence. It also
explained the additional term of supervised release, saying Mr. Young should have
another opportunity to succeed under the previous terms: “So basically I guess [you will]
have [to] serve some time, wipe the slate clean, come out and try again.” ROA Vol. 2 at
23.
-8-
B. Variance of Written Judgment
At the revocation hearing, the district court stated Mr. Young’s new term of
supervised release would be governed by “all of the conditions that were previously
imposed,” ROA Vol. 2 at 23, but the court’s written judgment added a new condition
and materially altered another, ROA Vol. 1 at 34. Because of this discrepancy, Mr.
Young asks that we vacate his sentence and remand for resentencing.
The law is clear: “[A]n orally pronounced sentence controls over a judgment . . .
when the two conflict. This rule . . . has been the law in this circuit since the 1930’s.”
United States v. Villano, 816 F.2d 1448, 1450-51 (10th Cir. 1987) (en banc) (footnote
omitted); see also id. at 1451 (“The sentence orally pronounced from the bench is the
sentence.”). The Government does not argue otherwise.
We agree with the parties that the written judgment must conform to Mr. Young’s
actual sentence. Rather than vacate Mr. Young’s sentence to remedy this clerical error,
we remand with instructions to the district court to issue an amended judgment. See
United States v. Bowen, 527 F.3d 1065, 1080 (10th Cir. 2008) (affirming sentence and
remanding “for the district court to bring its written judgment into conformity with its
previously imposed, oral sentence”); United States v. Nichols, 169 F.3d 1255, 1280 (10th
Cir. 1999) (declining to vacate judgment and allowing district court to correct clerical
mistake where judgment failed to reflect defendant’s acquittal on several murder
charges); see also Fed. R. Crim. P. 36 (“[T]he court may at any time correct a clerical
error in a judgment, order, or other part of the record, or correct an error in the record
-9-
arising from oversight or omission.”).
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm on the § 3553(a) issue, reverse on the written judgment issue, and
remand this case to the district court with instructions to issue an amended judgment
consistent with this order.6 The mandate shall issue forthwith without prejudice to
appellant’s filing a petition for rehearing should he decide to do so.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
Circuit Judge
6
During the pendency of this appeal, Mr. Young filed an unopposed motion for a
partial remand so the district court could correct the judgment while we considered the
first issue he raises. In light of the foregoing, we deny appellant’s motion for partial
remand as moot.
-10-