NM Farm & Livestock Bureau v. United States Dept of Interior ( 2020 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
PUBLISH Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS March 17, 2020
Christopher M. Wolpert
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
_________________________________
NEW MEXICO FARM AND
LIVESTOCK BUREAU; NEW MEXICO
CATTLEGROWERS’ ASSOCIATION;
NEW MEXICO FEDERAL LANDS
COUNCIL,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
No. 17-2211
v.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
INTERIOR; RYAN ZINKE, in his official
capacity as Secretary of the United States
Department of Interior; UNITED STATES
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE;
DANIEL M. ASHE, in his official capacity
as Director of the United States Fish and
Wildlife Service,
Defendants - Appellees,
and
CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY; DEFENDERS OF
WILDLIFE,
Intervenor Defendants - Appellees.
_________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Mexico
(D.C. No. 2:15-CV-00428-KG-CG)
_________________________________
Christina M. Martin, Pacific Legal Foundation, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida (Anthony
L. François, Pacific Legal Foundation, Sacramento, California, with her on the briefs), for
Plaintiffs-Appellants.
Mark R. Haag, Environment and Natural Resources Division, U.S. Department of Justice,
Washington, D.C. (Jeffrey Bossert Clark, Assistant Attorney General, Eric Grant, Deputy
Assistant Attorney General, Joan M. Pepin, and Nicole M. Smith, Attorneys,
Environment and Natural Resources Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington,
D.C.; Frank Lupo, Of Counsel, Office of the Solicitor, Southwest Region, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Albuquerque, New Mexico, with him on the brief), for
Defendants-Appellees.
John Buse, Center for Biological Diversity, Oakland, California, and McCrystie Adams,
Defenders of Wildlife, Denver, Colorado, filed a brief for Intervenors-Appellees.
_________________________________
Before LUCERO, HARTZ, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
LUCERO, Circuit Judge.
_________________________________
This case involves the designation by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (“the
Service”) of critical habitat for the jaguar, pursuant to the Endangered Species Act
(“ESA”). Plaintiffs filed suit, contending the Service’s designation was arbitrary and
capricious. The district court ruled in favor of the Service. Exercising jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1291, we reverse and remand to the district court.
I
The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a large felid found in the southwestern United
States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. See Endangered and
Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for Jaguar, 79 Fed.
Reg. 12,572, 12,573 (Mar. 5, 2014) (hereinafter “Final Critical Habitat
2
Designation”). The Service listed the jaguar as a foreign endangered species in 1972
under the Endangered Species Conservation Act (“ESCA”), a precursor to the ESA.
List of Endangered Foreign Fish and Wildlife, 37 Fed. Reg. 6476 (Mar. 30, 1972)
(hereinafter “Foreign Jaguar Listing”). After the ESA took effect in 1973, the
Service relisted as endangered foreign jaguar populations, but did not include
domestic ones. In a 1980 proposed rulemaking, the Service acknowledged this
“inadvertent oversight,” stated it had been the Service’s intention to list all jaguar
populations as endangered, and proposed adding domestic jaguar populations to the
list. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants, Proposed Endangered Status
for U.S. Populations of Five Species, 45 Fed. Reg. 49,844, 49,844 (July 25, 1980)
(hereinafter “1980 Proposed Rule”). Ultimately, the agency listed both foreign and
domestic jaguar populations as endangered in 1997. Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife and Plants; Final Rule to Extend Endangered Status for the Jaguar in the
United States, 62 Fed. Reg. 39,147 (July 22, 1997) (hereinafter “Final Jaguar
Listing”).
In 2014, the Service published a final rule designating 764,207 acres in New
Mexico and Arizona as critical jaguar habitat. Final Critical Habitat Designation, 79
Fed. Reg. at 12,572. The area was divided into six units. Id. Units 5 and 6 are the
subject of this litigation. Unit 5, the Peloncillo Unit, covers 102,724 acres in the
Peloncillo Mountains in Cochise County, Arizona, and Hidalgo County, New
Mexico. Id. Unit 6, the San Luis Unit, covers 7714 acres in the San Luis Mountains
in Hidalgo County, New Mexico. Id. In assessing whether Units 5 and 6 were
3
occupied by jaguars at the time they were listed, the Service used data on undisputed
Class I jaguar sightings1 between 1962 and 2013.2 There were Class I jaguar
sightings in the Units in 1995, 1996, and 2006, but no Class I sightings there between
1962 and the 1990s. Id. at 12,579-80. Nonetheless, the Service found Units 5 and 6
“may have been occupied” by jaguars in 1972 because “[j]aguars were rare on the
landscape and distributed over large, rugged areas,” “jaguars are cryptic and
nocturnal by nature,” and “no survey effort was made to detect them in 1972.” Id.
at 12,582.
Based on this finding, the agency categorized Units 5 and 6 as “[o]ccupied at
time of listing.” Id. at 12,592.3 It found the Units satisfied the ESA’s requirements
for occupied critical habitat but noted there was substantial uncertainty in the finding
1
Jaguar sighting reports are sorted into “classes” based on the degree of
certainty that a jaguar was sighted; the Service considers only undisputed Class I
reports as valid records of jaguar sightings in its critical habitat designation. Id.
at 12,579. The Service notes several disputed Class I records, id. at 12,580-81, but
these are not relevant to our analysis because they did not occur in Units 5 and 6.
2
Based on a finding that the average jaguar lifespan is ten years, the agency
stated that jaguar sightings between 1962 and 1982—from ten years before to ten
years after the 1972 listing date—could indicate the presence of jaguars in 1972. Id.
at 12,581. The Service also concluded that Class I sightings from 1982 to 2013 were
relevant evidence of jaguar occupancy in 1972. Id.
3
The Final Critical Habitat Designation alternately stated that Units 5 and 6
were occupied at the time of listing and that they may have been occupied at that
time. For example, in a table describing all the units, Units 5 and 6 are in a column
labeled “Occupied at time of listing,” but a description of the table states the column
includes units that “may have been occupied at the time of listing.” Id. at 12,591.
4
that the Units were occupied. Id. at 12,587. Accordingly, it alternatively determined
that the Units qualified as unoccupied critical habitat under the ESA. Id. at 12,582.
Plaintiffs filed suit, challenging the designation of Units 5 and 6 as arbitrary
and capricious. The district court concluded that although it owes deference to the
Service on matters of scientific expertise, the evidence was insufficient to support a
finding that jaguars occupied the Units in 1972. Nevertheless, because the Service
alternatively determined that the Units could be designated as unoccupied critical
habitat under the ESA, the court held the designation of the Units as critical habitat
was not arbitrary and capricious. Plaintiffs timely appealed.
II
Our review of the Service’s actions under the ESA is governed by the
Administrative Procedure Act, and we review the district court’s decision de novo.
See N.M. Cattle Growers Ass’n v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 248 F.3d 1277, 1281
(10th Cir. 2001). “We cannot set aside an agency decision unless it fails to meet
statutory, procedural or constitutional requirements, or unless it is arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” Id.(quotation omitted).
The ESA sets forth a procedure by which the Service designates critical habitat
for endangered species. 16 U.S.C. § 1533. It must do so “on the basis of the best
scientific data available and after taking into consideration the economic impact, the
impact on national security, and any other relevant impact, of specifying any
5
particular area as critical habitat.” § 1533(b)(2). The ESA defines “critical habitat
for a threatened or endangered species” as:
(i) the specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the provisions of
section 1533 of this title, on which are found those physical or
biological features (I) essential to the conservation of the species and
(II) which may require special management considerations or
protection; and
(ii) specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species
at the time it is listed in accordance with the provisions of section 1533
of this title, upon a determination by the Secretary that such areas are
essential for the conservation of the species.
§ 1532(5)(A).
A
As a threshold matter, we address the time at which the jaguar was “listed in
accordance with the provisions of section 1533.” Id. The Final Critical Habitat
Designation stated:
While the jaguar was not explicitly listed in the United States until
July 22, 1997, we are using the date the jaguar was listed throughout its
range as endangered in accordance with the Endangered Species
Conservation Act, which is March 30, 1972. Our rationale for using
this date is based on our July 25, 1979, publication in which we asserted
that it was always the intent of the Service that all populations of seven
species, including the jaguar, deserved to be listed as endangered,
whether they occurred in the United States or in foreign countries.
Therefore, our intention was to consider the jaguar endangered
throughout its entire range when it was listed as endangered in 1972,
rather than only outside of the United States.
79 Fed. Reg. at 12,581 (citations omitted). Intervenors argue that the Service was
required to use 1997, the date of the Final Jaguar Listing, instead.
6
The ESA expressly requires the agency to consider occupancy at the time a
species “is listed,” §§ 1532(5)(A)(i), (ii) (emphasis added), not at the time the
Service intended to list it or to consider it endangered. Accordingly, we reject the
Service’s explanation that it was “always the intent of the Service . . . to consider the
jaguar endangered throughout its entire range,” Final Critical Habitat Designation,
79 Fed. Reg. at 12,581. To determine whether the agency was required to use the
1997 listing, we look to the complex regulatory history of the jaguar’s listing as an
endangered species.
Under the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 (“ESPA”), the
Secretary of the Interior maintained a list of “native fish and wildlife” that were
“threatened with extinction.” Pub. L. No. 89-669, § 1(c), 80 Stat. 926, 926 (1966),
repealed by ESA, Pub. L. No. 93-205, § 14, 87 Stat. 884, 903 (1973). The ESPA
required the Secretary to “consult[] with the affected States” before designating
native species as threatened with extinction. Id.In 1969, Congress passed the ESCA. That statute required the Secretary to
designate “species or subspecies of fish or wildlife” that are “threatened with
worldwide extinction.” Pub. L. No. 91-135, § 3(a), 83 Stat. 275, 275 (1969),
repealed by ESA, § 14, 87 Stat. at 903. Pursuant to the ESCA, the Service
maintained a “U.S. List of Endangered Foreign Fish and Wildlife” at 50 C.F.R.,
app. A. It added the jaguar to this list of foreign endangered species in 1972.
Foreign Jaguar Listing, 37 Fed. Reg. at 6476. Because the ESCA did not repeal the
7
ESPA, the ESPA’s requirement for the Service to maintain a list of “native fish and
wildlife” remained in effect.
In 1973, Congress passed the ESA, which repealed both the ESPA and the
ESCA. ESA, § 14, 87 Stat. at 903. The ESA requires the Secretary to maintain “a
list of all species determined . . . to be endangered species and a list of all species
determined . . . to be threatened species.” Id., § 4(c)(1), 87 Stat. at 887 (codified at
§ 1533(c)(1)). It eliminated the requirement for maintaining separate lists of native
species under the ESPA and foreign species under the ESCA. As enacted, the ESA
further provided:
[A]ny list in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of [the
ESA] of species of fish or wildlife determined by the Secretary of the
Interior, pursuant to the [ESCA], to be threatened with extinction shall
be republished to conform to the classification for endangered species or
threatened species, as the case may be, provided for in this Act, but until
such republication, any such species so listed shall be deemed an
endangered species within the meaning of this act. The republication of
any species pursuant to this paragraph shall not require public hearing
or comment . . . .
Id., § 4(c)(3), 87 Stat. at 888 (codified at § 1533(c)(3)) (repealed 1982).
In accordance with this provision, the Service promulgated a list of
endangered and threatened species in 1975, consolidating the formerly separate lists
of native and foreign species. Reclassification of the American Alligator and Other
Amendments, 40 Fed. Reg. 44,412 (Sept. 26, 1975) (hereinafter “Consolidated
Listing”). The agency confirmed that the ESA list “br[ought] together in one place
all of the endangered and threatened species” previously listed. Id. at 44,413. The
Consolidated Listing included the jaguar (Panthera onca) and stated its “Known
8
Distribution” is “Central and South America.” Id. at 44,418.4 It also included the
original listing date of the species under the ESCA.5
In 1979, the Service issued a notice stating that because the jaguar and other
species had been listed only as foreign, not native, endangered species under the pre-
ESA framework, their domestic populations were “not currently listed” under the
ESA. Notification that the populations of seven endangered species are not currently
protected by the [ESA], 44 Fed. Reg. 43,705, 43,705 (July 25, 1979).6 The agency
acknowledged this “inadvertent” failure again the following year; it stated it had
4
We observe that in the 1978 republication of the endangered species list, the
Service amended the Known Distribution to read, “U.S. (Southwestern) to South
America.” Republication of the List of Species, 43 Fed. Reg. 58,030, 58,033
(Dec. 11, 1978). In 1980, this was again amended to read, “U.S.A. (TX, NM, AZ),
Central and South America.” Republication of the Lists of Endangered and
Threatened Species and Correction of Technical Errors in Final Rules, 45 Fed. Reg.
33,768, 33,770 (May 20, 1980) (hereinafter “1980 Republication”).
5
In the column for “When Listed,” the Consolidated Listing erroneously stated
the jaguar was listed in a 1970 rulemaking, List of Endangered Foreign Fish and
Wildlife, 35 Fed. Reg. 18,319 (Dec. 2, 1970). Consolidated Listing, 40 Fed. Reg.
at 44,418. This appears to be a clerical error; it should have referred to the 1972
Foreign Jaguar Listing. The entries for most of the other species listed along with the
jaguar in 1972—the cheetah, leopard, tiger, snow leopard, ocelot, and margay—
correctly referred to the 1972 listing. Id. at 44,418-19. The entry for the tiger cat,
like the entry for the jaguar, erroneously referred to the 1970 listing. Id. at 44,418.
This error was corrected between the 1979 and 1980 republications of the
endangered species list. Compare Republication of List of Species, 44 Fed. Reg.
3636, 3639 (Jan. 17, 1979) with 1980 Republication, 45 Fed. Reg. at 33,770.
6
This notice stated that the Service had not consulted with the governors of
any state, as required under the pre-ESA framework. Id. The agency stated it
“intend[ed] to take action as quickly as possible to propose the U.S. populations of
these species for listing.” Id.
9
intended to list all jaguar populations as endangered under the ESA and proposed
amending the list of endangered species to state that the jaguar’s “Historic Range”
was “Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, South through Central America to South
America.” 1980 Proposed Rule, 45 Fed. Reg. at 49,844, 49,847.7 The 1980 Proposed
Rule was withdrawn in 1982. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants:
Notice of Withdrawal of an Expired Proposal for Listing of the U.S. Populations of
the Thick-Billed Parrot, Short-Tailed Albatross, Margay Cat, and Jaguar, 47 Fed.
Reg. 41,145, 41,145 (Sept. 17, 1982).
Twelve years later, in 1994, the agency again proposed listing domestic jaguar
populations as endangered. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants;
Proposed Endangered Status for the Jaguar In the United States, 59 Fed. Reg. 35,674(July 13, 1994). In 1997, it issued a final rulemaking listing foreign and domestic
jaguar populations as endangered. Final Jaguar Listing, 62 Fed. Reg. at 39,147.
B
In light of this complex regulatory history, we address whether the jaguar was
“listed in accordance with the provisions of section 1533” in 1972 or 1997.
§§ 1532(5)(A)(i), (ii). The statute does not directly address which time of listing the
Service must consider in a case such as this one, in which a species’ foreign and
7
The list of endangered species already in effect at the time of the 1980
Proposed Rule stated that the jaguar’s “Known Distribution” was “U.S.A. (TX, NM,
AZ), Central and South America.” 1980 Republication, 45 Fed. Reg. at 33,770.
10
domestic populations were listed on different dates under different statutory schemes.
To resolve this issue, we must first determine the meaning of the term “species.”
The ESA offers little guidance on this issue. It does not actually define the
term “species”; rather, it merely states that the term “includes any subspecies of fish
or wildlife or plants, and any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate
fish or wildlife which interbreeds when mature.” § 1532(16) (emphasis added).8
We therefore look to the ordinary meaning of the word “species.” “[A]bsent
evidence to the contrary, the ordinary meaning of the words used [in a statute]
expresses legislative intent. When Congress has used technical words or terms of art,
the term must be given its technical or scientific meaning.” United States v. Easter,
981 F.2d 1549, 1558 (10th Cir. 1992) (citations omitted). A “species” is defined as:
a category of biological classification ranking immediately below the
genus or subgenus, comprising related organisms or populations
potentially capable of interbreeding, and being designated by a binomial
that consists of the name of a genus followed by a Latin or latinized
uncapitalized noun or adjective agreeing grammatically with the genus
name.
Species, Merriam-Webster Dict., http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/
species (last visited Mar. 3, 2020).
The binomial designation of the jaguar is Panthera onca. See 50 C.F.R.
§ 17.11(h). Panthera is the genus, onca the species. The foreign and domestic
populations of the jaguar belong to the same Panthera onca species. There is no
8
In contrast, almost all the other provisions in the definitions section of the
statute state what a particular term “means.” See generally § 1532.
11
indication in the record that these populations would be incapable of interbreeding.
To the contrary, the Final Critical Habitat Designation stated that the only breeding
populations of jaguars are foreign populations. The domestic population is therefore
comprised of individual jaguars dispersing from the nearest breeding population,
which is in Mexico. See 79 Fed. Reg. at 12,589.
We acknowledge that the 1980 Proposed Rule and the 1997 Final Jaguar
Listing state that domestic jaguars were not subject to the ESA’s protections. 45 Fed.
Reg. at 49,844; 47 Fed. Reg. at 41,145. But the question before us is what year the
jaguar—Panthera onca—was listed as endangered for purposes of §§ 1532(5)(A)(i),
(ii).
We conclude that year was 1972. The foreign and domestic jaguar populations
listed by the Service comprise one species under the ESA. That species was listed as
a foreign endangered species under the ESCA in 1972. When the ESA was enacted
in 1973, § 1533 provided that the ESCA list would be republished. ESA, § 4(c)(3),
87 Stat. at 888 (repealed 1982). The entry for the jaguar species in the republished
list referred to the original listing date of the jaguar species under the ESCA.
Consolidated Listing, 40 Fed. Reg. at 44,418. Additionally, the 1978 and 1980
republications list domestic ranges for the jaguar. See Republication of the List of
Species, 43 Fed. Reg. at 58,033; 1980 Republication, 45 Fed. Reg. at 33,770. The
current listing of endangered species includes both the Foreign Jaguar Listing and the
Final Jaguar Listing under “Listing citations and applicable rules.” 50 C.F.R.
§ 17.11(h).
12
Our conclusion aligns with the Final Critical Habitat Designation’s finding
that “the jaguar was listed throughout its range as endangered” in 1972. 79 Fed. Reg.
at 12,581. It is also consistent with the legislative history of § 1532(5)(A). The ESA
did not originally include a definition of “critical habitat.” 87 Stat. 884. That
definition was added in a 1978 amendment. ESA Amendments of 1978, Pub. L. No.
95-632, § 2, 92 Stat. 3751, 3751 (1978). The proponent of the amendment stated that
a critical habitat designation “must be made at the time [a species is] placed on the
list.” 124 Cong. Rec. S11,042 (daily ed. July 18, 1978) (statement of Sen. McClure).
He explained the definition was a response to the prospect of human displacement if
an endangered species were to expand out of the area it occupied at the time of
listing, offering the example of the grizzly bear’s expansion out of Yellowstone
National Park. Id. at S11,043.9
Thus, Congress intended to ensure that even if the range of a species expands,
the Service designates critical habitat under § 1532(5)(A)(i) only for areas occupied
at the initial time of listing. For areas unoccupied at the time of listing into which a
species has expanded, the Service designates critical habitat under the more stringent
9
The definition of critical habitat appears to be modeled on language proposed
by a representative of the National Forest Products Association, who also expressed
concerns about the consequences of the expansion of the grizzly bear’s range.
Endangered Species Oversight: Hearing Before the S. Comm. on Fisheries and
Wildlife Conservation and the Env’t, 95th Cong. 726, 728 (1978) (statement of
William Haselton, representing Nat’l Forest Prods. Ass’n). The timber industry
representative’s proposed definition of unoccupied critical habitat referred to areas
“essential to the continued existence of the species,” id., whereas the enacted version
of § 1532(5)(A)(ii) discusses areas “essential for the conservation of the species.”
13
criteria in § 1532(5)(A)(ii). Our holding that the Service must use the initial listing
date, not a later listing date after the jaguar’s range has expanded, is consistent with
this intent.
C
Having concluded that the jaguar was initially listed as endangered in 1972,
we turn to whether Units 5 and 6 were occupied by jaguars at that time.10 We must
determine whether the Service’s finding that the jaguar occupied Units 5 and 6 in
1972 was supported by “substantial evidence in the administrative record,” meaning
“such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.” Colo. Wild, Heartwood v. U.S. Forest Serv., 435 F.3d 1204, 1213 (10th
Cir. 2006) (quotations omitted).
The ESA and its implementing regulations do not define “occupancy,” and the
Tenth Circuit has not directly addressed how the term is defined. Plaintiffs contend
that “occupy” is synonymous with “reside.” We disagree. A species “occupies” an
area if it “uses [the area] with sufficient regularity that it is likely to be present during
any reasonable span of time.” Ariz. Cattle Growers’ Ass’n v. Salazar, 606 F.3d
1160, 1165 (9th Cir. 2010). “Determining whether a species uses an area with
10
Plaintiffs appear to contend the Service forfeited the argument that jaguars
occupied Units 5 and 6. Because the district court ultimately entered judgment in the
Service’s favor, it could not appeal this issue. See United States v. Am. Ry. Exp.
Co., 265 U.S. 425, 435 (1924) (holding a party cannot appeal from a favorable
judgment). This argument is therefore not forfeited. Further, we may affirm the
“lower court’s ruling on any grounds adequately supported by the record, even
grounds not relied upon by the district court.” United States v. Mabry, 728 F.3d
1163, 1165 n.1 (10th Cir. 2013).
14
sufficient regularity that it is ‘occupied’ is a highly contextual and fact-dependent
inquiry.” Id. at 1164.
We turn to the Service’s factual findings regarding whether jaguars used
Units 5 and 6 with sufficient regularity for the Units to be considered occupied in
1972. Because the average jaguar lifespan is ten years, the agency stated that jaguar
sightings between 1962 and 1982—from ten years before to ten years after the 1972
listing date—could indicate the presence of jaguars in 1972. Final Critical Habitat
Designation, 79 Fed. Reg. at 12,581. There were no Class I jaguar sightings in the
units between 1962 and 1982, however, and no other evidence of jaguar presence
during that time period. Id.
The Service also concluded that Class I sightings from 1982 to 2013 are
relevant evidence of presence in 1972 because it is “likely those areas were occupied
at the time of the original listing, but jaguars had not been detected because of their
rarity, the difficulty in detecting them, and a lack of surveys for the species.” Id.
at 12,581. It lists three jaguar sightings in Units 5 and 6: a jaguar track in Unit 5 in
1995, a photograph of a jaguar in Unit 5 in 1996, and a photograph of a jaguar in
Unit 6 in 2006. Id. at 12,579-80. The Service observed that “[j]aguars are difficult
to detect due to their rarity, cryptic appearance, elusive behavior, and habitat
complexity.” Id. at 12,581. Further, there were no concerted efforts to detect jaguars
before 1997, when the Borderlands Jaguar Detection Project set up remote camera
stations and conducted track and scat surveys. Id. Considering the inadequacy of the
available data regarding jaguar occupancy, the agency found that these three
15
sightings provided sufficient evidence Units 5 and 6 “may have been occupied by
jaguars” in 1972. Id. at 12,582. It therefore concluded that Units 5 and 6 satisfied
the requirements for occupied critical habitat under § 1532(5)(A)(i).
On appeal, the agency argues that we must affirm its finding that Units 5 and 6
were occupied in 1972 because we must defer to its scientific expertise. Though we
are mindful that the agency need only base its determinations on the “best scientific
data available,” § 1533(b)(2), not the best scientific data possible, our review of the
Final Critical Habitat Designation reveals that the Service did not make a factual
finding that Units 5 and 6 were occupied by jaguars in 1972. Rather, the agency
expressed uncertainty about that question and ultimately found only that jaguars may
have occupied the units at that time.
Moreover, there is no evidence in the record that any jaguars were present in
Units 5 and 6 between 1962 and 1982. In fact, there is no evidence that jaguars were
present in Units 5 and 6 at any time before 1995. The agency’s use of the sightings
between 1962 and 1982 was based on expert opinion that the average jaguar lifespan
is ten years; this determination is entitled to our deference. See Colo. Wild, 435 F.3d
at 1214 (“[O]ur deference to the agency is greatest when reviewing technical matters
within its area of expertise, particularly its choice of scientific data and statistical
methodology.” (quotation omitted)). In contrast, the Service’s reliance on sightings
in 1995, 1996, and 2006 to support a conclusion of occupation in 1972 is not based
on expert opinion and is purely speculative.
16
Although we acknowledge the difficulty in ascertaining whether jaguars were
present in Units 5 and 6 in 1972, we conclude that any finding that jaguars occupied
the Units at that time is speculative and not based on substantial evidence. We
therefore agree with the district court that the Service’s designation of Units 5 and 6
as occupied critical habitat was arbitrary and capricious.
III
In the alternative, the Service determined that Units 5 and 6 met the
requirements for unoccupied critical habitat under § 1532(5)(A)(ii) and designated
them as such. Plaintiffs challenge this designation. Designation of areas as
unoccupied critical habitat must be based “upon a determination by the Secretary that
such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.” Id. The statute defines
“conservation” as “the use of all methods and procedures which are necessary to
bring any endangered species or threatened species to the point at which the measures
provided pursuant to this [Act] are no longer necessary.” § 1532(3). “Under this
definition, conservation encompasses recovery.” Ctr. for Native Ecosystems v.
Cables, 509 F.3d 1310, 1322 (10th Cir. 2007).
A
The ESA regulations in effect at the time the Service issued the Final Critical
Habitat Designation provided, “The Secretary [of the Interior] shall designate as
critical habitat areas outside the geographical area presently occupied by a species
only when a designation limited to its present range would be inadequate to ensure
the conservation of the species.” 50 C.F.R. § 424.12(e) (2013). When it
17
promulgated this rule, the agency addressed comments “express[ing] concern over
the perceived possibility that Critical Habitat could be designated in an unwarranted
manner for areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time of
listing.” Rules for Listing Endangered and Threatened Species, Designating Critical
Habitat, and Maintaining the Lists, 45 Fed. Reg. 13,010, 13,011 (Feb. 27, 1980). The
agency expressly rejected the suggestion that it develop “precise criteria . . . to
[e]nsure that these areas truly constitute Critical Habitat,” finding “further criteria are
unnecessary.” Id. It stated it would “closely scrutinize” any unoccupied areas and
designate them as critical habitat “only if necessary to ensure the conservation of the
species.” Id.11
From the language of the regulatory text and the final rulemaking
accompanying it, we conclude that under § 424.12(e) (2013),12 before the Service
11
In 1984, the agency rejected a suggestion that it designate critical habitat
outside a species’ known range only when required to prevent the species’ extinction.
Listing Endangered and Threatened Species and Designating Critical Habitat;
Amended Procedures for Listing Endangered and Threatened Species and
Designating Critical Habitat, 49 Fed. Reg. 38,900, 38,904 (Oct. 1, 1984).
Concluding that such a limitation would be “inconsistent with the Act’s purpose of
conserving and recovering species,” the agency reiterated that critical habitat outside
of the species’ known range would be designated “when essential for the species’
conservation.” Id.12
The regulation discussed the areas “presently occupied by a species” and the
species’ “present range.” Id. (emphases added). Although this seems to imply that
the Service should consider the species’ range at the time of designation, such a
reading would be inconsistent with the statutory requirement that the Service
consider only the “geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed,”
§ 1532(5)(A)(ii). See also Listing Endangered and Threatened Species and
Designating Critical Habitat; Implementing Changes to the Regulations for
18
designates an area as unoccupied critical habitat, it must find designation of occupied
critical habitat “inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species.” See Markle
Interests, L.L.C. v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 827 F.3d 452, 470 (5th Cir. 2016)
(“Under the regulations in effect at the time that Unit 1 was designated, the Service
had to find that the species’[] occupied habitat was inadequate before it could even
consider designating unoccupied habitat as critical.”), vacated on other grounds,
139 S. Ct. 590 (2018). But cf. Bear Valley Mut. Water Co. v. Jewell, 790 F.3d 977,
994 (9th Cir. 2015) (holding requirements that unoccupied areas be “essential [for]
the conservation of the species” and “that the designated occupied areas are
inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species” are “identical”). The Final
Critical Habitat Designation confirmed this understanding of the regulation; it stated
that unoccupied critical habitat is designated “only when a designation limited to [the
species’] range would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species.” 79
Fed. Reg. at 12,578.
Subsequent rulemakings further reflect that under the version of § 424.12(e) in
effect at the time the Service issued the Final Critical Habitat Designation, the
Service must find designation of occupied areas inadequate before designating
unoccupied critical habitat. In 2016, the agency amended the regulation and
Designating Critical Habitat, 81 Fed. Reg. 7414, 7434 (Feb. 11, 2016)
(acknowledging this “confusion”). We read § 424.12(e) (2013) to require the Service
to consider a species’ range at the time of listing, as provided in § 1532(5)(A)(ii).
19
recodified it at 50 C.F.R. § 424.12(b)(2).13 The final rulemaking accompanying the
amendment explained:
[W]e have learned from years of implementing the critical habitat
provisions of the Act that often a rigid step-wise approach, i.e., first
designating all occupied areas that meet the definition of “critical
habitat” (assuming that no unoccupied habitat is designated) and then,
only if that is not enough, designating essential unoccupied habitat, does
not necessarily serve the best conservation strategy for the species and
in some circumstances may result in a designation that is geographically
larger, but less effective as a conservation tool. Our proposed change
will allow us to consider the inclusion of occupied and unoccupied areas
in a critical habitat designation following at minimum a general
conservation strategy for the species.
Implementing Changes to the Regulations for Designating Critical Habitat, 81 Fed.
Reg. at 7427. The Service thus explicitly acknowledged that the prior version of the
regulation—the one at issue in this case—required a “rigid step-wise approach”
under which it must first designate occupied areas, then designate unoccupied areas
only if designation of the occupied areas is insufficient.
The Service amended the provision yet again in 2019.14 The final rulemaking
13
The amended version provided, “The Secretary will identify, at a scale
determined by the Secretary to be appropriate, specific areas outside the geographical
area occupied by the species that are essential for its conservation, considering the
life history, status, and conservation needs of the species based on the best available
scientific data.” § 424.12(b)(2) (2016).
14
The amended regulation now provides:
The Secretary will designate as critical habitat, at a scale determined by
the Secretary to be appropriate, specific areas outside the geographical
area occupied by the species only upon a determination that such areas
are essential for the conservation of the species. When designating
critical habitat, the Secretary will first evaluate areas occupied by the
20
accompanying that amendment characterized the 2016 amendment as “chang[ing] the
step-wise approach we had been using since 1984” and “eliminating the sequenced
approach to considering occupied habitat before unoccupied habitat.” Endangered
and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Regulations for Listing Species and Designating
Critical Habitat, 84 Fed. Reg. 45,020, 45,043 (Aug. 19, 2019). Both the 2016 and
2019 rulemakings therefore support our conclusion that § 424.12(e) (2013) required a
sequential, “step-wise” approach, under which the Service must find designation of
occupied areas inadequate as a prerequisite to designating unoccupied areas.15
B
Before considering whether the Service complied with § 424.12(e) (2013), we
note that on appeal, plaintiffs cite the regulation but do not argue that the Service
failed to comply with it. As an initial matter, we conclude that the issue is
administratively exhausted. “Parties must exhaust available administrative remedies
before the [agency] prior to bringing their grievances to federal court.” Ark Initiative
species. The Secretary will only consider unoccupied areas to be
essential where a critical habitat designation limited to geographical
areas occupied would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the
species. In addition, for an unoccupied area to be considered essential,
the Secretary must determine that there is a reasonable certainty both
that the area will contribute to the conservation of the species and that
the area contains one or more of those physical or biological features
essential to the conservation of the species.
§ 424.12(b)(2) (2019).
15
We emphasize that our resolution of this case requires only an interpretation
of § 424.12(e) (2013). The 2016 and 2019 amendments to the regulation do not
affect the outcome of this case.
21
v. U.S. Forest Serv., 660 F.3d 1256, 1261 (10th Cir. 2011) (quotation omitted). In
promulgating the Final Critical Habitat Designation, the Service considered the
following comment:
The Service states in the proposed rule that [it] designate[s] critical
habitat in areas outside the geographical area occupied by a species only
when a designation limited to its range would be inadequate to ensure
the conservation of the species. The area currently occupied by the
jaguar outside the United States is adequate for the conservation of the
jaguar.
79 Fed. Reg. at 12,615. Although the comment did not cite § 424.12(e) (2013), it
questioned the agency’s failure to find designation of occupied areas inadequate
before designating unoccupied areas as critical habitat. Because the issue was raised
“in sufficient detail to allow the agency to rectify the alleged violation,” it is
administratively exhausted. Ark Initiative, 660 F.3d at 1261.
We turn to whether we may address the Service’s compliance with the
regulation, given that plaintiffs did not specifically brief the issue. Plaintiffs argue
that the Service’s designation of unoccupied jaguar habitat was arbitrary and
capricious because it did not comport with the statutory requirement that such areas
be “essential for the conservation of the species.” § 1532(5)(A)(ii). The Service
promulgated § 424.12(e) (2013) to interpret this statutory provision. See Rules for
Listing Endangered and Threatened Species, Designating Critical Habitat, and
Maintaining the Lists, 45 Fed. Reg. at 13,011. At the district court, plaintiffs and the
Service quoted the regulation in their briefs. Further, plaintiffs requested
“declaratory judgment and injunctive relief against the Defendants for violating . . .
22
50 C.F.R. § 424.12(e).” On appeal, plaintiffs and the Service quote the regulation in
their briefs. Plaintiffs do not challenge the validity of the regulation, thereby
acknowledging that it defines the agency’s obligations when designating unoccupied
critical habitat. But they do not request that we overturn the Final Critical Habitat
Designation because it did not comply with § 424.12(e) (2013). Rather, plaintiffs
challenge the agency action only on statutory grounds. They ask us to define the
word “essential” restrictively, not raising the narrower, related issue of whether the
Service complied with the regulation.
In the context of arguments raised before us but not before the district court,
we have held that the “general waiver rule is not absolute, . . . and we may depart
from it in our discretion, particularly when we are presented with a strictly legal
question, the proper resolution of which is beyond doubt or when manifest injustice
would otherwise result.” Sussman v. Patterson, 108 F.3d 1206, 1210 (10th Cir. 1997)
(alteration and quotation omitted); see also Greene v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 210 F.3d
1237, 1243 (10th Cir. 2000) (exercising discretion to consider waived argument
because “the issue presented is one of law”). In such cases, we may exercise
discretion when “the record is sufficient to resolve the issue on its merits.” Hooker
v. Mullin, 293 F.3d 1232, 1241 n.7 (10th Cir. 2002). Similarly, in cases in which
appellate briefs are deficient because they do not comply with the Federal Rules of
Appellate Procedure, we have held that “the court in its discretion may scrutinize the
merits of the case insofar as the record permits.” MacArthur v. San Juan Cty., 495
F.3d 1157, 1161 (10th Cir. 2007); see also Burke v. Regalado, 935 F.3d 960, 1031
23
(10th Cir. 2019) (relying on a “detailed motion . . . filed in the district court” because
the appellate briefing was inadequate).
Plaintiffs do not challenge the validity of § 424.12(e) (2013), which interprets
§ 1532(5)(A)(ii); they only contest the Service’s compliance with the statute. But
when we consider an agency action made pursuant to a statute and an implementing
regulation, we cannot ignore the regulatory context when determining whether that
action was arbitrary and capricious. In this case, whether the Service complied with
the regulation is a strictly legal question that we are fully capable of resolving on the
administrative record alone. As set forth below, that record leads us to conclude the
agency did not comply with the regulation, and our resolution of this issue is beyond
doubt. Further, the agency had a chance to rectify this error, but failed to do so.
Thus, instead of addressing plaintiffs’ statutory argument—that the Service’s
designation of Units 5 and 6 as unoccupied critical habitat is arbitrary and capricious
because the areas were not “essential for the conservation of the species” under
§ 1532(5)(A)(ii)—we exercise our discretion to consider whether the Service
complied with the requirements of § 424.12(e) (2013).
C
Turning to the merits of the issue, we have held that “[a]gencies are under an
obligation to follow their own regulations, procedures, and precedents, or provide a
rational explanation for their departure.” Utahns for Better Transp. v. U.S. Dep’t of
Transp., 305 F.3d 1152, 1165 (10th Cir. 2002). When an agency does not comply
with its own regulations, it acts arbitrarily and capriciously. Id. at 1178; see also
24
Cherokee Nation of Okla. v. Norton, 389 F.3d 1074, 1078 (10th Cir. 2004) (“[The
APA] require[s] agencies, on pain of being found to have acted arbitrarily and
capriciously, to comply with their own regulations.”).16
In the Final Critical Habitat Designation, the Service “acknowledge[d] that the
lack of jaguar sightings at the time the species was listed as endangered in 1972 . . .
suggest[ed] that jaguars in the United States had declined to such an extent by that
point as to be effectively eliminated.” 79 Fed. Reg. at 12,588 (citation omitted). It
continued:
To the extent that areas described above may not have been occupied at
the time of listing, we determine that they are essential to the
conservation of the species for the following reasons: (1) They have
demonstrated recent (since 1996) occupancy by jaguars; (2) they contain
features that comprise suitable jaguar habitat; and (3) they contribute to
the species’ persistence in the United States by allowing the normal
demographic function and possible range expansion of the proposed
Northwestern Recovery Unit, which is essential to the conservation of
the species.
Id.
To the extent that any Units were occupied in 1972, the Service was required
to find that their designation as critical habitat was inadequate to ensure jaguar
conservation before it designated Units 5 and 6, which were unoccupied, as critical
habitat. It did not so do. The Service did not find that the designation of areas
occupied by jaguars in 1972 would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the
16
An agency’s interpretation of its own regulations may be entitled to
deference if the regulation is “genuinely ambiguous.” Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct.
2400, 2414 (2019). But § 424.12(e) (2013) is not ambiguous.
25
species. Nor did it make findings about whether any individual unit designated as
unoccupied was essential for the conservation of the species.17 Rather, it addressed
all the units together, finding that to the extent they were not occupied, they were
essential for the conservation of the species.
We conclude the agency did not comply with its obligation to designate
unoccupied critical habitat “only when a designation limited to its present range
would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species.” § 424.12(e) (2013).
Because it did not follow its own regulations or provide a rational explanation for
failing to do so, its designation of Units 5 and 6 as critical habitat was arbitrary and
capricious.
IV
Plaintiffs also argue that because Units 5 and 6 are “secondary,” “marginal”
habitat and constitute only a small portion of the jaguar’s range, they cannot be
essential for the conservation of the species. We disagree. The Service convened a
Jaguar Recovery Team, which prepared a Recovery Outline for the jaguar. See Final
Critical Habitat Designation, 79 Fed. Reg. at 12,573-74. The Recovery Outline maps
the “Northwestern Recovery Unit,” including jaguar habitat in the United States and
17
The Final Critical Habitat Designation did include specific findings
pertaining to Units 1b, 4b, and 4c, for which there was no evidence of jaguar
occupation at any time. Id. at 12,591-92. The Service found that “maintaining travel
corridors to Mexico is essential for the conservation of jaguars in the Northwestern
Recovery Unit, and, therefore, for the species as a whole.” Id. at 12,589. Because
Units 1a and 4a do not border Mexico, the Service specifically found Units 1b, 4b,
and 4c were essential for the conservation of the species because they connected
Units 1a and 4a to Mexico. Id. at 12,593-94.
26
northwestern Mexico. See id. at 12,574. The Northwestern Recovery Unit comprises
only a small portion of the jaguar’s range and is divided into so-called “core” and
“secondary” areas. See id. Core areas exhibit evidence of consistent jaguar presence
and recent reproduction, whereas secondary areas are characterized by recent records
of jaguar presence but little evidence of reproduction. The portion of the
Northwestern Recovery Unit in the United States, which encompasses all of Units 1
to 6, is part of the Borderlands Secondary Area; the nearest core area—the Sonora
Core Area—is about 130 miles south of the U.S.-Mexico border. Id. “The more
open, dry habitat of the southwestern United States has been characterized as
marginal habitat for jaguars in terms of water, cover, and prey densities.” Id.
at 12,573-74.
In the Final Critical Habitat Designation, the Service stated that the areas
designated as critical habitat contribute to jaguar conservation because they “support
some individuals during dispersal movements, provide small patches of habitat
(perhaps in some cases with a few resident jaguars), and provide areas for cyclic
expansion and contraction of the nearest core area.” Id. at 12,574. Jaguars
“dispersing into the United States are important,” the Service explained, “because
they occupy habitat that serves as a buffer to zones of regular reproduction and are
potential colonizers of vacant range.” Id. “[A]s such, areas supporting them are
important to maintaining normal demographics, as well as allowing for possible
range expansion.” Id. The agency also found that “the Northwestern Recovery Unit
is essential for the conservation of the species,” and that “[c]ritical habitat in the
27
United States contributes to recovery across the species’ entire range.” Id. at 12,574,
12,605. In our view, it is not inconsistent for the Service to find both that Units 5
and 6 are “secondary” or “marginal” habitat and that they are essential for the
conservation of the jaguar.
V
Finally, plaintiffs contend that because the ESA limits “conservation” to those
methods and procedures necessary to bring a species “to the point at which the
measures provided pursuant to this chapter are no longer necessary,” § 1532(3), the
Service was required to identify this “point” when it designated the jaguar’s critical
habitat. But the ESA’s detailed provisions regarding designation of critical habitat
include no such requirement. See Markle Interests, 827 F.3d at 469 (“The ESA’s
critical-habitat provisions do not require the Service to know when a protected
species will be conserved as a result of the designation.”), vacated on other grounds,
139 S. Ct. at 590; Home Builders Ass’n of N. Cal. v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 616
F.3d 983, 989 (9th Cir. 2010) (“[T]here is no reason why [the Service] cannot
determine what elements are necessary for conservation without determining exactly
when conservation will be complete. . . . [T]he statute actually runs contrary to [this]
argument.”). Moreover, in a different provision governing recovery plans, the ESA
requires the Service to identify “objective, measurable criteria which, when met,
would result in a determination, in accordance with the provisions of this section, that
the species be removed from the list.” § 1533(f)(1)(B)(ii). This requirement is
entirely separate from the requirements for the designation of critical habitat. See
28
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557, 578 (2006) (“Where Congress includes
particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another section of the
same Act, it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely in
the disparate inclusion or exclusion” (alteration and quotation omitted)).
Accordingly, we hold the ESA does not require the Service to identify the point at
which a species will be considered to have recovered when it designates critical
habitat for that species.18
VI
For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the decision of the district court and
REMAND for proceedings consistent with this decision.
18
Plaintiffs also argue that the Service’s designation of Unit 6 as critical
habitat was arbitrary and capricious because the unit does not contain the “physical
and biological features essential to the conservation of the species” under
§ 1532(5)(A)(i). They misread the statute, which unambiguously imposes this
requirement only on occupied areas designated as critical habitat, not on unoccupied
areas. Further, this argument was forfeited because it was not raised during the
notice-and-comment period. See Dep’t of Transp. v. Pub. Citizen, 541 U.S. 752,
764-65 (2004).
29
17-2211, NM Farm & Livestock Bureau v. U.S. Department of Interior
HARTZ, J., Circuit Judge, concurring
I join in full Judge Lucero’s opinion. I add only one observation. The
administrative record raises concerns about whether the Service defined essential to mean
merely convenient or helpful. But I am confident that it will be more careful after
remand.