Ind v. Wright , 52 F. App'x 434 ( 2002 )

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
JACOB IND; JEFFREY PFLEGER,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
v. No. 01-1338
D.C. No. 00-B-428
RICK WRIGHT; DAN FOSTER; (D. Colorado)
LARRY REID; STEVE SHUH; LEE
HENDRIX; COLORADO
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
Defendants - Appellees.
ORDER
Filed November 25, 2002
Before KELLY , BRISCOE , and LUCERO , Circuit Judges.
This matter is before us on plaintiffs’ petition for rehearing and suggestion
for rehearing en banc. For the following reasons, we grant the rehearing petition
in part and deny in part.
Plaintiffs brought this civil rights action against the Colorado Department
of Corrections (DOC) and its employees, alleging that the DOC’s policies and
practices infringed on their First Amendment rights. The district court granted
summary judgment in favor of defendants on all claims. As part of its judgment,
the district court dismissed the claims against defendant Shuh for lack of personal
participation.
In our order and judgment, issued August 14, 2002, we affirmed the district
court’s judgment in part and reversed in part. Because the district court failed to
consider plaintiffs’ due process claim regarding the reading materials screening
process, we remanded this claim for further action. In their petition for rehearing,
plaintiffs argue that DOC employee Shuh should be reinstated as a defendant
regarding the due process claim because he was a member of the prison’s reading
committee. As the record contains evidence to support a finding that Shuh
personally participated in the reading materials screening process, we grant
plaintiffs’ rehearing petition in part, and order that Shuh be reinstated as a
defendant with regard to the due process claim only . In all other respects we deny
the rehearing petition. A copy of the amended order and judgment is attached to
this order.
Plaintiffs’ suggestion for rehearing en banc has been transmitted to all the
judges of the court in regular active service in accordance with Rule 35(b) of the
Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. No member of the hearing panel and no
judge in regular active service on the court having requested that the court be
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polled on rehearing en banc, Rule 35, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, the
suggestion for rehearing en banc is denied. The mandate shall issue forthwith.
Entered for the Court
PATRICK FISHER, Clerk
By: /s/ Belinda Begley
Deputy Clerk
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F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
NOV 25 2002
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
JACOB IND; JEFFREY PFLEGER,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
v. No. 01-1338
D.C. No. 00-B-428
RICK WRIGHT; DAN FOSTER; (D. Colorado)
LARRY REID; STEVE SHUH; LEE
HENDRIX; COLORADO
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
Defendants - Appellees.
AMENDED ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before KELLY , BRISCOE , and LUCERO , Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination
of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Plaintiffs Jacob Ind and Jeffrey Pfleger appeal the district court’s grant of
summary judgment in favor of defendants on their civil rights lawsuit brought
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and several other federal statutes. Because
plaintiffs have not shown the existence of a genuine issue of material fact or that
the district court committed legal error regarding: (1) the Eleventh Amendment
dismissal of claims against defendants in their official capacities; (2) the
dismissal of claims against certain defendants for lack of personal participation,
except for the dismissal of plaintiffs’ due process claim against defendant Shuh;
(3) the constitutionality of Colorado Department of Corrections (DOC)
administrative regulation 300-26, on its face and as applied, as a restriction on
plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights; and (4) the failure to provide separate taped
religious programming, we affirm those portions of the district court’s judgment.
Because the district court failed to address plaintiffs’ arguments regarding:
(1) the classification of their religious group as a “Security Threat Group”; (2) the
constitutionality of DOC administrative regulation 800-1 as applied to members
of the Christian Identity Faith; and (3) the adequacy of the due process
protections surrounding the censorship process, we remand this case for
determination of those issues. Finally, because the district court used an incorrect
analysis to evaluate plaintiffs’ claim to Passover-related food and a communion
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packet, we reverse that portion of the judgment and remand for further
proceedings.
Plaintiffs are members of the “Christian Identity Faith” who are currently
incarcerated at the Colorado State Penitentiary. The Christian Identity Faith rests
upon White Supremacy principles, teaching that all other races and religions are
inferior. Plaintiffs brought this action against the DOC and its employees,
alleging that DOC policies and practices deprived them of the right to practice
their religion and discriminated against their religion.
In particular, plaintiffs complained about DOC administrative regulation
300-26, which describes the types of reading material an inmate may receive or
possess consistent with the DOC’s goals of maintaining security, good order, and
public safety, as well as its goal of encouraging rehabilitation. See R. I, doc. 23,
Ex. A. Pursuant to this regulation, the DOC prohibits materials that an objective
person could reasonably believe “encourage or endorse: violence or disorder; . . .
hatred or contempt of other persons; [or] vengeance against other persons.” Id.
at 2. The regulation specifically identifies as excludable “[a]ny publication
advocating hatred or contempt of other persons,” and “[a]ny . . . material
produced or distributed by Security Threat Groups (STGs) or . . . material
advocating or depicting association or membership in a STG which is contrary to
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the security interests of the facility.” Id. Many of plaintiffs’ Christian Identity
reading materials have been prohibited under these standards.
Plaintiffs alleged that DOC administrative regulation 300-26 was
unconstitutionally overbroad and that it had been applied in a discriminatory
fashion. They also alleged that the regulation, both on its face and as applied,
violated due process based on inadequate notice, no time limit for making the
censorship decisions, and no opportunity to appeal the decisions.
Plaintiffs also complained that DOC administrative regulation 800-1 used
an unconstitutional standard to exclude them from the category of a “legitimate”
faith group and that their constitutional rights were violated by the prison’s
refusal to provide them with a Passover meal, a communion packet, and
leaven-free foods during the Passover week. Finally, plaintiffs alleged that they
were constitutionally entitled to Christian Identity taped religious programming.
The magistrate judge to whom the case was assigned recommended that
summary judgment be granted in favor of defendants based, in part, on the district
court’s decision in the related action of Rooks v. Zavares , Civil Action
No. 99-B-631 (D. Colo. Jan. 25, 2001). See R. I, doc. 50, Ex. 2. The
recommendation was based on the representations by both plaintiffs and
defendants that the claims in Rooks were essentially identical to those raised in
this lawsuit. The magistrate judge’s order recommended the following: (1) that
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plaintiffs’ claims for monetary relief be dismissed against defendants in their
official capacities based on Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity; (2) that the
First Amendment claims regarding administrative regulation 300-26 brought
against defendants Hendricks and Shuh be dismissed for lack of personal
participation; (3) that the claims relating to Passover food brought against
defendants Foster, Shuh, and Wright be dismissed for lack of personal
participation; (4) that the claims relating to the failure to provide separate
religious programming brought against defendants Foster, Wright, Hendrix, and
Shuh be dismissed for lack of personal participation; (5) that summary judgment
be granted in favor of the remaining defendants on plaintiffs’ claim that
administrative regulation 300-26 is unconstitutional on its face and as applied;
(6) that summary judgment be granted in favor of defendants on plaintiffs’ claim
of entitlement to Passover food and a communion packet because plaintiffs had
not shown that observing Passover in this form was a tenet of their religion; and
(7) that summary judgment be granted in favor of defendants on the claim for
separate religious programming based on the absence of evidence that defendants
have refused to allow such programming. After de novo review, the district court
adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendations.
We review the grant or denial of summary judgment de novo , applying the
same legal standard used by the district court. McKnight v. Kimberly Clark
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Corp. , 149 F.3d 1125, 1128 (10th Cir. 1998). Summary judgment is appropriate
“if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). When applying this standard, “we examine the
factual record and reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to
the party opposing the motion.” McKnight , 149 F.3d at 1128 (quotation omitted).
We examine first the constitutionality of DOC administrative regulation
300-26, using the standards adopted by the Supreme Court in Thornburgh v.
Abbott , 490 U.S. 401 (1989). There, the Court held that regulations governing the
receipt of reading materials by inmates must be analyzed under a reasonableness
standard, and that such regulations are valid if they are reasonably related to a
legitimate penological interest. Id. at 413. These determinations should be made
using the four-prong inquiry established in Turner v. Safley , 482 U.S. 78, 89-91
(1987). Thornburgh , 490 U.S. at 413. Under this standard, courts must consider
(1) whether there is a rational connection between the prison policy and a
legitimate governmental interest; (2) whether there are alternative means for
inmates to exercise their constitutional rights; (3) the effect that accommodating
the exercise of the disputed rights would have on guards, other inmates, and
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prison resources; and (4) whether there are ready, easy-to-implement alternatives
that would accommodate the inmates’ rights.
In examining the particular prison regulation before it, the Thornburgh
Court first held that the interest in protecting prison security is legitimate “beyond
question.” 490 U.S. at 415. The Court then held that “[w[here, as here, prison
administrators draw distinctions between publications solely on the basis of their
potential implications for prison security, the regulations are neutral.” Id. at
415-16 (quotation omitted). The Court concluded that regulations allowing prison
authorities discretion to determine that particular reading material creates an
intolerable risk of disorder under the conditions of their particular institution are
rationally related to the legitimate interest of maintaining prison security. Id. at
416-17. Because this analysis applies with equal validity to DOC administrative
regulation 300-26, we conclude that the regulation is reasonably related to
legitimate penological objectives.
Regarding the second, third, and fourth prongs of the Turner analysis, we
agree with the district court that plaintiffs have not raised triable issues of fact.
The Supreme Court itself, in Thornburgh , held that so long as prison regulations
permit a broad range of publications to be sent, received, and read, prison inmates
have adequate alternative means for exercising their religion. Id. at 418. We note
that plaintiffs have not alleged they have been denied the main texts of their
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religion, including the King James Bible, Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance, and
Young’s Analytical Concordance. See R. I, doc.23, ex. C.
Further, to allow plaintiffs to receive and possess materials that espouse
hatred or contempt of others would negatively impact other prisoners, guards who
must prevent any resulting animosity, and prison resources aimed at preventing
violence. In light of the extreme racial tensions and violence prevalent in prisons,
such provocative materials are likely to increase the stress on prisoners, guards,
and resources alike. In addition, plaintiffs have not shown that there are easy
alternatives to prohibiting material that expresses hatred or contempt of others.
Although they argue that the standard should be limited to materials that
“advocate[] violence or are so inflammatory as to reasonably be believed to incite
violence,” Aplts’ Br. at 3H, the Supreme Court specifically stated in Thornburgh
that prison administrators are not required to limit their exclusions to materials
which are “likely” to lead to violence. 490 U.S. at 417.
Plaintiffs also have not shown that the district court erred in holding that
their reading materials were properly excluded under the regulation. We have
independently reviewed all of the exhibits submitted with the pleadings and those
submitted under seal. Based on our review, we conclude that the prohibited
materials could reasonably be regarded as “publication[s] advocating hatred or
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contempt of other persons,” or “encourag[ing] or endors[ing] . . . violence or
disorder.” R. I, doc. 23, Ex. A at 2.
Next, plaintiffs challenge the district court’s grant of summary judgment in
favor of defendants on their claim that they are entitled to special foods and a
communion packet to enable them to celebrate Passover. They argue that their
affidavits and doctrinal materials establish that at least a portion of Christian
Identity practitioners believe that consuming Passover foods and a communion
packet is a necessary part of their religion. The district court held that plaintiffs
had not raised a triable issue regarding their entitlement to such accommodations
because they did not show that such an observation of Passover was a major tenet
of the Christian Identity Faith. Under our case law, however, this is not the
proper inquiry.
In LaFevers v. Saffle , 936 F.2d 1117, 1119 (10th Cir. 1991), we held that a
prisoner’s belief in religious dietary practices is constitutionally protected if the
belief is “genuine and sincere,” even if such dietary practices are not doctrinally
“required” by the prisoner’s religion. Once a prisoner’s sincerity has been
established, he is entitled to invoke First Amendment protections, and the court
must engage in the reasonableness inquiry established by Turner v. Safley .
LaFevers , 936 F.2d at 1119-20. Because here the district court did not determine
whether plaintiffs raised a triable issue regarding the sincerity of their beliefs as
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to the observance of Passover, we must reverse the summary judgment in favor of
defendants and remand this claim for further proceedings.
Plaintiffs’ complaint also challenged the DOC’s determination that the
Christian Identity Faith is a “STG” whose materials may be prohibited; challenged
the standards set forth in DOC administrative regulation 800-1 defining a
“legitimate” faith group; and raised a claim that the procedure for censoring
reading material violated due process because of inadequate notice, unrestricted
time period for decision, and the absence of an opportunity to be heard. See R. I,
doc. 6 at 3-3E and 4-4A. Neither the magistrate judge nor the district court
addressed these claims, which plaintiffs have preserved in their objections to the
magistrate judge’s decision. Therefore, the case must be remanded for further
proceedings on these issues as well. Further, DOC employee Shuh must be
reinstated as a defendant with regard to the due process claim only , as there is
evidence to support a finding that he participated in the reading materials
screening process.
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Plaintiffs’ motion to supplement the record is granted. The judgment is
AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part, and the case is remanded for further
proceedings. The mandate shall issue forthwith.
Entered for the Court
Mary Beck Briscoe
Circuit Judge
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