United States v. Cifuentes-Lopez ( 2022 )

Appellate Case: 21-6053 Document: 010110716026 Date Filed: 07/26/2022 Page: 1
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
PUBLISH Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS July 26, 2022
Christopher M. Wolpert
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
_________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 21-6053
ROLANDO CIFUENTES-LOPEZ,
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Oklahoma
(D.C. No. 5:19-CR-00364-G-1)
_________________________________
Submitted on the briefs:*
Virginia L. Grady, Federal Public Defender, and Meredith Esser, Assistant Federal Public
Defender, Office of Federal Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-
Appellant.
Robert J. Troester, United States Attorney, and Mary E. Walters, Assistant United States
Attorney, Office of the United States Attorney, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff-
Appellee.
_________________________________
Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, BRISCOE, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge.
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument.
Appellate Case: 21-6053 Document: 010110716026 Date Filed: 07/26/2022 Page: 2
_________________________________
Rolando Cifuentes-Lopez admitted to having commercial sex with two minors
and was sentenced to 24 years and 4 months in prison. He claims that the district
court erred in applying certain sentencing enhancements pursuant to the United States
Sentencing Guidelines; one enhancement for a pattern of sexual conduct with a
minor, and the other for his conviction on multiple counts. He argues that: (1) the
application of a pattern of activity enhancement under U.S.S.G § 4B1.5(b)(1) should
not apply to him because he engaged in only one prohibited sexual act with each
minor; and (2) the application of the pattern of activity enhancement along with a
multiple count enhancement, U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4, is impermissible double counting.
We find that the district court correctly applied the enhancements. First, the
pattern of activity enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b)(1) can be applied to either
repeated abuse of a single minor or to separate abuses of multiple minors. Second,
applying a five-level pattern of activity enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b)(1)
along with a two-level multiple count enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4 is not
double counting in this case because the Guidelines expressly intend cumulative
application, and the enhancements serve different sentencing goals. For the reasons
below, we reject both of Cifuentes-Lopez’s arguments and AFFIRM the district
court.
I. Background
Cifuentes-Lopez rented a trailer home to a tenant and engaged in commercial sex
with each of the tenant’s two minor children. Cifuentes-Lopez pled guilty to engaging in
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prohibited sexual conduct with the two minors on one occasion each. See 18 U.S.C.
§§ 1591(a)(1), (b)(2), (c) and 18 U.S.C. § 1594(a). The probation office generated a
presentence report (PSR) with the following sentencing calculations:
 A base offense level of 30 for a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a)(1).
 A two-point increase under U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(b)(4) because the offense involved
the commission of a sex act or sexual contact.
 A two-point enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4 because there were multiple
counts of conviction that were equally serious in nature.
 A five-point enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b)(1) because Cifuentes-Lopez
engaged in a pattern of activity involving prohibited sexual conduct.
With acceptance of responsibility, Cifuentes-Lopez’s total offense level was 36. With a
criminal history category of I, the resulting Guideline range was 188 to 235 months.
At sentencing, the government argued that two additional enhancements should
apply:
 A two-point enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(b)(2)(B) because Cifuentes-
Lopez had exerted undue influence over the minors.
 A four-level aggravating role enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a) for
Cifuentes-Lopez’s role as “an organizer or leader of a criminal activity that
involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.” Id.
Cifuentes-Lopez countered that the five-level increase pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b)(1)
for engaging in a pattern of activity involving prohibited sexual conduct should not be
applied because he only had sex with each victim one time. Further, he argued that the
application of this enhancement along with the two-level enhancement for multiple
counts or multiple victims pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4 constituted impermissible double
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counting. He claimed that the two enhancements did not address separate effects and did
not otherwise operate independently of each other.
The district court applied all the enhancements in the PSR along with the undue
influence enhancement proposed by the government. The district court rejected
Cifuentes-Lopez’s objections. Ultimately, the district court found Cifuentes-Lopez’s
total offense level was 38 and his criminal history category was I, resulting in a Guideline
sentencing range of 235-293 months of imprisonment. The district court sentenced
Cifuentes-Lopez near the top of that range: 292 months.
II. Analysis
We review the district court’s legal conclusions under the Sentencing Guidelines
de novo and its findings of fact for clear error, “giving great deference to the district
court’s application of the Guidelines to the facts.” United States v. Evans, 782 F.3d 1115,
1117 (10th Cir. 2015) (quoting United States v. Salas, 756 F.3d 1196, 1204 (10th Cir.
2014).
Cifuentes-Lopez raises two arguments regarding his pattern of activity
enhancement and alleged impermissible double counting. We address each argument in
turn.
A. Pattern of Activity Enhancement
Section 4B1.5 applies to a “Repeat and Dangerous Sex Offender Against Minors.”
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5. Subsection (b) provides for a five-level increase in the offense level if
(1) “the defendant’s instant offense of conviction is a covered sex crime” and (2) “the
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defendant engaged in a pattern of activity involving prohibited sexual conduct.”1 Id. at
§ 4B1.5(b). And Application Note 4(B)(i) provides that a “defendant engaged in a
pattern of activity involving prohibited sexual conduct if on at least two separate
occasions, the defendant engaged in prohibited sexual conduct with a minor.” U.S.S.G.
§ 4B1.5(b) cmt. n.4(B)(i).
In the present case, the district court applied a five-level increase for a pattern of
activity pursuant to § 4B1.5(b)(1) because Cifuentes-Lopez had engaged in prohibited
sexual conduct on more than one occasion.
Cifuentes-Lopez argues that the district court erred in applying the pattern of
activity enhancement because he engaged in only one prohibited sexual act with each
minor, and separate acts do not create a pattern. See United States v. Riccardi, 314 F.
App’x 99, 103 (10th Cir. 2008) (“While § 2G2.1 allows for an enhancement for multiple
1
The full text of subsection (b) says:
(b) In any case in which the defendant’s instant offense of conviction is
a covered sex crime, neither § 4B1.1 nor subsection (a) of this guideline
applies, and the defendant engaged in a pattern of activity involving
prohibited sexual conduct:
(1) The offense level shall be 5 plus the offense level determined
under Chapters Two and Three. However, if the resulting offense
level is less than level 22, the offense level shall be level 22,
decreased by the number of levels corresponding to any applicable
adjustment from § 3E1.1.
(2) The criminal history category shall be the criminal history
category determined under Chapter Four, Part A.
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b).
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victims, § 4B1.5 allows for enhancement if a defendant exploited victims on multiple
occasions.”). He contends that § 4B1.5(b)(1) is reserved for situations in which sexual
acts have occurred with the same minor on multiple occasions.
We disagree with this logic. First, the Application Note says that a defendant must
engage in prohibited sexual conduct with “a minor” on two separate occasions to qualify
for the enhancement. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b) cmt. n.4(B)(i). The word “a” indicates that
the two separate occasions of sexual conduct may—but do not have to be—with one
minor. Cf. United States v. Thompson, 402 F. App’x 378, 384 (10th Cir. 2010) (“The use
of the indefinite article ‘a’ before ‘dwelling’ suggests the ‘dwelling’ need not be a
specific dwelling.”); United States v. Jenkins, 904 F.2d 549, 553 (10th Cir. 1990)
(“Section 848’s use of the indefinite article when describing ‘a position of organizer’ or
‘a supervisory position or any other position of management’ contemplates that a given
network may have many persons in authority.”). Thus, the plain meaning of the
Application Note is that a pattern of activity includes when a defendant engages in sexual
conduct against two different minors on separate occasions or against the same minor on
two different occasions. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b) cmt. n.4(B)(i); United States v. Oakie,
993 F.3d 1051, 1053-54 (8th Cir. 2021) (affirming application of § 4B1.5(b)
enhancement where defendant molested one girl one time and later molested a different
girl one time); United States v. Fox, 926 F.3d 1275, 1280 (11th Cir. 2019) (“The plain
meaning of ‘separate occasions’ . . . requires only events that are independent and
distinguishable from each other. Multiple, distinct instances of abuse—whether ongoing,
related, or random—meet the requirements under § 4B1.5(b)(1).”); United States v.
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Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d 265, 285 (2d Cir. 2012) (“[W]e accord Guidelines language in the
plain meaning: ‘two’ means two, not three; and ‘separate’ means the two occasions must
be separate from each other.”).
This interpretation is consistent with the history of the enhancement. The prior
version of § 4B1.5(b)(1) required “at least two minor victims of the prohibited sexual
conduct” for the enhancement to apply. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5 cmt. n.4(B)(i) (2002)
(“[T]he defendant engaged in a pattern of activity involving prohibited sexual conduct
if— (I) on at least two separate occasions, the defendant engaged in prohibited sexual
conduct with a minor; and (II) there were at least two minor victims of the prohibited
sexual conduct.”). The Application Note explained that a defendant engaged in a pattern
of activity “if there were two separate occasions of prohibited sexual conduct and each
such occasion involved a different minor”—the exact situation presented in this appeal.
Id. In 2003, “[i]n an effort to broaden § 4B1.5(b)(1)’s scope,” Congress amended
Application Note 4(B)(i) “to eliminate the requirement of at least two minor victims in
order for the enhancement under § 4B1.5(b)(1) to apply.” United States v. Brattain, 539
F.3d 445, 448 (6th Cir. 2008). Thus, the enhancement was expanded to include repeated
abuse of a single minor, not restricted to only instances where a defendant repeatedly
abuses a single minor.
In summary, the pattern of activity enhancement under § 4B1.5(b)(1) can be
applied to either repeated abuse of a single minor or separate abuses of multiple minors.
Accordingly, the district court correctly applied the pattern of activity enhancement to
Cifuentes-Lopez.
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B. Double Counting
The Sentencing Guidelines specify that offense level adjustments for more than
one specific offense characteristic are cumulative, whereas within each specific offense
characteristic they are alternative. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1, cmt. n.4. Impermissible double
counting occurs in Guideline calculations when “the same conduct on the part of the
defendant is used to support separate increases under separate enhancement provisions
which necessarily overlap, are indistinct, and serve identical purposes.” United States v.
Fisher, 132 F.3d 1327, 1329 (10th Cir. 1997) (quoting United States v. Blake, 59 F.3d
138, 140 (10th Cir. 1995)). All three criteria must be satisfied to constitute double
counting. See United States v. Rucker, 178 F.3d 1369, 1371 (10th Cir. 1999).
But a court “may apply separate enhancements to reach distinct aspects of the
same conduct.” United States v. Reyes Pena, 216 F.3d 1204, 1209 (10th Cir. 2000).
There is no double counting when a court punishes “the same act using cumulative
Sentencing Guidelines if the enhancements bear on ‘conceptually separate notions
relating to sentencing.’” Id. at 1209 (quoting United States v. Lewis, 115 F.3d 1531,
1537 (11th Cir. 1997)). Put another way, “cumulative sentencing is permissible when the
separate enhancements aim at different harms emanating from the same conduct.” Reyes
Pena, 216 F.3d at 1209-10.
Here, Cifuentes-Lopez argues that his pattern of activity enhancement is
impermissible double counting. He contends that the five-level pattern of activity
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b)(1) cannot be applied at the same time as a two-
level multiple count enhancement under § 3D1.4. See United States v. Fadl, 498 F.3d
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862, 867 (8th Cir. 2007) (noting that “the enhancement for multiple victims could be
applied without the application of an enhancement for multiple occasions, and vice-
versa”). Cifuentes-Lopez contends that the two enhancements punish him for the same
criminal conduct—i.e., the fact that there are multiple victims—and thus the
enhancement provisions “necessarily overlap, are indistinct, and serve identical
purposes.” Fisher, 132 F.3d at 1329. In other words, Cifuentes-Lopez contends that both
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b)(1) and § 3D1.4 are aimed at punishing offenders for multiple
criminal acts and thus applying the two enhancements constitutes impermissible double
counting in his case.
We are not persuaded. Double counting did not occur because (1) the Guidelines
expressly intend cumulative application, and (2) the enhancements serve different
sentencing goals.
First, the Guidelines anticipate a cumulative application of both enhancements.
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b)(1) expressly states that if the provision applies, the resulting offense
level “shall be 5 plus the offense level determined under Chapters Two and Three.” Id.
(emphasis added). The additive noun “plus” tells us that “the guidelines intend the
cumulative application” of such enhancements. United States v. Dowell, 771 F.3d 162,
170 (4th Cir. 2014) (discussing a Chapter Two enhancement and § 4B1.5(b)(1)); see also
United States v. Von Loh, 417 F.3d 710, 715 (7th Cir. 2005) (holding that the application
of § 3D1.4 and § 4B1.5(b)(1) did not constitute impermissible double counting because
“[t]he word ‘plus’ [in § 4B1.5(b)(1)] indicates that the Sentencing Commission intended
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that the repeat sex offender enhancement be imposed in addition to calculations made
pursuant to §§ 2A3.2 and 3D1.4.”).
Second, the two enhancements are directed to different purposes and aimed at
different harms. The purpose of the multiple count enhancement in § 3D1.4 is to
“provide incremental punishment for significant additional criminal conduct.” See
U.S.S.G. § 3D intro. cmt. The purpose of § 4B1.5(b)(1) is to protect minors from sex
offenders “who present a continuing danger to the public.” See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5 cmt.
bkgd. (noting that the enhancement is derived from a Congressional directive “to ensure
lengthy incarceration for offenders who engage in a pattern of activity involving the
sexual exploitation of minors”). Punishing an offender for additional criminal conduct
and continued danger to the public is not double counting—those are two separate
sentencing goals. Cf. United States v. Seibert, 971 F.3d 396, 400 (3d Cir. 2020)
(concluding that § 4B1.5(b)(1) serves a different sentencing goal than offense-specific
Guideline provisions “[b]ecause it pertains to the part of the Guidelines dealing with
career offenders”); United States v. Dowell, 771 F.3d 162, 171 (4th Cir. 2014) (holding
that application of § 4B1.5(b)(1), together with § 2G2.2(b)(5), was not impermissible
double counting because Ҥ 4B1.5(b)(1) aims not merely to punish a defendant for the
specific characteristics of the offenses of conviction . . . but to allow a district court to
impose an enhanced period of incarceration because the defendant presents a continuing
danger to the public”). The fact that different harms may emanate from the same conduct
does not result in impermissible double counting. See Reyes Pena, 216 F.3d at 1210.
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In summary, applying a five-level pattern of activity enhancement under U.S.S.G.
§ 4B1.5(b)(1) along with a two-level multiple count enhancement under § 3D1.4 is not
double counting in this case because the Guidelines expressly intend cumulative
application, and the enhancements serve different sentencing goals. Thus, the district
court correctly applied both enhancements to Cifuentes-Lopez.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court.
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