United States v. Henderson ( 2003 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
OCT 15 2003
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 02-3426
v.
(D.C. No. 01-CR-40020-01-RDR)
(D. Kan.)
LAVELLE HENDERSON,
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TACHA, Chief Judge, EBEL and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.
Defendant-Appellant Lavelle Henderson (“Defendant”) was convicted by a
jury in the District of Kansas on one count of engaging in a continuing criminal
enterprise in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848 and one count of engaging in a money
laundering conspiracy in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(h), 1957(a). He was
sentenced to a term of life imprisonment. Defendant now appeals from his
*
After examining appellant’s brief and the appellate record, this panel has
determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the
determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. R.
34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This
Order and Judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be
cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
conviction and sentence, alleging four propositions of error. We exercise
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and AFFIRM his conviction and
sentence.
I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Defendant first contends that the evidence introduced at trial was
insufficient to support his conviction for engaging in a continuing criminal
enterprise in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848. To obtain a conviction under this
section, the Government must prove: (1) a continuing series of violations of the
Controlled Substances Act of 1970, 21 U.S.C. §§ 801 et seq., (2) that were
undertaken in concert with five or more other persons with respect to whom the
accused acted as organizer, supervisor or manager, and (3) from which the
accused obtained substantial income or resources. 21 U.S.C. § 848(c) 1; United
1
The text of 21 U.S.C. § 848(c) states:
For purposes of subsection (a) of this section, a person is engaged in a
continuing criminal enterprise if—
(1) he violates any provision of this subchapter or subchapter II of this
chapter the punishment for which is a felony, and
(2) such violation is a part of a continuing series of violations of this
subchapter or subchapter II of this chapter—
(A) which are undertaken by such person in concert with five or more
(continued...)
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States v. Dickey, 736 F.2d 571, 587 (10th Cir. 1984). Defendant argues only that
the evidence was insufficient to support the third element of the continuing
criminal enterprise violation—that he obtained substantial income or resources
from his continuing drug violations.
When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support
a conviction, “[w]e review the evidence in the light most favorable to the
government to determine whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United States v.
Maynard, 236 F.3d 601, 609 (10th Cir. 2000) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319 (1979)) (emphasis in original). 2 Because we find there was ample
evidence to support Defendant’s conviction for engaging in a continuing criminal
enterprise, we AFFIRM his conviction.
1
(...continued)
other persons with respect to whom such person occupies a position
of organizer, a supervisory position, or any other position of
management, and
(B) from which such person obtains substantial income or resources.
2
Defendant raised his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence before
the district court in a motion for new trial, which the district court rejected.
(11/21/02 Mem. & Order at 24.) We note that, on appeal, Defendant failed to
provide this Court with any portion of the trial transcript in this case, as is his
responsibility. See Fed. R. App. P. 10(b)(2) (“If the appellant intends to urge on
appeal that a finding or conclusion is unsupported by the evidence or is contrary
to the evidence, the appellant must include in the record a transcript of all
evidence relevant to that finding or conclusion.”). Thus, our review of the facts is
limited to those portions of the record provided by the Government.
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To support its argument that the evidence was sufficient to show that
Defendant obtained “substantial income or resources” from the continuing
criminal enterprise, the Government points to evidence of Defendant’s
participation in more than $486,000 of drug transactions from 1998 to March
2001. (Aple. Br. at 32-34.) Defendant does not dispute that he received that
amount of revenue; he merely argues that the money did not constitute
“substantial income or resources” because it was reinvested in drugs and not
retained for “profit.” He points to evidence that his only significant asset was a
1999 Cadillac Escalade valued at $21,000; that he owned no other luxury items
nor possessed significant amounts of cash; that he accepted court-appointed
counsel for his trial; that he had $27,000 of debt; and that his mother had
substantial debt. (Aplt. Br. at 13-15.)
Under our precedents, Defendant’s arguments must fail. This court has
clearly stated that, to prove that a defendant obtained substantial income or
resources, “the government ‘need not prove a definite amount of net profit—it is
sufficient to show substantial gross receipts, gross income or gross expenditures
for resources.’” Maynard, 236 F.3d at 609 (quoting Dickey, 736 F.2d at 588).
Thus, it was perfectly acceptable for the jury to consider the $486,000 in revenue,
even if that amount was not used to purchase luxury items. Further, courts have
held that drugs purchased with funds from other drug deals constitute “resources”
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under § 848(c)(2)(B). United States v. Herrera-Rivera, 25 F.3d 491, 499 (7th Cir.
1994) (“Money or drugs are both ‘resources’ within the meaning of the statute.”);
United States v. Graziano, 710 F.2d 691, 698 (11th Cir. 1983) (“[E]vidence of
Congress’s general purpose supports our interpretation of marijuana as a § 848
resource.”). Thus, Defendant’s argument that he used the money merely to
finance additional drug purchases is unavailing.
Finally, Defendant argues that a revenue stream of $486,000 over a period
of four years does not constitute “substantial” income, as it amounts to only
$162,000 per year. We have declined to define “substantial” as any particular
amount, leaving this judgment up to the trier of fact. Maynard, 236 F.3d at 609(“A precise definition has not been developed as to ‘substantial income or
resources,’ and the practical meaning of the term is normally a question for the
trier of fact.”) (citing Dickey, 736 F.2d at 588; United States v. Hahn, 17 F.3d
502, 507 (1st Cir. 1994); United States v. Church, 955 F.2d 688, 697 (11th Cir.
1992)). We conclude that it was well within the jury’s province to conclude the
amounts proven in this case were indeed substantial. See Church, 955 F.2d at 697(“This court has held that ‘evidence that large amounts of cocaine and tens of
thousands of dollars passed through the operation’ satisfies [the substantial
income or resources] element.”); United States v. Medina, 940 F.2d 1247, 1251
(9th Cir. 1991) (holding that involvement in $33,000 of drug transactions may
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satisfy the “substantial income or resources” element of § 848(c)); United States
v. Jones, 801 F.2d 304, 310 (8th Cir. 1986) (rejecting the argument that the
continuing criminal enterprise statute “was designed to reach ‘Mafia-type
Godfathers’ not ‘Arkansas residents living in rented houses and riding old
motorcycles’”). Defendant’s conviction is therefore affirmed.
II. SENTENCING ISSUES
The district court sentenced Defendant to life imprisonment. (Aplt. App. at
121.) It first found that a mandatory life sentence was required by 21 U.S.C.
§ 848(b). (Id.) It next concluded that a life sentence was also appropriate under
the United States Sentencing Guidelines. (Id.) Under the Guidelines, the court
calculated Defendant’s base offense level to be 42, and his criminal history
category as VI. (Id. at 121, 123.) It added an additional two offense levels based
on Defendant’s perjury at trial. (Id. at 123-24.) Combined, these factors required
a mandatory life sentence. (Id. at 124.)
Defendant objected to the drug quantities attributed to him in his
presentence report. In ruling on those objections, the district court stated that it
would impose a life sentence under the Guidelines even if it accepted all of
Defendant’s objections. The court reasoned that, using the minimum offense
level for a continuing criminal enterprise (38), the Guidelines imposed a
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sentencing range of 360 months to life. (Id. at 121, 124-25.) Within that range,
the court stated that it would impose a life sentence. (Id. at 121.)
Defendant now raises three challenges to his sentence: 1) that his
mandatory life sentence under 21 U.S.C. § 848(b) violated Apprendi v. New
Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000); 2) that the district court erred in calculating his base
offense level under the Sentencing Guidelines; and 3) that the district court erred
in calculating his criminal history category under the Sentencing Guidelines. We
find that the district court did not err in imposing a mandatory life sentence under
21 U.S.C. § 848(b) and AFFIRM Defendant’s sentence.
Defendant first argues that he was sentenced in violation of Apprendi v.
New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), because some of the factors leading to his life
sentence under 21 U.S.C. § 848(b) were not put before the jury. Because
Defendant did not raise this issue before the district court, we may review
this issue only for plain error. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). We may reach an issue
that was not raised before the district court if we find that there was (1) an error;
(2) that is plain; (3) that affects substantial rights; and (4) that “seriously affect[s]
the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States
v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-36 (1993).
21 U.S.C. § 848(b) requires a life sentence for a defendant who is
convicted of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise under § 848(a), if that
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defendant had a principal role in the enterprise and committed a violation
“involv[ing] at least 300 times the quantity of a substance described in subsection
841(b)(1)(B).” 3 The district court determined that, under this section, Defendant
was required to serve a life sentence because the evidence at trial indicated that
Defendant was responsible for more than 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine. 4 (Aplt.
App. at 122-24.)
3
Section 848(b) reads in its entirety:
(b) Life imprisonment for engaging in continuing criminal enterprise
Any person who engages in a continuing criminal enterprise shall be
imprisoned for life and fined in accordance with subsection (a) of this
section, if—
(1) such person is the principal administrator, organizer, or leader of the
enterprise or is one of several such principal administrators, organizers, or
leaders; and
(2) (A) the violation referred to in subsection (c)(1) of this section involved
at least 300 times the quantity of a substance described in subsection
841(b)(1)(B) of this title, or
(B) the enterprise, or any other enterprise in which the defendant was the
principal or one of several principal administrators, organizers, or leaders,
received $10 million dollars in gross receipts during any twelve-month
period of its existence for the manufacture, importation, or distribution of a
substance described in section 841(b)(1)(B) of this title.
4
21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(iii) penalizes the prohibited use of 5 grams or
more of a mixture or substance which contains cocaine base (crack cocaine).
Thus, Defendant would be subject to a life sentence under § 848(b) if he were
involved with 300 x 5 grams, or 1.5 kilograms.
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Defendant now argues that because the drug quantity required by
§ 848(b)—1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine—was never pled, proven or found by a
jury, the district court committed plain error and we should remand for
resentencing.
The first determination we must make under Olano is whether a legal error
occurred in the underlying proceedings. In Apprendi, the Supreme Court held
that any factor, excluding a prior conviction, used to increase a defendant’s
sentence beyond the maximum provided by the statute under which the defendant
was convicted must be charged in the indictment, submitted to a jury, and proven
beyond a reasonable doubt. 530 U.S. at 490. See also Jones v. United States, 526
U.S. 227, 239-52 (1999); United States v. Jones, 235 F.3d 1231 (10th Cir. 2000)
(applying Apprendi). In Harris v. United States, 536 U.S. 545 (2002), the Court
clarified this holding by stating that Apprendi’s rule did not apply to “a fact
[which increased] the mandatory minimum (but [did not extend] the sentence
beyond the statutory maximum).” Id. at 557 (reaffirming the holding of McMillan
v. Pennsylvania, 477 U.S. 79 (1986), in the aftermath of Apprendi).
In this case, Defendant was charged in the indictment with a violation of 21
U.S.C. § 848. (Aplt. App. at 22.) Section 848(a) provides that any person
convicted under that statute “shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment which
may not be less than 20 years and which may be up to life imprisonment.” 21
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U.S.C. § 848(a) (emphasis added). Section 848(b) then provides that a life
sentence is mandatory if the defendant also is a principal administrator, organizer
or leader of the enterprise and has been involved with 300 times the amount of
controlled substance proscribed by § 841(b)(1)(B). While the jury found all the
necessary facts for a conviction under § 848(a), they did not find the additional
factors to require a mandatory life sentence under § 848(b). 5
We find this failure does not constitute error. Apprendi requires a jury to
find all facts which result in a sentence that exceeds the statutory maximum. In
this case, a life sentence was within the range permitted by § 848(a), even without
a finding of additional factors. Thus, the indictment provided notice to Defendant
that life imprisonment was a possible sentence for a violation of § 848, with or
without the finding of the factors identified in § 848(b). As the Supreme Court
made clear in Harris, the imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence that is
within the statutory range does not require the same protections required for the
imposition of a sentence that exceeds the statutory maximum. Harris, 536 U.S. at
565 (“[T]he facts guiding judicial discretion below the statutory maximum need
not be alleged in the indictment, submitted to the jury, or proved beyond a
5
Defendant does not argue that Congress intended the requirements of
§ 848(b) to be elements of a separate offense rather than sentencing factors.
Thus, we assume that Congress did intend the requirements of the section to be
sentencing factors and merely address whether such sentencing factors would be
constitutional under Apprendi.
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reasonable doubt. . . . The judge may impose the minimum, the maximum, or any
other sentence within the range without seeking further authorization from those
juries—and without contradicting Apprendi.”); United States v. Smith, 223 F.3d
554, 565-66 (7th Cir. 2000) (concluding that § 848(b) is a sentencing factor that
does not need to be charged in the indictment or found by a jury beyond a
reasonable doubt). Thus, we find that the district court did not err in imposing on
Defendant a mandatory life sentence under § 848(b). Defendant therefore cannot
satisfy the requirements of plain error review.
Defendant next challenges two aspects of the calculation of his sentence
under the Sentencing Guidelines—his relevant conduct and his criminal history.
Section 2D1.5 of the Guidelines provides, however, that “[i]f the application of
the guidelines results in a sentence below the minimum sentence required by
[§ 848], the statutory minimum shall be the guideline sentence.” U.S. Sentencing
Guidelines Manual § 2D1.5, cmt. background (2001) (citing id. § 5G1.1(b)).
Because we have found that the district court did not err in determining that the
statutory minimum was a life sentence, that is Defendant’s sentence under the
Guidelines. Therefore, Defendant’s challenges to the calculation of relevant
conduct and criminal history category under the Sentencing Guidelines are moot.
On appeal, Defendant seems to limit his challenge to the quantity of drugs
that the district court found in determining his sentence under the Guidelines. To
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the extent that Defendant is also arguing that the district court improperly
calculated the quantity of drugs attributed to him in sentencing him under the
statute, we reject that challenge. We review a district court’s findings of fact for
clear error, giving due regard to its assessment of witness credibility. 18 U.S.C.
§ 3742(e). “We will not disturb a sentencing court’s factual findings unless they
are without factual support in the record, or if after reviewing all the evidence we
are left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.”
United States v. Moore, 130 F.3d 1414, 1416 (10th Cir. 1997) (internal quotations
and citations omitted).
At the sentencing hearing, the district court pointed to evidence in the trial
transcript that supported the presentence report’s finding that Defendant was
responsible for 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine. (Aplt. App. at 121-23.) On
appeal, Defendant challenges this finding solely based on the credibility of the
witnesses against him. (Aplt. Br. at 28-29.) Because we are “loath to second-
guess a district court’s determination of a witness’s credibility,” United States v.
Asch, 207 F.3d 1238, 1243 (10th Cir. 2000), we find no clear error here.
Defendant’s conviction and sentence are therefore AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
David M. Ebel
Circuit Judge
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