United States v. Brown , 50 F. App'x 970 ( 2002 )


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  •                                                                                         F I L E D
    United States Court of Appeals
    Tenth Circuit
    NOV 15 2002
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                            PATRICK FISHER
    Clerk
    TENTH CIRCUIT
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    Plaintiff - Appellant,
    No. 02-2038
    v.                                                           (D.C. No. CR-01-174 JP)
    (District of New Mexico)
    VIRGIL BROWN and JAMES YAZZIE,
    Defendants - Appellees.
    ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
    Before SEYMOUR, HOLLOWAY and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges
    I
    A
    The government appeals from the district court’s January 3, 2002 order, which
    granted the defendants/appellees’ motion for judgment of acquittal subsequent to a jury
    verdict finding the defendants guilty of assault resulting in serious bodily injury. The
    *
    This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of
    the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation of orders
    and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions
    of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
    district court had jurisdiction pursuant to 
    18 U.S.C. § 3231
    ; 
    18 U.S.C. § 1153
     (a) (“Any
    Indian who commits against the person of another Indian or other person . . . assault
    resulting in serious bodily injury (as defined in section 135 of this title) . . . within the
    Indian country, shall be subject to the same law and penalties as all other persons
    committing any of the above offenses, within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United
    States.”); 
    18 U.S.C. § 2
    ; 
    18 U.S.C. § 113
    . This court has jurisdiction pursuant to 
    18 U.S.C. § 3731
    . United States v. Quarry, 
    576 F.2d 830
    , 832-33 (10th Cir. 1978); United
    States v Calloway, 
    562 F.2d 615
    , 617 (10th Cir. 1977).
    B
    Testimony Concerning the Victim, Leroy Thompson
    Leroy Thompson is a member of the Navajo Nation and the Native American
    Church. Direct Examination of Leroy Thompson, II App. 286 et seq. He was a “road
    man” for the Native American Church and a medicine man for the traditional Navajo
    religion, who conducted prayer services for people who were ill or who had mental health
    problems. Id. at 288-89. He has lived in Thoreau, New Mexico, on the Navajo
    Reservation for all forty-four years of his life. Id. at 287.
    Early on the morning of October 30, 2000, Leroy Thompson and two relatives of
    Thompson’s met up with defendants Virgil Brown and James Yazzie at the Distant Drum
    bar, five miles outside of Thoreau. Direct Examination of Thompson, II App. 293-94.
    Thompson, the victim, testified at trial that he had been drinking whiskey for four days
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    before October 30. Id. at 290. In addition, Thompson admitted that he ate an undermined
    amount of peyote a week before he began this drinking. Id. at 361. On October 30,
    Thompson shared one and one-half pints of vodka with two companions and another
    friend joined them and gave them some beer. Id. at 337. Thompson denied being drunk
    that day but admitted being “intoxicated.” Id. at 338.
    Thompson testified that he had known both defendants through the Native
    American Church. Id. at 287-88. Thompson also stated that Yazzie, who knew he was a
    road man in the Native American Church, began asking Thompson to do a prayer for him.
    Thompson refused because they all had been drinking alcohol. Id. at 296-97.
    Subsequently, Yazzie, according to Thompson, asked him to join Yazzie, Brown, and
    Yazzie’s sister Bessie Charley for a ride in a pickup truck. Id. at 297-98. Thompson
    testified that Brown started to harass him verbally by calling him a “show-off.” They
    drove down a road and parked a little way up in the hills. Id. at 301. Thompson testified
    that he, Brown and Yazzie got off the pickup, II App. 301. The verbal harassment
    escalated into a physical assault. Thompson said that Yazzie and Brown, who were still
    drinking beer, stood on either side of him. Id. at 302. Brown began to punch Thompson
    on the left side of his face, striking him at least three times. Id. at 302 Yazzie began to
    push Thompson. Id. Thompson testified that at this point he started to run away from his
    assailants past the truck, but Yazzie caught him by the collar of his jacket. Id. at 302-03.
    Brown caught up with them and helped Yazzie. Thompson testified “They take me back
    -3-
    where they break my leg.” Id. at 303. Thompson said that Brown then threatened “to
    take the whole clothes off of [Thompson] and let [him] go naked” if he tried to run away
    again. Id.
    Brown, according to Thompson, punched him again as Brown and Yazzie
    continued to verbally abuse him. Id. Thompson made another attempt to run away, but
    Yazzie grabbed him by the hair on the back of his head and threw him down. Id. at 304.
    Thompson testified that after he got back on his feet, he returned to where he had been
    standing and looked away from Brown and Yazzie, thinking that they would calm down.
    Id. at 304.
    Thompson testified that Yazzie was standing on one side and Brown on another.
    He said that then he felt punches and then felt a force press him, a “force push.” Id. at
    305. Thompson said this happened fast and that he hit the ground hard on his chest and
    part of his face and that he really did not remember because he had been “dazed.” Id. at
    304. At this time, Thompson said he thought of defending himself and jumped back up
    fast to use a stick. That was when he said “I stick my bone into the ground and that’s
    when I notice that my leg was broken so I just fell back down.” Id. at 306. He said that
    when he tried to stand up he “noticed that [his] leg and [his] ankle was broken. So I just
    fell back down.” He said he really did not remember because he was “in a daze.” When
    he fell back down, Thompson testified that he looked at his foot and on one side of his
    foot, his bone was sticking out. Id. at 307.
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    Thompson testified further that he crawled from a mattress he had found back to
    the road and that this took 3 to 4 hours. At the road he waved to a car which was coming
    and in one vehicle his daughter appeared and stopped. Id. at 309. An ambulance was
    called at this location. Id. at 309.
    Later in the trial Thompson was questioned again about the breaking of his leg.
    He described again Brown standing by him and Yazzie on another side. He said he felt “a
    punch, a hit in the face. And I felt a force pushed on my back. . . . .” Id. at 330.
    Thompson said this happened so fast that he fell down and could not stand with his leg
    and then noticed that his bone was sticking out. Id. at 330-31. During this portion of his
    testimony Thompson said he had been drinking for some 4 days but not on the day of the
    injury. Id. at 335. He nevertheless admitted he was “intoxicated” on October 30 when
    his leg was injured. Id. at 338.
    A further witness to the assault on Thompson was Bessie Charley. II App. at 216
    et seq. She testified she knew Virgil Brown who is from her “clan family” and she called
    him her “son.” Id. at 218. She said James Yazzie was her “little brother.” Id. She said
    she didn’t know Leroy Thompson before October 30, 2000, but that was the day she got
    to know him.
    On October 30 James Yazzie came in the morning and had been drinking and
    Bessie Charley had also. Id. at 219-220. Virgil Brown, Yazzie and Charley went to the
    “Distant Drum” bar. They were in Brown’s vehicle. At the bar Thompson came out. He
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    had a conversation with Bessie Charley’s brother, Yazzie. Charley was questioned at trial
    about her grand jury testimony and said she had “been forced” at the time of that
    testimony. Id. at 223. They left the bar in Virgil Brown’s truck – Brown, Yazzie,
    Thompson and Charley. Id. at 225.
    They talked about Thompson being a “road man” in Navajo religious terms.
    Yazzie asked Thompson in the truck to “give him a blessing.” Id. at 226. The group
    went to a cliff and the three men got out and stood by the side of the truck and conversed.
    Charley could only hear part of the conversation. II App. at 227. She heard talk about the
    “road” man and “peyote stuff.”
    Charley testified at the trial that no one touched Thompson, Id. at 228, but also
    admitted she had testified earlier that Virgil Brown pushed Thompson with “both hands
    on the shoulders.” Id. at 229. Charley said her brother Yazzie was somewhat upset with
    Thompson because he did not “perform a blessing” on Yazzie. Id. at 230. Thompson did
    not want to perform a “blessing” on Yazzie because they were intoxicated. Charley
    admitted in her trial testimony that she had said before the grand jury that Yazzie hit
    Thompson “with a closed fist” but said she was “scared” at the grand jury proceeding. Id.
    at 233. In her trial testimony Charley said that after this blow, Thompson walked about
    four feet and then fell. Id. at 234.
    Bessie Charley testified at trial that after Thompson fell, her brother Yazzie helped
    Thompson up. Then all the men stood by the truck conversing. Then Virgil Brown hit
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    Thompson on the cheek, not hard, id. at 257-58, and Thompson fell and then was sitting
    on the ground. Id. at 237, 259. In her trial testimony, Ms. Charley said that Brown “Just
    pushed” Thompson. Id at 238. After these exchanges, Thompson was on the ground. II
    App. 242.
    Thompson testified that after his injury he crawled down a dirt road to the
    highway. Id. at 309. He said that when he reached the highway he began hallucinating.
    However, he managed to wave down a passing van driven by his daughter Celestina. Id.
    Celestina stated at trial that when she saw her father “his foot had been broken and his
    bone was sticking out, and his foot was just on the side (sic). His whole leg pant (sic)
    was full of blood.” Direct Examination of Celestina Thompson, I App. 106. As she was
    preparing to put her father in her van, Celestina saw Deputy Sheriff Edmund Yazzie
    driving by and waved him down. Id. at 108. Deputy Yazzie called an ambulance which
    came and Thompson was placed in it. Celestina testified that later she picked up her
    mother. They went to the place where Celestina had found her father. Then they
    followed trails of blood that had been left behind and found a mattress with a lot of blood
    on it and a sock and shoe with chips of bone in it. Id. at 111-12.
    Charles Buck, an EMT, took Thompson to the Gallup Indian Medical Center in
    Gallup, New Mexico. Buck testified at trial that as an EMT he worked for the McKinley
    County Fire Marshal’s office. II App. at 392. Buck testified that they were dispatched
    after a 2:00 p.m. call, to a man with a broken ankle and on County Road 27 they found a
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    man lying in a ditch. He had an obvious compound fracture of the right leg “with his tib .
    . . .” Id. at 391, 396. The man had a blood-soaked pant leg and his complete foot and
    ankle were covered with dried blood and dirt. Id. at 404. Buck spoke with Thompson as
    he loaded him onto the ambulance and Thompson “changed his story a few times . . . told
    me that he had fallen in a hole. And then told me that he was running and stepped in a
    hole and that he was being chased at one point.” Id. at 392.
    According to Buck, Thompson denied being assaulted or beaten up. Id. at 394.
    However, Buck at trial said that he did not know whether Thompson understood the
    meaning of “assault” so he asked Thompson if he had been beaten up or in a fight. Id. at
    407-08. Buck noted in his report that he was unsure how Thompson received his injury
    because Buck was getting conflicting statements from Thompson, his daughter, and
    Andrew Begay, Buck’s co-worker. Id. at 406. Buck acknowledged that it was not
    unusual for people he treated who had been involved in “any kind of assault” to give
    different stories about how they sustained their injuries. II App. 408-09.
    Buck testified at trial that Thompson had a severe injury, was in a great deal of
    pain, was weak from loss of blood, and was speaking to others at the scene in Navajo,
    which Buck did not understand. Id. at 403-06. Although Buck didn’t notice a cut on
    Thompson’s nose or his black eye when he was treating him, he stated that they could
    have shown up later and because they weren’t life threatening, he wouldn’t have
    mentioned them in his report. Id. at 407-08.
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    Dr. Jay Peter Frechette, an orthopedic surgeon at the Gallup Indian Medical
    Center, treated Thompson at the emergency room. Direct Examination of Dr. Jay Peter
    Frechette, I App. 182-85. Frechette testified that Thompson’s tibia bone, the major bone
    in the lower leg, protruded probably two inches beyond the skin. Thompson had “a
    fracture of the . . . medial part of that tibia . . . so a whole part of that was missing. The
    ankle is like a saddle, so the medial part of that leg was totally off and his ankle was
    displaced 100 percent to the right side. And the bone then was covered with, I would say,
    sand and gravel.” Id. at 186. He found the injury to be “quite severe but still
    salvageable.” Id. at 187.
    When Frechette was examining Thompson, Thompson told him that he had fallen
    in a ditch. Id. at 186. Thompson had alcohol on his breath and his blood alcohol level
    was .236% which Frechette acknowledged as being high. Id. at 193. Frechette didn’t
    have much recollection of Thompson’s condition other than “he was not thinking clearly
    and his ankle was protruding through the skin.” Id. at 198.
    Frechette operated on Thompson after examining him in the emergency room. He
    testified that Thompson had lost significant range of motion. Id. He also thought that
    Thompson might possibly develop arthritis in his ankle and would have an increased risk
    of reinjury due to the scarring, and weakness of the ankle. The doctor said that
    Thompson’s prognosis for total recovery was very poor. Id. at 192. At the time of trial,
    Thompson testified that it was hard to walk or stand on his ankle long, that he could not
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    carry heavy items on his right side, and that he walked with a limp. II App. 320.
    II
    Virgil Brown and James Yazzie, defendants/appellees, were indicted by a grand
    jury on February 13, 2001 and charged with knowingly assaulting Leroy Thompson in
    Indian Country, which assault resulted in serious bodily injury, in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. §§ 2
    , 113(a)(6), and 1153. Grand Jury Indictment, I App. 8.
    On July 23, 2001, the jury trial began. At the close of the Government’s case, and
    again at the close of the defendants’ case, the defendants moved for a judgment of
    acquittal under Rule 29 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. District Court
    Opinion and Order, I App. 76. The district court reserved decision on the defendants’
    motion and submitted the case to the jury. 
    Id.
     In addition to instructing the jury on the
    charge of assault resulting in serious bodily injury, the district court provided instructions
    for the lesser included offenses of assault by striking, beating, or wounding, under 
    18 U.S.C. § 113
    (a)(4), and simple assault, under 
    18 U.S.C. § 113
    (a)(5). District Court
    Opinion and Order, I App. 76. The jury found both Brown and Yazzie guilty of assault
    resulting in serious bodily injury.
    The defendants filed a post-trial brief in support of their Rule 29 motion in which
    they admitted that there was evidence sufficient to convict them of assault by striking,
    beating or wounding in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 113
    (4) and of simple assault in violation
    of 
    18 U.S.C. § 113
    (5). Brief in Support of Defendants’ Rule 29 Motion for Judgment of
    - 10 -
    Acquittal, I App. 45, 53. The government filed a brief opposing the defendants’ motion
    but agreed that if the district court granted the Rule 29 motion, it could enter judgment on
    the lesser included offense. Government’s Response to Defendants’ Brief in Support of
    Rule 29 Motion for Judgment of Acquittal, I App. 73.
    On January 3, 2002, the district court granted both defendants’ motion for
    judgment of acquittal as to the charge of assault resulting in serious bodily injury. It
    entered judgments convicting them of the lesser included offense of assault by striking,
    beating or wounding pursuant to 
    18 U.S.C. § 113
    (a)(4). District Court Memorandum and
    Order, I App. 76-82.
    The defendants contended that the government had failed to meet its burden of
    proof as to whether defendants’ assault on Thompson caused his serious bodily injury.
    The court noted that causation in criminal law has two requirements: cause in fact and
    proximate cause. 
    Id. at 78
     (quoting U.S. v. Mendoza, 
    244 F.3d 1037
    , 1045 (9th Cir.
    2001)). However, the court concentrated on the question of cause in fact because this is
    the element the defendants focused on. Defendants maintained that “[e]ven viewed in the
    light most favorable to the verdict, none of the evidence at trial showed how Mr.
    Thompson broke his leg.” District Court’s Memorandum and Order, I App. 78.
    The court instructed the jury that “you are permitted to draw such reasonable
    inferences from the testimony . . . as you feel are justified in light of common experience”
    and that “you may make deductions and reach conclusions which reason and common
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    sense lead[] you to draw from the facts which have been established by the evidence in
    the case.” Id. at 79. The Memorandum and Order identified the main problem in this
    case as being that the inference at issue – that simply being pushed resulted in an open
    fracture of the leg – seems to run contrary to common sense and experience. Id. at 79.
    The district court found that on the issue of causation, the government may have
    raised a suspicion of guilt, but it fell short of establishing beyond a reasonable doubt that
    the defendants’ actions resulted in Thompson’s severe ankle injury. Memorandum and
    Order, I App. 82.
    While the judge said that the evidence did not support the charge of assault
    resulting in serious bodily injury, he felt it “clearly supported a finding of guilt on the
    lesser included offense of assault by beating, striking, or wounding.” Id. The court
    pointed out that the defendants conceded that the Government introduced evidence
    sufficient to support a conviction of this lesser offense. The parties, the court stated, agree
    that upon entering a judgment of acquittal as to the charge of assault resulting in serious
    bodily injury, the district court may enter a judgment of conviction as to the charge of
    assault by striking, beating, or wounding. Id. (citing United States v. Dhinsa, 
    243 F.3d 635
    , 674 (2nd Cir. 2001)). The district court therefore entered a judgment of conviction
    as to both defendants for the lesser offense of assault by striking, beating or wounding.
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    III
    This Court reviews a district court’s decision to grant a motion for judgment of
    acquittal de novo. See United States v. Jackson, 
    213 F.3d 1269
    , 1283 (10th Cir. 2000).
    We have previously spelled out the standard of review of a grant of a motion for
    acquittal: “We must view the evidence, both direct and circumstantial, in the light most
    favorable to the government, and without weighing conflicting evidence or considering
    the credibility of witnesses, determine whether that evidence, if believed, would establish
    each element of the crime.” United States v. White, 
    673 F.2d 299
    , 301-02 (10th Cir.
    1982), United States v. Downen, 
    496 F.2d 314
    , 318 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 
    419 U.S. 897
    , 
    95 S. Ct. 177
    , 
    42 L. Ed. 2d 142
     (1974); Goff v. United States, 
    446 F.2d 623
    , 624
    (10th Cir. 1971).
    Under this standard we recognize the right of the jury to determine credibility and
    to find the facts. White, 
    673 F.2d at 301
    . We also permit the district court to enter a
    judgment of acquittal only if the evidence that defendant committed the crime is
    nonexistent or so meager that no reasonable jury could find guilt beyond a reasonable
    doubt. 
    Id.
     If the government has met that standard, both this court and the trial court
    must defer to the jury’s verdict of guilty. 
    Id. at 302
    . This standard is based upon a deep
    respect for the fact-finding function of the jury. 
    Id.
    The issue here is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
    verdict, a rational jury could have found that the government proved beyond a reasonable
    - 13 -
    doubt that the defendants’ committed an assault on Thompson which resulted in serious
    bodily injury in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 1131
     (a) (6). Applying the applicable standard of
    review, we are convinced that the trial judge did not view the evidence, both direct and
    circumstantial, in the light most favorable to the government without weighing conflicting
    evidence in determining whether the evidence, if believed, would establish each element
    of the crime. United States v. White, 
    673 F.2d at 301-02
    . We feel the judge did not
    follow the strict rule which permits the court to enter a judgment of acquittal “only if the
    evidence that defendant committed the crime is nonexistent or so meager that no
    reasonable jury could find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” 
    Id. at 301
    . Instead, the
    district court substituted its judgment of the merits of the case for that of the jury,
    weighed conflicting testimony from Thompson, and questioned Thompson’s credibility as
    a witness.
    The district court’s error in the present case springs from its unwillingness to
    accept the jury’s inference that “simply being pushed resulted in an open fracture” of
    Thompson’s lower leg. Memorandum and Order, I App. 79. The district court provided
    the jury with the instructions that “you are permitted to draw such reasonable inferences
    from the testimony and exhibits as you feel are justified in the light of common
    experience” and that “you may make deductions and reach conclusions which reason and
    common sense [lead] you to draw from the facts which have been established by the
    evidence in the case.” Memorandum and Order, I App. 79. The court found that the
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    jury’s inference that Thompson’s broken ankle resulted from being pushed “seems to run
    contrary to common sense and experience.” 
    Id.
     The problem here is that when the court
    made this finding, it substituted its view of the evidence for that of the jury.
    The district court did not follow the proper standard of review when it weighed
    conflicting testimony from Thompson and in effect called into question Thompson’s
    credibility as a witness. The court challenged Thompson’s statement about how his ankle
    was broken by stating that “[c]ommon experience suggests that some aggravating factor,
    beyond being simply pushed forward, must account for the severity of this ankle injury.”
    
    Id.
     Instead, the judge suggests, if the government had presented expert medical testimony
    explaining that “Mr. Thompson’s ankle injury was consistent with falling down in the
    way he described, it may have allowed a jury to conclude that the causation element had
    been established beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 80. Instead the judge seriously
    questioned Thompson’s credibility as a witness.
    Moreover, the court weighed conflicts in the testimony of Thompson. It stated that
    “[c]ompounding the problems relating to the Government’s insufficient proof on the issue
    of causation are the indications that at one time Mr. Thompson believed that he had
    injured his ankle by falling into a ditch.” Memorandum and Order, I App. 80. The court
    proceeded to compare Thompson’s trial testimony regarding how he broke his ankle when
    falling with other trial testimony. Thompson said that he told Deputy Sheriff Edmund
    Yazzie on the day of the injury that he had fallen in a ditch. The court pointed out that
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    Thompson had made similar statements regarding falling in a ditch to Dr. Frechette and
    Charles Buck, the Emergency Medical Technician. Id. at 81. The court acknowledged
    that the tasks of “weighing conflicting evidence and evaluating witnesses’ credibility
    belong to the jury, not the Court.” Id. The judge conceded that “the jury appears to have
    believed the version of events Mr. Thompson offered at trial.” Id. The judge then said he
    had pointed “to the variation in Mr. Thompson’s descriptions of how he broke his ankle
    only to compare the extent to which the explanations coincide with common sense and
    common experience.” Id.
    In questioning Thompson’s credibility, weighing his testimony, and suggesting the
    need for further expert medical opinion, we feel that the judge did not sufficiently accept
    the jury’s findings. We believe that when the evidence is examined in the light most
    favorable to the verdict, it is clear that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find
    the defendants’ assault was “the cause in fact” and “the proximate cause” of Thompson’s
    serious bodily injury. Thompson testified that before the assault he was standing, II App.
    304, and that after he was knocked down by the defendants he hit the ground hard,
    noticed his ankle was broken, and fell back down. Id. at 305-07. We feel the proof is
    sufficient for the jury to decide that defendants were the factual cause of Thompson’s
    serious bodily injury.
    Testimony from Celestina Thompson, Dr. Frechette, and the EMT Buck combined
    to support Thompson’s testimony. Celestina Thompson testified that she found her father
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    by the side of the road and later she and her mother followed trails of blood back to the
    area where Thompson says he was injured. I App. 110. There they found Thompson’s
    bloody sock and shoe with chips of bone in it, a bloody mattress, and some hair that
    looked like Thompson’s hair. Id. at 111-12. When Celestina Thompson visited her father
    at the hospital that evening she saw his nose was cut, he had a black eye and hair was
    missing from the back of his head. See id. at 152-53.
    In connection with proximate cause, “the government need only show the
    defendants’ illegal conduct resulted in bodily injury; not that the defendants intended
    bodily injury.” United States v. Woodlee, 
    136 F.3d 1399
    , 1405 (10th Cir.) (emphasis in
    original), cert. denied sub nom. Kinslow v. United States, 
    525 U.S. 842
     (1998). “A
    fundamental principle of criminal law is that a person is held responsible for all
    consequences proximately caused by his criminal conduct.” United States v. Guillette,
    
    547 F.2d 743
    , 749 (2nd Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 
    434 U.S. 839
     (1977). Viewing the
    evidence here in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, it may be inferred that the
    defendants gave Thompson several punches and pushes, II App. 302-06, and that this
    assault resulted in the serious bodily injury to Thompson.
    IV
    Accordingly, the district court’s grant of the defendants’s motion for judgment of
    acquittal is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED to the district court for further
    - 17 -
    proceedings consistent with this opinion.
    ENTERED FOR THE COURT
    William J. Holloway, Jr.
    Circuit Judge
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