O'Connor v. St. John's College ( 2008 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
August 18, 2008
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
ANDREW J. O’CONNOR,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 07-2225
(D.C. No. 06-CV-660-BB-WDS)
ST. JOHN’S COLLEGE, Santa Fe (D. N.M.)
Campus, ASSOCIATED SECURITY
INDUSTRIES, SGT. STEVE
ALTONJI; SGT. ERIC WHEELER;
OFFICER BRUCE PRATZ; SANDRA
KLEIN, Special Agent, FBI; JEREMY
ALLISON, Special Agent, Secret
Service; MIKE ROSE, Special Agent,
Secret Service; TOM RIDGE, Former
Secretary of Homeland Security,
Defendants-Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before MURPHY, Circuit Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and
TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judge.
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Andrew J. O’Connor appeals pro se from a district court order that
dismissed his civil rights lawsuit. He argues that his pleadings should have been
liberally construed and that there are ongoing constitutional violations. We
affirm.
B ACKGROUND
On July 25, 2006, O’Connor filed his lawsuit pro se, claiming that on
February 13, 2003, he was in Santa Fe, New Mexico, at the St. John’s College
Library using the library computers, when he was “falsely arrested and denied his
civil liberties and right to due process of law.” R., Doc. 2 at 8. He alleged that
Associated Security Industries (ASI), which purportedly handled St. John’s
security needs, contacted agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),
who in turn instructed the Santa Fe Police Department to arrest and detain him for
questioning by the Secret Service. O’Connor asserted that his arrest and
interrogation were punishment for his “anti-war views and for publicly dissenting
against the policies of the Bush Administration.” R., Doc. 42 at 4. Additionally,
he claimed that the country’s terror alert system had been manipulated for
political purposes, that the Secret Service had contacted his doctors and family,
and that there was a “whispering campaign” to interfere with his employment
prospects. R., Doc. 2 at 4 (quotation omitted).
O’Connor named as defendants: St. John’s College; ASI; Santa Fe Police
Officers Steve Altonji, Eric Wheeler, and Bruce Pratz; former Secretary of
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Homeland Security Tom Ridge; FBI special agent Sandra Klein; and Secret
Service special agents Jeremy Allison and Mike Rose. O’Connor claimed that the
defendants’ actions violated 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985(3), and 1986, as well as
Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S.
388 (1971), and New Mexico civil-conspiracy law. 1 In an amended complaint, he
incorporated the earlier complaint’s allegations and added that St. John’s and ASI
are monitoring other library patrons’ emails, and that in January 2007 his
“residence was broken into and illegally searched,” two “false and negative
newspaper articles” about him appeared in a newspaper, and he “received an
unsolicited email from an Islamic website.” R., Doc. 42 at 12.
St. John’s, ASI, and the Santa Fe police officers moved to dismiss under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), arguing that O’Connor’s claims were
barred by the statute of limitations. The federal defendants also raised the statute
of limitations, seeking dismissal or summary judgment. They submitted the
declaration of Agent Allison, who stated that O’Connor “had been detained for
allegedly making threatening statements towards the President of the United
1
To the extent that O’Connor attempts to assert a claim for relief under
42 U.S.C. § 1988(a), we note that the statute “does not create independent causes
of action, it simply defines procedures under which remedies may be sought in
civil rights actions.” Hidahl v. Gilpin County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 938 F.2d
1150, 1152 (10th Cir. 1991) (quotation omitted). And while § 1988(b) “permits
the award of costs and attorney fees to a prevailing plaintiff in a civil rights
action,” O’Connor has not prevailed. Brown v. Reardon, 770 F.2d 896, 907
(10th Cir. 1985).
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States while logged onto a computer,” and that the Secret Service had ended its
investigation of O’Connor in April 2003. R., Doc. 82 at 15. In regard to former
Secretary Ridge, the federal defendants argued that he was immune from suit.
At a hearing on the motions, O’Connor argued that his claims were not time
barred because the defendants’ actions were part of an ongoing conspiracy, as he
had recently been followed by Denver police and had received a telephone call
inquiring whether he sold marijuana. After the hearing, the district court issued a
summary order, dismissing O’Connor’s complaints. O’Connor now appeals.
D ISCUSSION
I. Standards of Review
We review de novo a district court’s ruling that a claim is barred by the
statute of limitations. See Sterlin v. Biomune Sys., 154 F.3d 1191, 1194 (10th Cir.
1998). In the context of Rule 12(b)(6), we accept all well-pleaded factual
allegations in the complaint as true and view them in the light most favorable to
the plaintiff to determine whether the statute of limitations has been met. See
Sunrise Valley, LLC v. Kempthorne, 528 F.3d 1251, 1254 (10th Cir. 2008). But in
the context of summary judgment, we must determine whether the moving party
has demonstrated that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to the running
of the statute of limitations. See Tiberi v. Cigna Corp., 89 F.3d 1423, 1428
(10th Cir. 1996).
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We also apply de novo review to issues of sovereign immunity. Governor
of Kansas v. Kempthorne, 516 F.3d 833, 841 (10th Cir. 2008).
Finally, while we generally construe pro se “pleadings and filings
liberally,” Lewis v. Commissioner, 523 F.3d 1272, 1273 n.1 (10th Cir. 2008), we
do not extend that same policy to pro se litigants who, like O’Connor, are also
attorneys, Comm. on the Conduct of Attorneys v. Oliver, 510 F.3d 1219, 1223
(10th Cir. 2007). 2
II. 42 U.S.C. § 1983Section 1983 provides a remedy for constitutional violations committed by
state actors. Jojola v. Chavez, 55 F.3d 488, 492 (10th Cir. 1995). A § 1983 claim
arising in New Mexico is subject to a three-year statute of limitations.
Mondragon v. Thompson, 519 F.3d 1078, 1081 (10th Cir. 2008).
When the challenged action is an arrest, interrogation, and detention, the
§ 1983 claim accrues “when the victim is released” or becomes the subject of
“sufficient legal process.” Mondragon, 519 F.3d at 1082-83. Here, O’Connor
alleged that he was arrested, detained, interrogated, and released on February 13,
2003. He did not file suit, however, until July 25, 2006—more than three years
after a claim against any of the state defendants accrued. 3 Consequently,
2
But even if we were to liberally construe O’Connor’s pleadings and filings,
it would make no difference to the outcome of this appeal.
3
Because we are resolving O’Connor’s § 1983 claims on the basis of the
(continued...)
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O’Connor’s § 1983 claim against the state defendants based on his arrest,
detention, and interrogation is time barred.
To the extent that O’Connor’s pleadings could be construed as challenging
the monitoring of his computer communications by St. John’s or ASI, that
challenge would also be time barred. Secret Service agents Rose and Allison told
O’Connor during his detention that he was being investigated because he had
been observed “making threatening remarks about President Bush in an Internet
chat room.” Aplt. Br. at 9. Thus, O’Connor’s § 1983 claim based on internet
monitoring accrued on February 13, 2003, and he failed to sue within three years
of that date. See Smith v. City of Enid ex rel. Enid City Comm’n, 149 F.3d 1151,
1154 (10th Cir. 1998) (stating that an action accrues in a § 1983 case when “the
plaintiff knows or should have known that his or her constitutional rights have
been violated” (quotation omitted)).
III. Bivens
Bivens provides an action for money damages against federal officials who,
acting in their individual capacities, violate a person’s constitutional rights.
Farmer v. Perrill, 288 F.3d 1254, 1256 & n.1 (10th Cir. 2002). Like a § 1983
action, a Bivens action arising in New Mexico has a three-year statute of
limitations, and it accrues when the claimant knew or had reason to know “of the
3
(...continued)
statute of limitations, we need not determine whether ASI was employed by
St. John’s and acted under color of state law at the time of O’Connor’s arrest.
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existence and cause of the injury which is the basis of his action.” Indus.
Constructors Corp. v. United States Bureau of Reclamation, 15 F.3d 963, 968-69
(10th Cir. 1994).
To the extent O’Connor’s Bivens claim targeted FBI special agent Klein
and Secret Service special agents Allison and Rose for liability based on his
arrest, detention, and interrogation, the claim is time-barred as explained above in
Part II. And while the Secret Service did, as O’Connor alleged, contact
O’Connor’s family members and doctors, it is undisputed that those contacts
occurred more than three years before O’Connor sued.
Finally, O’Connor’s claim against former Secretary Ridge is
jurisdictionally foreclosed. While O’Connor alleged that he was suing former
Secretary Ridge in his individual capacity, it appears that the gist of O’Connor’s
claim concerns Ridge’s assigned task of running the country’s terror-alert system.
Viewed as such, O’Connor’s claim is in reality against Ridge in his official
capacity, see West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 50 (1988), and is subject to the bar of
sovereign immunity, see Pleasant v. Lovell, 876 F.2d 787, 793-94 (10th Cir.
1989).
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IV. 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3)
Section 1985(3) provides a remedy for a conspiracy to violate a person’s
civil rights. Tilton v. Richardson, 6 F.3d 683, 686 (10th Cir. 1993). The
applicable statute of limitations is the same period that governs O’Connor’s
§ 1983 claims, see Robinson v. Maruffi, 895 F.2d 649, 653-54 (10th Cir. 1990),
and it runs separately from each overt act of the conspiracy that allegedly caused
injury, see Scherer v. Balkema, 840 F.2d 437, 439 (7th Cir. 1988); see also
Robinson, 895 F.2d at 655 (indicating that conspiracies involving “discrete claims
of [constitutional] wrongs, despite their being averred as a continuing wrong,”
accrue when the plaintiff is injured). Consequently, O’Connor “may recover only
for the overt acts that [he] specifically alleged to have occurred within the
limitations period.” Scherer, 840 F.2d at 439 (quotation and ellipses omitted).
While O’Connor appears to allege acts of the conspiracy that occurred
within three years of the date he sued—such as the burglary and search of his
residence in January 2007—he does not allege involvement by any defendant.
Section 1985(3) conspiracy claims cannot stand on “vague and conclusory
allegations”; but rather, “must be pled with some degree of specificity.”
Ctr. for Bio-Ethical Reform, Inc. v. City of Springboro, 477 F.3d 807, 832
(6th Cir. 2007); cf. Hunt v. Bennett, 17 F.3d 1263, 1266 (10th Cir. 1994)
(observing that “[c]onclusory allegations of conspiracy are insufficient to state a
valid § 1983 claim” (quotation omitted)). The only alleged act committed by a
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specified defendant within the limitations period is St. John’s and ASI’s
monitoring of other library patrons’ computer uses. But O’Connor lacks standing
to assert the constitutional rights of those individuals. See Cotner v. Hopkins, 795
F.2d 900, 902 (10th Cir. 1986) (recognizing the general rule “that a plaintiff must
assert his own constitutional rights”). Consequently, we conclude that
O’Connor’s § 1985(3) claim is time barred. 4
O’Connor’s conspiracy claim brought under New Mexico law is time barred
as well. See Williams v. Stewart, 112 P.3d 281, 285 (N.M. Ct. App. 2005)
(applying three-year statute of limitations to conspiracy claim).
V. 42 U.S.C. § 1986Section 1986 allows an action against a party who knows that a § 1985(3)
violation will occur, has the power to prevent it, and fails to do so. See 42 U.S.C.
§ 1986. The statute of limitations to bring a § 1986 claim is one year after the
claim accrues. Id. As noted above, no defendant is alleged to have engaged in a
4
We also note that O’Connor’s § 1985(3) claim rests on questionable footing
because § 1985(3) applies only to conspiracies motivated by “some racial, or
perhaps otherwise class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus.” Griffin v.
Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102 (1971). While the Supreme Court has not yet
decided whether the statute covers wholly non-racial, politically motivated
conspiracies, see United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners of Am., Local 610,
AFL-CIO v. Scott, 463 U.S. 825, 836-37 (1983), and while other Courts of Appeal
are split on the issue, see Farber v. City of Paterson, 440 F.3d 131, 135, 138-39
(3d Cir. 2006) (collecting cases), our court has signaled that § 1985(3) requires at
least a “commingling of racial and political motives.” Brown v. Reardon, 770
F.2d 896, 907 (10th Cir. 1985). O’Connor does not appear to claim that there is
any sort of racial component to the alleged conspiracy.
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§ 1985(3) violation against O’Connor within three years of the filing of his
complaint. It necessarily follows that no defendant could have failed to prevent
such a violation within one year of the complaint’s filing. O’Connor’s § 1986
claim is, therefore, time barred. See Brown v. Reardon, 770 F.2d 896, 907
(10th Cir. 1985) (observing that a Ҥ 1986 claim is dependent upon the existence
of a valid claim under 1985”).
C ONCLUSION
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
O’Connor’s motion to proceed on appeal in forma pauperis is DENIED for
lack of a “reasoned, nonfrivolous argument on the law and facts in support of the
issues raised in the action.” Lister v. Dep’t of Treasury, 408 F.3d 1309, 1312
(10th Cir. 2005).
Entered for the Court
Michael R. Murphy
Circuit Judge
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