Cline v. Cline , 259 F. App'x 127 ( 2007 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
December 19, 2007
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
RICHARD A. CLINE,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 05-6348
(BAP No. WO-04-069)
DONNA R. CLINE, (W.D. Okla.)
Defendant-Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TACHA, Chief Judge, O’BRIEN, and McCONNELL, Circuit Judges.
Appellant Richard A. Cline appeals from a decision of the Bankruptcy
Appellate Panel of the Tenth Circuit (BAP) affirming a decision of the United
States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Oklahoma. The bankruptcy
court ruled that a $250,000 divorce-related debt Mr. Cline owed to his ex-wife,
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and
judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and
conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
appellee Donna Cline (the $250,000 obligation), was in the nature of spousal
support and therefore could not be discharged in his Chapter 7 bankruptcy. 1
Mr. Cline argued that the $250,000 debt was not support and was susceptible to
discharge as part of a property settlement. On appeal by both parties, the BAP
affirmed the bankruptcy court’s decision on the ground that no basis for reversal
existed because the exhibits from the bankruptcy court hearing, including the
divorce decree and settlement agreement, had not been included in the record.
Mr. Cline filed a motion for rehearing in which he argued that copies of the
divorce decree and settlement agreement were not necessary to the BAP’s
determination because there was no dispute concerning the wording of those
documents or with the bankruptcy court’s representation of the content of those
documents. Mr. Cline argued that the bankruptcy court error was related not to
its reading of the provisions of the divorce decree and settlement
agreement–which expressly stated that the $250,000 obligation was part of a
property settlement–but instead to the court’s determination that the parties
intended the $250,000 obligation to function as support despite the agreement’s
express statements to the contrary. Mr. Cline’s motion for reconsideration was
denied by the BAP and he filed his notice of appeal in this court.
1
Despite the fact that the parties are no longer married we shall continue to
refer to defendant-appellee as “Mrs. Cline” solely for ease of use and consistency
with the record.
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On appeal, Mr. Cline argues (1) that the BAP erred in affirming the
bankruptcy court’s decision on the ground that the record before the BAP did not
include the trial exhibits, (2) that the bankruptcy court erred in finding that the
$250,000 obligation was in the nature of support, and (3) that such a finding
violated the Rooker-Feldman doctrine.
ANALYSIS
The parties agree that this case is controlled by Sampson v. Sampson
(In re Sampson), 997 F.2d 717 (10th Cir. 1993). As in Sampson, we are faced
with application of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(5). That statute provides that debts to a
“former spouse . . . for alimony to, maintenance for, or support of such spouse”
may not be discharged in Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceedings provided that “such
liability is actually in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support,”.
11 U.S.C. 523(a)(5) (2002). “Whether an obligation to a former spouse is
actually in the nature of support is a factual question subject to a clearly
erroneous standard of review.” Sampson, 997 F.2d at 721. “A finding of fact is
clearly erroneous if it is without factual support in the record or if, after
reviewing all of the evidence, we are left with the definite and firm conviction
that a mistake has been made.” In re Miniscribe Corp., 309 F.3d 1234, 1240
(10th Cir. 2002). We have also held that “[t]he bankruptcy court’s findings
should not be disturbed absent the ‘most cogent reasons in the record.’” In re
Goin, 808 F.2d 1391, 1393 (10th Cir. 1987) (per curiam) (quotation omitted).
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As noted above, the BAP ruled that without the trial exhibits, affirmance
was the only option. 2 While we agree with Mr. Cline that resolution of his
argument does not require review of the actual settlement agreement, reversal is
not required on this ground because “[o]n appeal from BAP decisions, we
independently review the bankruptcy court’s decision. [W]e review the
bankruptcy court’s legal determinations de novo and its factual findings under the
clearly erroneous standard.” In re Commercial Fin. Servs., Inc., 427 F.3d 804,
810 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotations and citations omitted). Consequently, we must
independently review the record on appeal and determine whether reversal is
appropriate.
We must, however, delineate the record on which our decision must be
made. Generally, under Fed. R. App. P. 6(b)(2)(B)(i), the party appealing to this
court files “with the clerk possessing the record assembled in accordance with
Bankruptcy Rule 8006 [either the clerk of the district court or the clerk of the
BAP] . . . a statement of the issues to be presented on appeal and a designation of
the record to be certified and sent to the circuit clerk.” In this case, then, the
record, strictly under Fed. R. App. P. 6, would consist of the redesignated
portions of the BAP record, the proceedings that occurred in the BAP, and a
2
We note that the BAP did not dismiss Mr. Cline’s appeal as a sanction for
his failure to include the trial exhibits in the record, it simply concluded that
without the exhibits there was not sufficient record support for Mr. Cline’s
arguments.
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“certified copy of the docket entries prepared by the clerk under Rule 3(d).” Id.at sub-paragraph iii. Because 10th Cir. R. 6.1 provides that rules 30.1-30.3 of the
tenth circuit apply to all bankruptcy appeals, however, a party appealing to this
court from a ruling of the BAP files an appendix containing the necessary
portions of the BAP record. The record on appeal then consists of the portions of
the BAP record that Mr. Cline has provided in his appendix, the BAP
proceedings, and the docket.
With the record before us, we turn to Mr. Cline’s argument that the
bankruptcy court improperly applied this court’s holding in Sampson in
determining that his $250,000 obligation to his ex-wife was in the nature of
support.
Under Sampson,
whether an obligation is nondischargeable under § 523(a)(5) is a dual
inquiry into both the parties’s intent and the substance of the
obligation. The party seeking to hold the debt nondischargeable has
the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence [(1)] that
the parties intended the obligation as support and [(2)] that the
obligation was, in substance, support.
997 F.2d at 723. Mr. Cline argues that the bankruptcy court erred in finding that
the parties intended the $250,000 obligation as support, claiming that the
bankruptcy court based its decision solely on the parties’ intent without inquiring
into whether the obligation was, in substance, support. We disagree.
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“The parties’ intent is the ‘initial inquiry’ to determine whether a debtor’s
obligation to his or her former spouse is actually in the nature of alimony,
maintenance or support.” Id. (quoting In re Yeates, 807 F.2d 874, 878 (10th Cir.
1986). “‘A written agreement between the parties is persuasive evidence of
intent.’” Id. (quoting Yeates, 807 F.2d at 878).
According to the bankruptcy court the settlement agreement provided that:
husband will pay the wife $250,000 within 12 months of the divorce
decree and, upon receipt of the payment she will then transfer certain
real property to him. The obligation to pay the $250,000 is
unconditional and is not dependent upon success in recovery on the
business claims.
Aplt. App. at 191. Although the divorce decree and the settlement agreement
from the divorce are not part of the record on appeal, it is clear from the
bankruptcy court’s decision that the settlement agreement specified that the
$250,000 obligation was to be considered part of the property settlement and that
the settlement agreement also contained an express waiver of alimony by
Mrs. Cline. 3 Mr. Cline does not dispute these findings as to the contents of the
provisions in the settlement agreement.
3
The bankruptcy court also acknowledged that this provision was found in a
section of the settlement agreement entitled “SETTLEMENT OF ANTICIPATED
REVENUES FROM CORPORATE ENTITITES,” and that testimony indicated
that the husband’s businesses had claims against other entities that both parties
believed that the $250,000 would probably be paid from the substantial recovery
that was anticipated from these claims. Aplt. App. at 191. As noted above,
however, the obligation was unconditional and was not made dependent on
success in recovery on the business claims.
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How the obligation is treated in the settlement agreement, however, is only
persuasive evidence of the parties’ intent, and we held in Sampson that
Ҥ 523(a)(5) requires federal courts to look beyond the label which the parties
attach to an obligation.” 997 F.2d at 722. In Yeates this court held that the
determination of the parties’ intent “must be made by looking at the substance of
the agreement viewed in the crucible of surrounding circumstances.” 807 F.2d at
878 (quotation omitted). In the case of In re Goin we set forth four factors to be
considered when determining intent:
(1) if the agreement fails to provide explicitly for spousal support,
the court may presume that the property settlement is intended for
support if it appears under the circumstances that the spouse needs
support; (2) when there are minor children and an imbalance of
income, the payments are likely to be in the nature of support;
(3) support or maintenance is indicated when the payments are made
directly to the recipient and are paid in installments over a
substantial period of time; and (4) an obligation that terminates on
remarriage or death is indicative of an agreement for support.
808 F.2d at 1392-93. Similarly, in Sampson, we held that a “Plaintiff’s obvious
need for support at the time of the divorce is enough to presume that the
obligation was intended as support even when it is otherwise identified in an
agreement between the parties as property settlement.” Id. at 725. “[S]uch a
presumption [as to intent] is proper regardless of the label attached to the
obligation either in the settlement agreement or in the parties’ own minds,” since
“‘the crucial issue is the function the award was intended to serve.’” Id. (quoting
In re Williams, 703 F.2d 1055, 1057 (8th Cir. 1983)).
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As to Mrs. Cline’s need for support at the time of the divorce, we hold that
the bankruptcy court did not commit clear error when it found that Mrs. Cline
“had no significant employment prospects, at least such as would allow her to
continue her standard of living, she had a meager education, no independent
income and she most likely had a need for support at the time the divorce was
decreed.” Aplt. App. at 192. Mr. Cline’s argument is basically that it was clear
error to rule that despite the clear wording of the settlement agreement the parties
intended the $250,000 obligation to be in the nature of support because
Mrs. Cline was “in good health and apparently had no impediment to seeking
employment,” Br. of Aplt. at 15, and that under the terms of the settlement
agreement she was to have few debts or expenses. 4
This is not enough to find clear error. The parties had been married for
approximately twelve years and the marriage produced three children. Mrs. Cline
had only a high school education with short university experience, had been
employed in “some clerical and secretarial jobs” prior to the marriage but had no
meaningful employment after the marriage, and had received a meager inheritance
4
According to the bankruptcy court, under the agreement Mrs. Cline was to
have a home provided by Mr. Cline free and clear of any liens. The settlement
agreement further provided “for division of certain personal property, and for
payment of health insurance premiums by the husband. It goes on to obligate the
husband to pay various debts, particularly credit card statements and provides that
[the parties] will each have certain horses.” Aplt. App. at 191. The settlement
agreement also provided that Mr. Cline would pay support for the minor children
and also dealt “with college funds for the children, waiver of any claim to
retirement annuities, and other miscellaneous provisions.” Id. at 191-92.
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from her father but had no other independent means of supporting herself. She
had stayed home and cared for the children after they were born, which Mr. Cline
wished her to do. Mr. Cline on the other hand earned approximately $13,000 per
month in the oil and gas business and ran at least two companies engaged in this
business. One of the factors that may be considered under Goin, is: “if the
agreement fails to provide explicitly for spousal support, the court may presume
that the property settlement is intended for support if it appears under the
circumstances that the spouse needs support.” 808 F.3d at 1392. Here, it was
clear that Mrs. Cline needed support and we are not left with “the definite and
firm conviction” that the court made a mistake in ruling that the $250,000
obligation was intended to provide that support. Miniscribe Corp., 309 F.3d at
1240. 5
As for Mr. Cline’s argument that the bankruptcy court failed to proceed to
the second step of the Sampson test and find that the $250,000 obligation was “in
5
Mr. Cline also raises a brief argument on appeal that he “was to pay
support [to Mrs. Cline] in addition to his child support” under the terms of the
settlement agreement. Br. of Aplt. at 15. Mrs. Cline disputes this claim, stating
that the only support expressly granted in the settlement agreement was child
support. We shall not address this argument as the only supporting citation in the
Mr. Cline’s brief is to the settlement agreement itself which we have held is not
part of the record on appeal. More importantly, however, we can find no point in
the bankruptcy court proceedings where Mr. Cline argued that the settlement
agreement already obligated him to pay spousal support. To the contrary, his
argument was that no support was granted and the transcript shows that Mr. Cline
agreed that “child support” and “reimbursement for medical” were the only
monies to be paid to Mrs. Cline under the settlement agreement. Aplt. App. at
145.
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substance” support, and that such a finding could not be proper without evidence
of Mrs. Cline’s monthly expenses, we find no reversible error. Here, the court
found Mrs. Cline’s need of support was so obvious as to indicate that the parties
intended for the provision in question to constitute support, despite the settlement
agreement’s specific language to the contrary. All of the court’s findings as to
Mrs. Cline’s need for support would apply with equal weight to the second step of
Sampson. While the better practice would have been for the bankruptcy court to
have acknowledged the fact that it also considered $250,000 obligation to be “in
substance” support, it would be a waste of judicial resources to reverse simply for
this finding to be made. Nor do we believe that evidence of Mrs. Cline’s monthly
expenses was a necessary prerequisite to the bankruptcy court’s ruling.
Mrs. Cline had spent the twelve years of the couple’s marriage as a homemaker
and had limited educational and work experience prior to the marriage. We find
no clear error in the bankruptcy court’s finding that a one-time $250,000 payment
was in substance support without requiring specific evidence of what Mrs. Cline’s
monthly expenses were going to be.
Mr. Cline’s final argument is that the bankruptcy court’s decision violated
the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. 6 We disagree.
6
“The Rooker-Feldman doctrine traces back to Justice Willis Van Devanter’s
seminal opinion in Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Company, 263 U.S. 413, 44 S.Ct. 149,
68 L.Ed. 362 (1923) and its elaboration in District of Columbia Court of Appeals
v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 103 S.Ct. 1303, 75 L.Ed.2d 206 (1983).” Tal v.
(continued...)
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The Rooker-Feldman doctrine prohibits a lower federal court both
from considering claims actually decided by a state court, and claims
inextricably intertwined with a prior state-court judgment. A claim
is inextricably intertwined if the state-court judgment caused,
actually and proximately, the injury for which the federal-court
plaintiff seeks redress.
Tal v. Hogan, 453 F.3d 1244, 1256 (10th Cir. 2006) (quotations and citations
omitted). “The determination of whether an obligation arising out of a divorce
settlement is in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support[, however,] is a
matter of federal bankruptcy law.” Sylvester v. Sylvester, 865 F.2d 1164, 1166
(10th Cir. 1989). Consequently, the state divorce decree, and the settlement
agreement calling the $250,000 obligation a property settlement, did not “decide”
the issue of whether the obligation was in the nature of support for the purposes
of bankruptcy. The Rooker-Feldman doctrine is therefore not applicable.
The judgment of the bankruptcy court is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Deanell Reece Tacha
Chief Circuit Judge
6
(...continued)
Hogan, 453 F.3d 1244, 1255 n.9 (10th Cir. 2006)
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05-6348, Cline v. Cline
O’BRIEN, dissenting:
Because the majority decision is contrary to our precedent and the clearly
expressed intent of both parties at the time they entered into their divorce decree
and settlement agreement, I must respectfully dissent. “[T]he critical inquiry is
the shared intent of the parties at the time the obligation arose.” Sampson v.
Sampson, (In re Sampson), 997 F.2d 717, 723 (10th Cir. 1993) (citing Tilley v.
Jessee, 789 F.2d 1074, 1078 (4th Cir. 1986)) (emphasis added). Both the
settlement agreement and the circumstances point but one way, Mrs. Cline agreed
with Mr. Cline to waive spousal support in exchange for a debt-free new
beginning, a one-time property settlement payment, and substantial child support
payments. Although a discharge of the settlement payment in Mr. Cline’s
bankruptcy substantially changes Mrs. Cline’s payoff, it does not change the
parties’ intent at the time of the settlement agreement.
We “begin with the assumption that dischargeability is favored under the
Code.” Tilley, 789 F.2d at 1077. Mrs. Cline must prove by a preponderance of
the evidence that (1) she and Mr. Cline “intended the obligation as support and
[2] that the obligation was, in substance, support.” Sampson, 997 F.2d at 723(emphasis added). While we look to both the parties’ agreement and the
surrounding circumstances, our inquiry “does not turn on one party’s post hoc
explanation as to his or her state of mind at the time of the agreement, even if
uncontradicted.” Id.“[A] written agreement [between the parties] is persuasive evidence of
intent.” Tilley, 789 F.2d at 1077. “[I]f the agreement between the parties clearly
shows that the parties intended the debt to reflect either support or a property
settlement, then that characterization will normally control.” Yeates v. Yeates (In
re Yeates), 807 F.2d 874, 878 (10th Cir. 1986). In this case, there can be no
doubt regarding the parties’ written intent.
The testimony at Mr. Cline’s bankruptcy hearing revealed a carefully
drafted settlement agreement listing the $250,000.00 payment under the Property
Settlement section. The settlement agreement clearly states the payment was
intended to distribute a potential award in a lawsuit. Child support was addressed
in a separate section. And importantly, yet another section clearly and
affirmatively waived both parties’ rights to spousal support. 1 Even the
1
Research has revealed no case law finding a support obligation when there is an
express waiver of alimony and no specific language providing the property
settlement is in lieu of alimony or spousal support. Indeed, the cases point in the
opposite direction. See, e.g., Yeates, 807 F.2d at 879 (“[E]ven though one
paragraph of the agreement purports to waive any right to alimony, the paragraph
in which the debtor agrees to assume the Transamerica debt specifically states
that such assumption was made ‘in consideration of Plaintiff waiving her right to
alimony.’”); Osborne v. Osborne (In re Osborne), 262 B.R. 435, 443 (Bankr. E.D.
Tenn. 2001) (“[T]he court is persuaded that the waiver of alimony language in
paragraph 20 of the [Marital Dissolution Agreement] expresses the parties’
intention that the Debtor's assumption of the three disputed joint debts not be in
the nature of support. Both parties were represented by counsel throughout the
divorce proceedings who agreed on behalf of the Plaintiff and Debtor to the
alimony waiver language.”); Dennison v. Hammond (In re Hammond), 236 B.R.
751, 763 (Bankr. D. Utah 1998) (“The Decree was entered pursuant to the parties’
stipulation and specifically and clearly provides that Dennison waived her right to
(continued...)
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bankruptcy court recognized the affirmative waiver of alimony contained in the
settlement agreement “couldn’t be more definitive.” (R. App. at 190). Thus,
under our own precedent, there is no question the settlement agreement supplies
compelling evidence that the mutual intent of the parties creates a “substantial
obstacle” to the success of Mrs. Cline’s claim. Cf. Sampson, 997 F.2d at 723(Due to the agreement’s structured drafting, the lack of testimony regarding
shared intent, and the express language of the agreement, we found “compelling
evidence that the parties intended the obligation as maintenance.”).
The surrounding circumstances do not overcome this compelling evidence
of intent. Goin v. Goin (In re Goin), 808 F.2d 1391, 1392-93 (10th Cir. 1987).
According to Goin, we first look to whether the agreement provides “explicitly
for spousal support.” Id. at 1392. If it does not, we “may presume that the
property settlement is intended for support if it appears under the circumstances
1
(...continued)
alimony. The Decree, on its face, does not support Dennison’s allegation that she
waived alimony ‘in lieu’ of increased . . . [p]ayments.”); Fuda v. D’Atria (In re
D’Atria), 128 B.R. 71, 77 (Bankr. S.D. N.Y. 1991) (“[T]he parties in the instant
case have unequivocally waived in writing any right to claim from the other
alimony, maintenance or support. The plaintiff cannot overcome her own
self-imposed waiver.”); Casler v. Casler (In re Casler), 94 B.R. 741, 744 (Bankr.
M.D. Fla. 1988) (“The most important and indicative fact supporting the
conclusion that the obligation is dischargeable is the Plaintiff’s express waiver of
all alimony rights.”); In re Lang, 88 B.R. 447, 448 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 1988)
(express waiver of alimony made “the actual intent of the parties . . . clear as a
bell.”); Brunson v. Payne (In re Payne), 13 B.R. 481, 482 (Bankr. Nev. 1981) (in
the absence of other evidence, an express waiver of alimony by the Plaintiff
establishes an intent to treat the payment as a property settlement).
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that the spouse needs support.” Id. (emphasis added). The majority concludes
there was no explicit provision for spousal support. Contrary to the majority’s
assessment, however, the agreement specifically and explicitly provided for
spousal support; it was waived, i.e. $ 0. It is important to recognize Mrs. Cline
agreed to this provision only after seeking advice from two attorneys – her
attorney and a well-known bankruptcy attorney – in anticipation of her husband’s
bankruptcy filing. This is yet another reason to give weight to the written
agreement in that we look to the surrounding circumstances primarily because “it
is likely that neither the parties nor the divorce court contemplated the effect of a
subsequent bankruptcy when the obligation arose.” Gianakas v. Gianakas (In re
Gianakas), 917 F.2d 759, 762 (3d Cir. 1990) (quotations omitted). The
bankruptcy was clearly contemplated at the time of the settlement agreement. In
addition, the Majority presumes Mrs. Cline’s need for support without any
exploration of her actual resources.
As to the second Goin factor – the presence of minor children and an
imbalance of income – there was no determination in this case that the child
support was inadequate to support the family, as was found in Goin. Goin, 808
F.2d at 1393 (Determining “$350 a month child support payments were not
sufficient to provide the spouse and children with the standard of living to which
they had grown accustomed.”). Neither was there “evidence that payment of the
debt is necessary in order for the plaintiff to maintain daily necessities such as
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food, housing and transportation” as there was in Yeates. 807 F.2d at 879; see
also Williams v. Williams (In re Williams), 703 F.2d 1055, 1057 (8th Cir. 1983)
(“Provisions to pay expenditures for the necessities and ordinary staples of
everyday life may reflect a support function.”) (quotations omitted); Gianakas,
917 F.2d at 764 (“[P]rovision for the family home is, together with food and
transportation, one of the traditional components of support and maintenance.”).
The third and fourth factors – installment payments terminating on
remarriage or death – are equally inapplicable in this case. The payment was
intended to be a one time event and the obligation did not terminate should Mrs.
Cline remarry or die. Indeed, because Mrs. Cline did not know when the payment
would be made within the next year, the funds could not function as a reliable
source of ongoing income. In addition, the settlement agreement expressly states
the function of the payment at the time of the divorce was to reduce to a sum
certain the income from pending lawsuits in which the expectations of the actual
recovery “changed vastly,” waxing and waning over a period of time. (R. App. at
110.)
Nonetheless, the majority presumes the payment is support because Mrs.
Cline did not have the education or experience to secure a job which paid
sufficiently to maintain her lifestyle. However, without inquiry into her
resources, that is pure speculation – hardly a reliable basis for a decision. What
we know is, with the assistance of divorce counsel and bankruptcy counsel, Mrs.
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Cline agreed to waive exactly what she now seeks. Competent adults must be left
with the consequences of their decisions, particularly when those decisions
involve the evaluation of uncertain events. When events turn out differently than
anticipated, the law does not allow one contracting party to choose another course
of action at the expense of the other. Here, the parties designated the $250,000
payment as a property settlement in spite of the obvious tax advantage to the
husband in designating it support. When asked by the bankruptcy judge why she
waived alimony, Mrs. Cline responded because she understood support would
come “partially from other methods; through having a debt-free life and, you
know, no bills to pay and child support to help us.” 2 (Id. at 95.) Notably absent
from her explanation is an intention to rely on the $250,000 payment. I would
find her candid response compelling evidence of the settlement agreement’s
accurate documentation of the parties’ mutual intent and the essential function of
the $250,000 payment as a property settlement. Coupled with her express waiver
of spousal support, it should be determinative.
With the benefit of 20/20 hindsight, the bankruptcy judge probably reached
a fair result. It is one I would embrace if it were not contrary to law. However,
in the face of the settlement agreement it is not enough to merely say Mrs. Cline
2
The settlement agreement provided for substantial child support and Mr. Cline’s
assumption of all consumer and tax debt. Mr. Cline also provided Mrs. Cline
with her choice of their former home or a new home. Mrs. Cline chose to reside
in a new home paid for by the sale of several properties owned by Mr. Cline’s
businesses. Mrs. Cline received over $8,000.00 in cash at the time of closing.
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needed support. Mr. Cline was not required to prove the obligation was as
labeled, a property settlement. Instead, it was Mrs. Cline’s burden to show the
parties’ intended the payment, in effect, to be support. She did not do so. Under
our case law, I see nothing that overcomes the substantial obstacle created by the
compelling evidence of the parties’ mutual intent as evidenced by the settlement
agreement. Consequently, I am “left with the definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been made.” In re Miniscribe Corp., 309 F.3d 1234, 1240 (10th Cir.
2002) (quotations omitted). I would reverse the decision of the bankruptcy court
and remand for further proceedings.
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