Turner v. Reynolds Ford Inc. ( 1998 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
MAY 11 1998
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
FRANCES TURNER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 97-6152
(D.C. No. CIV-96-319-T)
REYNOLDS FORD, INC.; (W.D. Okla.)
TOM MCKEE, an individual,
Defendants-Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before KELLY, McKAY, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Plaintiff Frances Turner brought this action asserting claims of sexual
harassment and retaliation under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 against
Reynolds Ford, Inc., her former employer, and asserting several Oklahoma state
law claims against Reynolds Ford and her former coworker, Tom McKee. The
district court granted summary judgment on all of plaintiff’s claims against
Reynolds Ford and subsequently denied plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration.
It then declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the claims against
McKee, and dismissed them without prejudice. Plaintiff appeals. We affirm in
part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.
I.
Because the district court resolved plaintiff’s claims in favor of Reynolds
Ford on summary judgment, we present the facts in the light most favorable to
plaintiff. Plaintiff began working at Reynolds Ford, an automobile dealership,
in September 1993 and became a salesperson in April 1994. Dale Daniels,
a part-owner and general manager of Reynolds Ford, was responsible for
employment matters including hiring, supervising and terminating employees,
and he had general supervisory responsibilities over plaintiff.
When she became a salesperson, plaintiff began sharing an office cubicle
with defendant McKee, another salesperson who did not have supervisory
authority over her. In August 1994, plaintiff and McKee began a brief sexual
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relationship which ended in early September. Plaintiff and McKee maintained
their friendship, and McKee continued to visit plaintiff at her home. At some
point, plaintiff decided to terminate her relationship with McKee, but he became
intimidating and controlling. On October 15, 1994, he followed her to her home
very early in the morning, and assaulted, battered and raped her. She did not
report this incident to the police at this time.
On October 19, plaintiff told Daniels that she had been having personal
problems with McKee and that he had become obsessive with her. She also told
him that during an incident that occurred away from work, they had argued, and
McKee had grabbed her and slapped her, and then apologized. Plaintiff showed
Daniels a bruise on her arm that McKee gave her, but told him that her
relationship with McKee was purely platonic; she did not mention the rape or her
prior sexual relationship with McKee. Daniels told plaintiff that sexual
harassment would not be tolerated by Reynolds Ford, and he offered to talk to
McKee about plaintiff’s allegations, but plaintiff insisted that he not discuss the
matter with McKee. Plaintiff and Daniels agreed that she should be moved to
another desk so that she and McKee would be separated at work, but plaintiff did
not want anyone to know the reason for the move. They planned to move her
desk the following Monday, October 24, and to tell people that the move was to
help plaintiff and McKee be more productive.
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Plaintiff did not go to work that Monday, but she did go the next day,
October 25, and met with Daniels. She told him that on the day before, McKee
had followed her on two occasions, once in his car and once in a store. In the
store, he threatened her. She also told Daniels that as she was walking into work
that day, she had run into McKee and they exchanged harsh words, with McKee
threatening to ruin her name. McKee then began talking to another coworker
whom plaintiff had previously dated, and while plaintiff could not hear what
McKee said to the other employee, she felt that McKee was telling lies about her.
In response to these statements by plaintiff, Daniels said that he would call
McKee into his office immediately to discuss the matter. Plaintiff told Daniels
that she would make it easy on him and quit. Although plaintiff had been advised
that her desk was to be relocated as previously planned, she quit before the move
was accomplished.
Later that day, Daniels called McKee into his office along with McKee’s
direct supervisor, and counseled and reprimanded him with respect to plaintiff’s
allegations. He also gave McKee a written warning stating “[t]his warning
pertains to allegations of sexual harassment. Such conduct is unacceptable.
Continuation of such conduct will result in immediate dismissal.” Appellant’s
App. Vol. 1 at 257. During this meeting McKee claimed plaintiff was the one
doing the harassing by following him around and trying to talk to him. He also
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stated that he had had a romantic relationship with plaintiff, but that it had ended.
See id. at 255.
The next day, plaintiff filed criminal assault and battery charges against
McKee relating to the incident on October 15. The charges did not include a
rape charge, but her description of the incident portrayed a much more abusive
and threatening situation than the incident plaintiff had described to Daniels on
October 19.
On October 27, Daniels called plaintiff and told her that McKee had been
given a written disciplinary warning and that she was welcome to return to her
job. Dick Reynolds, the owner of Reynolds Ford, also encouraged her to return.
On November 8, she returned to work and was given a disciplinary warning
similar to the one McKee had been given, based on his allegation that she was
harassing him. On November 10, she again complained to Daniels that McKee
had been following her around the workplace and trying to talk to her. In
response, Daniels met with both plaintiff and McKee and counseled them not to
deal with each other at work on any matter not related to business. Plaintiff
testified in her deposition that she was not critical of the way Reynolds Ford
handled the situation between her and McKee up to the time of the November 10
meeting.
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On November 21, while he was at work, McKee was served with papers
regarding plaintiff’s criminal charges against him. That same day, plaintiff
reported to Daniels that McKee had followed her around at work trying to discuss
the charges with her. On hearing this, Daniels called plaintiff, McKee and
McKee’s supervisor into his office and again told plaintiff and McKee to limit
their communications with each other at work to business-related matters.
Daniels and McKee’s supervisor also met separately with McKee that day to
discuss plaintiff’s allegations that he was harassing her. He admitted that he had
been trying to talk to her about the charges she had filed. Plaintiff did not report
any other workplace incidents between herself and McKee, nor were any
observed. 1
In September and October 1994, plaintiff and Daniels had discussed
plaintiff’s sales performance, which neither was satisfied with. Plaintiff was
concerned that she could be terminated for poor performance. On November 30,
1
Plaintiff also contends that McKee spread vicious rumors about her at work
that she abused drugs, was a witch and engaged in prostitution. The evidentiary
support for this was plaintiff’s testimony regarding what a female coworker had
told her that the coworker had heard McKee say. The district court stated that
“[t]o the extent this evidence does not constitute inadmissible hearsay, it is too
vague and general to establish a sexually hostile work environment.” Appellant’s
App. Vol. 2 at 664 n.16. We conclude that the evidence is inadmissible hearsay,
see Gross v. Burggraf Constr. Co., 53 F.3d 1531, 1542 (10th Cir. 1995), and
decline to consider it.
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Daniels terminated plaintiff’s employment, the stated reason being poor sales
performance.
Plaintiff brought this action asserting against Reynolds Ford federal law
claims of sexual harassment for hostile work environment and retaliatory
discharge in violation of Title VII, and state law claims of sexual harassment,
retaliatory discharge and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Against
McKee, she asserted claims of assault and battery and intentional infliction of
emotional distress. Reynolds Ford moved for summary judgment on all claims,
which the district court granted. It concluded that McKee’s acts, considered in
light of what information was made available to Reynolds Ford, were not of the
type or quantity to constitute actionable sexual harassment, and even if they were,
Reynolds Ford took adequate remedial action. The court held that plaintiff’s Title
VII retaliation claim fell because she could not prove a causal connection between
her termination and her complaints of sexual harassment. As to her state law
claims, the court held that her sexual harassment claim was not recognized under
Oklahoma law, that her failure to prove retaliation under Title VII also foreclosed
her retaliatory discharge claim, and that Reynolds Ford’s conduct was not
outrageous enough to support her claim for intentional infliction of emotional
distress.
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Plaintiff moved for reconsideration, arguing most importantly for this
appeal, that the district court had failed to consider the affidavit of Dan Huff,
a former Reynolds Ford manager. After she had filed her response to Reynolds
Ford’s summary judgment motion, plaintiff had submitted Huff’s affidavit
attached to a document titled “Motion to include witness concealed by Reynolds
Ford,” in which she requested the court to add Huff’s name to the trial witness list
and to supplement her summary judgment response with his affidavit. In denying
the motion for reconsideration, the court refused to consider the Huff affidavit
because it concluded plaintiff had not properly brought it to the court’s attention
prior to the court’s ruling on summary judgment. The court subsequently
dismissed plaintiff’s state law claims against McKee under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1367(c)(3) and entered final judgment.
On appeal, plaintiff contends that the district court erred by (1) concluding
that she had not presented sufficient evidence of a hostile work environment;
(2) concluding that Reynolds Ford had adequately investigated her complaints and
had taken adequate remedial action; (3) refusing to consider the Huff affidavit;
(4) finding that Reynolds Ford’s stated reason for terminating her was not
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pretextual and rejecting her retaliation claim; and (5) rejecting her state law
claims for retaliation and infliction of emotional distress against Reynolds Ford. 2
II.
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, and
apply the same standard the district court applied under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
See Frank v. U.S. West, Inc., 3 F.3d 1357, 1361 (10th Cir. 1993). Summary
judgment is appropriate if there are no genuine factual disputes and the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See id.; Rule 56(c). Viewing the
facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, we must determine
whether the evidence could support a jury verdict for the nonmoving party.
See Black v. Baker Oil Tools, Inc., 107 F.3d 1457, 1460 (10th Cir. 1997); Frank,
3 F.3d at 1361. Summary judgment may be granted if the evidence is not
significantly probative, but is merely colorable. See id.2
In the statement of issues contained in her opening brief, plaintiff also
listed as an issue her contention that the district court erred by declining to
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over her state law claims against McKee.
However, she never mentioned this issue again and failed to present any argument
if support of it. We therefore will not consider this issue, see Abercrombie v.
City of Catoosa, 896 F.2d 1228, 1231 (10th Cir.1990), and affirm the court’s
dismissal of the claims against McKee.
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A. Title VII sexual harassment claim
Plaintiff’s Title VII sexual harassment claim is based on the allegedly
sexually hostile work environment she claims she was forced to endure at
Reynolds Ford. An actionable hostile work environment claim under Title VII
exists “where ‘[sexual] conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably
interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating an intimidating,
hostile or offensive working environment.’” Hirschfeld v. New Mexico
Corrections Dep’t, 916 F.2d 572, 575 (10th Cir. 1990) (quoting Meritor Sav. Bank
v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 65 (1986)) (further quotation omitted). Title VII
prohibits a workplace that is “permeated with ‘discriminatory intimidation,
ridicule, and insult,’ that is ‘sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the
conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working
environment.’” Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993) (quoting
Meritor, 477 U.S. at 65, 67). Determining whether a work environment is
sufficiently hostile or abusive to be actionable requires consideration of all the
circumstances, including “the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its
severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive
utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work
performance.” Id. at 23. An employer may be liable for illegal harassment by its
employees under agency principles. See Harrison v. Eddy Potash, Inc., 112 F.3d
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1437, 1443-46 (10th Cir.), petition for cert. filed, 66 U.S.L.W. 3137 (U.S. Aug. 6,
1997) (No. 97-232). The only agency principle applicable here requires plaintiff
to show that Reynolds Ford “knew about, or should have known about, the
harassment and failed to respond in a reasonable manner.” Id. at 1446. 3
We agree with the district court that considering all the circumstances of
which Reynolds Ford was or should have been aware and its response to
plaintiff’s complaints, plaintiff has not demonstrated that she was subjected to a
hostile work environment for which Reynolds Ford can be liable. The most that
can be said for plaintiff’s workplace environment is that McKee at times followed
her around, tried to talk to her and exchanged harsh words with her. She was
subjected to no overtly sexually related conduct at work. 4 While McKee’s actions
3
Plaintiff also contends that Reynolds Ford can also be liable under the
agency principle providing that “the employer can become liable for sex
harassment where the harasser is aided by the delegated discretion implicit in his
employment relationship to engage in the harassment.” Appellant’s Reply Br.
at 1; see also Harrison, 112 F.3d at 1446. This principle does not apply here
because there is no evidence that McKee’s agency relationship with Reynolds
Ford provided him with anything more than physical proximity to plaintiff, which
is insufficient for employer liability to attach. See id.
4
Reynolds Ford contends that McKee’s conduct for which plaintiff seeks to
hold it liable is “gender neutral” and not sexual harassment in the first place, thus
making the severity and pervasiveness of the conduct irrelevant for Title VII
purposes. “Sexual harassment is behavior that would not occur but for the sex of
the employee. . . . If the nature of an employee’s environment, however
unpleasant, is not due to her gender, she has not been the victim of sex
discrimination.” Winsor v. Hinckley Dodge, Inc., 79 F.3d 996, 1000 (10th Cir.
1996) (internal quotations omitted). McKee’s actions at work were not overtly
(continued...)
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at work may have been unpleasant, they simply were not severe or pervasive
enough to create a hostile environment actionable under Title VII.
Most of plaintiff’s argument regarding the hostility of her work
environment is based on McKee’s harassment of her outside of work, and she
contends that Reynolds Ford should be liable for failing to conduct an adequate
investigation into these off-site activities. 5 Plaintiff was obviously well aware of
what was going on between her and McKee outside of work, and she deliberately
chose not to report those activities to Reynolds Ford. While an employer may
have a duty to adequately investigate allegations of sexual harassment, the subject
of the harassment has the duty in the first instance to be forthcoming regarding
the extent of the harassment. Plaintiff cannot rely on the employer’s duty to
investigate to shift that burden to Reynolds Ford.
4
(...continued)
sexual and could be seen as gender neutral, cf. id. (noting incidents of gender-
neutral activity, including invading plaintiff’s desk, blocking doors, spiking her
drink), but they stemmed from the failed sexual relationship between plaintiff and
himself. However, because we conclude that even if McKee’s actions are not
gender neutral, plaintiff has failed to show a hostile working environment, we
need not decide whether his actions constituted harassment based on sex.
5
Plaintiff also contends that Reynolds Ford should have interviewed other
employees to further investigate the situation. However, we are left to speculate
what evidence such an investigation would have uncovered. Plaintiff has
identified no evidence indicating that other employees were aware of the situation
or corroborating plaintiff’s reports of McKee’s harassing conduct.
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Moreover, the issue “is not whether the investigation was adequate . . . but
rather whether the remedial action was adequate.” Knabe v. Boury Corp.,
114 F.3d 407, 412 (3d Cir. 1997). Plaintiff contends that Reynolds Ford’s
remedial actions were inadequate because McKee’s harassing conduct continued
after she first complained to Daniels about it.
Remedial action is adequate if it is “reasonably calculated to prevent
further harassment.” Id.; see also McKenzie v. Illinois Dep’t of Trans., 92 F.3d
473, 480 (7th Cir. 1996). We agree with the district court that Reynolds Ford’s
remedial action here was adequate. After plaintiff’s first complaint, when she
explicitly told Daniels she did not want him to talk to McKee, Daniels agreed to
separate plaintiff’s desk from McKee’s. After her second complaint, Daniels
counseled McKee and gave him a written warning. After her third complaint,
which followed McKee’s statement that she had been harassing him, Daniels met
with both of them and told them not to deal with each other at work except on
work-related business. The only other incident at work occurred on the day
McKee was served with the criminal charges and he tried to talk to plaintiff about
them. The fact that Daniels’ remedial actions were not immediately successful
does not necessarily mean that they were inadequate. See id. (issue is not
“whether the remedial activity ultimately succeeded, but instead . . . whether the
employer’s total response was reasonable under the circumstances”) (internal
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quotation omitted). Given the limited amount of at-work harassment and
plaintiff’s failure to fully disclose her relationship with McKee, it would not be
reasonable to expect Reynolds Ford to have terminated McKee, as plaintiff
contends. See Hirschfeld, 916 F.2d at 578 n.6 (noting that type of remedial action
appropriate depends on gravity of situation); McKenzie, 92 F.3d at 481. We
conclude that Reynolds Ford’s remedial actions were adequate and that plaintiff
has not met her burden of showing a hostile work environment.
B. Title VII retaliation
Plaintiff submitted the Huff affidavit as evidence that Reynolds Ford’s
stated reasons for firing her were pretextual. Therefore, before addressing the
merits of her retaliation claim, we must first determine whether the district court
erred by refusing to consider the affidavit. We conclude it did.
1. District court’s refusal to consider the Huff affidavit
Plaintiff and Reynolds Ford completed their briefing on Reynolds Ford’s
summary judgment motion on December 11, 1996, and trial was set for
January 13, 1997. On January 3, plaintiff filed her “Motion to include witness
concealed by Reynolds Ford,” in which plaintiff contended that she first became
aware around December 18 that Dan Huff, Reynolds Ford’s former body shop
manager, had knowledge relevant to her case. Plaintiff attached Huff’s affidavit
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to her motion and requested that the court allow her to add Huff to her final trial
witness list and to supplement her summary judgment response with Huff’s
affidavit, identifying the particular factual paragraph of Reynolds Ford’s summary
judgment motion which she contended the affidavit refuted. At some point, the
trial was postponed. Reynolds Ford responded to the motion on January 21,
objecting to both Huff’s inclusion on the trial witness list and the
supplementation of plaintiff’s summary judgment response with his affidavit. On
January 28, plaintiff filed a motion to file a reply brief. In granting that motion,
the district court noted that the reply brief would be “in support of her January 3,
1997 motion (i) to add Dan Huff as a trial witness, and (ii) to supplement her
response to defendant Reynolds Ford’s November 1, 1996 summary judgment
motion.” Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 568. However, while the court
acknowledged that plaintiff had moved to supplement her summary judgment
response, the court never addressed that motion. It granted summary judgment
to Reynolds Ford on April 2 without reference to the Huff affidavit.
Plaintiff then filed a motion for reconsideration of the court’s summary
judgment ruling partially based on the court’s failure to consider the Huff
affidavit. In denying the motion, the court stated:
The plaintiff seeks to have the court consider the affidavit of
Dan Huff, yet fails to explain why she waited until after the court
had issued its decision on the pending [summary judgment] motion to
submit his testimony. She notes in her brief that Mr. Huff’s affidavit
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was attached to a “Motion to Include Witness Concealed by Reynolds
Ford,” which was filed on January 3, 1997. In that pleading the
plaintiff stated that her attorney “first learned about the fact that
Dan Huff had such relevant information a day or two before
December 18, 1996.” Although this was subsequent to the date the
plaintiff responded to Reynold[s] Ford’s motion for summary
judgment, she could have sought leave to supplement her response
brief and include Huff’s affidavit, and her request would have been
readily granted.
The court cannot be expected to search the record and review
every pleading to discern if there is some evidence somewhere in the
court file that might support a party’s claim.
....
Having expended considerable time reviewing the parties’
evidence and arguments, the court cannot permit its attention to be
diverted from other cases to which it now has turned its attention,
because the plaintiff did not do a thorough job the first time and
wants a second opportunity. The plaintiff’s proffer of additional
evidence, which could have been provided to the court in a timely
manner, is too late and will not be considered.
Id. at 695-96 (footnotes omitted). As can be seen, the court was mistaken in
stating that plaintiff failed to seek leave to supplement her summary judgment
response. Admittedly, plaintiff could and should have done a much better job of
presenting the matter to the court; indeed, it seems unwise to have emphasized her
motion to supplement her list of trial witnesses rather than her summary judgment
response when the possibility of never getting to trial was still looming.
Nonetheless, taking her statement regarding when she first learned Huff had
relevant information at face value, she timely presented her motion to supplement.
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Moreover, the court had acknowledged the outstanding motion to supplement
plaintiff’s summary judgment response two months before it ruled on the
summary judgment motion.
Whether to allow a party to supplement a summary judgment response is
ordinarily subject to the trial court’s discretion. See Maier v. Lucent Techs., Inc.,
120 F.3d 730, 735 (7th Cir. 1997). 6 We could remand the matter to the district
court for it to determine in the first instance whether to allow plaintiff to
supplement her response, but we conclude that that would be a waste of judicial
resources. The district court already stated it would have granted plaintiff’s
motion had it been raised timely, and it was simply mistaken in viewing the
motion as untimely. Moreover, in opposing plaintiff’s motion, Reynolds Ford
presented no compelling reason why plaintiff should not be allowed to
supplement her response. We therefore will consider the Huff affidavit in
analyzing plaintiff’s retaliation claim.
6
Plaintiff essentially renewed her motion to supplement in her motion for
reconsideration, which she filed prior to entry of judgment. We also review the
district court’s denial of that motion for abuse of discretion. Cf. Elsken v.
Network Multi-Family Sec. Corp., 49 F.3d 1470, 1476 (10th Cir. 1995)
(addressing post-judgment motion for reconsideration).
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2. Merits of retaliation claim
To establish a retaliation claim under Title VII, a plaintiff initially must
establish a prima facie case by showing “(1) protected opposition to Title VII
discrimination or participation in a Title VII proceeding; (2) adverse action by
the employer subsequent to or contemporaneous with such employee activity; and
(3) a causal connection between such activity and the employer’s adverse action.”
Berry v. Stevinson Chevrolet, 74 F.3d 980, 985 (10th Cir.1996). “The causal
connection may be demonstrated by evidence of circumstances that justify an
inference of retaliatory motive, such as protected conduct closely followed by
adverse action.” Burrus v. United Tel. Co. of Kan., Inc., 683 F.2d 339, 343
(10th Cir. 1982). The district court held that plaintiff failed to show the third
element because the only evidence on this point was the close temporal proximity
between plaintiff’s complaints about McKee and her termination. Alternatively,
the court found that even assuming plaintiff established a prima facie case,
Reynolds Ford articulated a legitimate business reason--plaintiff’s poor sales
performance--for terminating her and plaintiff did not show that reason was
pretextual. See generally Berry, 74 F.3d at 985-86 (describing analytical
framework for Title VII claims). Plaintiff contends that she made an adequate
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showing both of the causal connection between her protected activity 7 and
termination and of pretext.
The time from when plaintiff first began complaining about McKee’s
harassment to her termination was only six weeks, and her last complaint was
only ten days prior to her termination. This close temporal proximity between
her complaints and her discharge justifies an inference of retaliatory motive. See
Ramirez v. Oklahoma Dep’t of Mental Health, 41 F.3d 584, 596 (10th Cir.1994)
(holding evidence of adverse employment actions a month and a half after
engaging in protected activity to be circumstantial evidence of retaliation);
see also Marx v. Schnuck Markets, Inc. 76 F.3d 324, 326, 329 (10th Cir.),
cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 2552 (1996); Burrus, 683 F.2d at 343. Thus, we conclude
that plaintiff met her burden of establishing a prima facie case of retaliation.
At this point, the burden shifts to Reynolds Ford to state a legitimate reason
for its decision to terminate plaintiff. See Berry, 74 F.3d at 986. It contends that
it terminated her because of her poor sales performance. 8 We agree with the
7
Reynolds Ford does not challenge on appeal the district court’s implicit
conclusion that plaintiff’s complaints comprised protected opposition to Title VII
discrimination.
8
Reynolds Ford contends that plaintiff was also terminated because of her
poor attitude. However, when she was fired, plaintiff said that the only thing
Daniels told her was that “it’s a numbers game.” Appellant’s App. Vol. 1 at 181.
Moreover, Daniels testified that “[y]ou’ve got to have the numbers. You’ve got
to have the sales. If you can’t sell, you can’t stay.” Id. at 226. He agreed that
(continued...)
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district court that her poor sales performance is a legitimate, non-discriminatory
reason for terminating plaintiff, thus requiring her to produce evidence that this
reason was pretextual. See id. As evidence of pretext, plaintiff points to (1) the
Huff affidavit, and (2) the fact that Reynolds Ford did not terminate other
salespersons whose sales records also failed to meet Reynolds Ford’s
requirements.
In his affidavit, Huff stated as follows:
I was manager of the body shop at Reynold [sic] Ford from
on or about November, 1991 to on or about June, 1996.
I regularly attended management meetings at Reynolds Ford
during my employment. I attended a management meeting which
discussed Frances Turner. The meeting was attended by Mr. Dick
Reynolds, Mr. Dale Daniels and other managers. At the meeting,
Mr. Reynolds stated that due to potential legal problems that could
occur with Frances Turner, he was prepared to fight any charges with
all his resources, and the Court Clerk would suppress any filings in
the District Court as long as possible in order to keep it out of the
newspapers. After the meeting I inquired of Mr. Reynolds as to why
they did not address the situation by terminating Tom McKee, since
it was my opinion that he was the problem, and Mr. Reynolds
responded that for legal reasons Reynolds Ford needed to keep him
on and that management would deal with Frances Turner now and
then deal with Tom McKee on down the line. On another occasion,
prior to Frances Turner’s termination by Reynolds Ford, I asked
Mr. Reynolds why they did not fire Tom McKee and keep Frances
8
(...continued)
sales performance was the “bottom line.” Id. Viewing the evidence in plaintiff’s
favor, it is clear that sales performance was the critical factor in plaintiff’s
termination.
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Turner, and Mr. Reynolds replied that Tom McKee was still selling
cars and Frances Turner was not doing as well.
A couple of weeks after Frances Turner returned to work in
November of 1994, Frances Turner approached me and stated that
she was not receiving any help or support from Dale Daniels and
asked if there was the possibility that she could transfer into the body
shop. Subsequently, I had a meeting in Dale Daniels’ office to
discuss the transfer possibilities with Dale Daniels. He explained to
me that they did not want any transfers to occur and they were going
to let her employment run its course. They explained that they had
hired her back only because they could not let her leave under the
circumstances and that they wanted her to be “on” for awhile but that
they had ways to affect her quotas and units sold such that she would
not be able to meet her salary draw and they would terminate her at
that time.
Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 502.
An employee may show pretext by producing evidence that other employees
whose performance would also have provided legitimate reasons for their
termination or other adverse action, but who did not engage in the protected
activity, were not subject to adverse action. See Delli Santi v. CNA Ins. Cos.
88 F.3d 192, 203-04 (3d Cir. 1996); Hiatt v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 26 F.3d 761,
770 (7th Cir. 1994). Reynolds Ford’s stated policy is that salespersons are
required to sell an average of ten vehicles a month. During the seven months
from May to November 1994 that plaintiff was a salesperson, her monthly unit
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sales were 10, 3, 6, 6.5, 10.5, 5 and 3, for a monthly average of 6.29. 9 See
Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 378. Of the eighteen other salespersons who worked
more than two months during that same period, plaintiff’s average was the lowest.
However, nine of these other salespersons’ averages were below the ten-unit
requirement. One employee’s average was 7.5, and he sold only eight vehicles
in October and three in November. Another employee’s average was 7.64, and
she sold nine vehicles in October but only two in November. None of these other
employees was terminated for poor sales performance.
We conclude that plaintiff met her burden of showing Reynolds Ford’s
stated reasons for terminating her were pretextual. Huff’s affidavit indicates that
plaintiff was not fired for insufficient sales and that Reynolds Ford was concerned
about “charges” plaintiff could bring, presumably, sexual harassment charges, and
how bad it would look that plaintiff quit immediately after complaining about
McKee’s conduct. While her sales performance was the lowest of the
salespersons, it was not much lower than others who also failed to meet Reynolds
Ford’s “requirement” of ten sales a month, but who were not fired. And the Huff
affidavit indicates that Reynolds Ford could limit her sales so she would be
unable to meet the sales requirement, thus providing an excuse for firing her.
9
As noted earlier, plaintiff had quit on October 25 and did not return to work
until November 8.
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This evidence raises a legitimate factual dispute regarding the reason for
plaintiff’s termination. We therefore reverse the district court’s grant of summary
judgment on the Title VII retaliation claim.
C. State law retaliation claim
Plaintiff claims that her termination violated Oklahoma public policy and
that she stated a cause of action for retaliatory discharge under Burk v. K-Mart
Corp., 770 P.2d 24 (Okla. 1989). In the district court, plaintiff based her Burk
claim on her contentions that Reynolds Ford terminated her in retaliation for her
complaints of sexual harassment and her filing of criminal charges against
McKee. The district court found that plaintiff had not presented evidence
showing that Reynolds Ford had discharged her for either of these reasons and
denied her claim, noting that it did not have to decide whether a discharge for
these reasons would be actionable under Burk. See Appellant’s App. Vol. 2
at 665 & n.19. On appeal, plaintiff pursues only her claim that she was
improperly discharged for filing criminal charges against McKee. 10
10
Plaintiff appears to concede that because Title VII provides an alternate
statutory remedy for discharges in retaliation for complaining of sexual
harassment, Oklahoma would not recognize a Burk claim for the same conduct.
See Appellant’s Br. at 47-48 (citing List v. Anchor Paint Mfg. Co., 910 P.2d
1011, 1015 (Okla. 1996)).
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In Burk, the Oklahoma Supreme Court
carved out an exception to the long-standing rule that an employment
contract of indefinite duration is terminable by either the employer or
the employee at anytime. The terminable at-will doctrine
acknowledges that an employer may discharge an employee for good
cause, for no cause or for cause morally wrong, without bearing any
legal responsibility. The exception recognizes that under certain
circumstances the employer has committed a wrong against the
employee and society at large when the employee is discharged for
doing that which is right or refusing to do that which is wrong.
Marshall v. OK Rental & Leasing, Inc., 939 P.2d 1116, 1119 (Okla. 1997).
The court has emphasized, however, that the exception applies only “‘in a narrow
class of cases in which the discharge is contrary to a clear mandate of public
policy as articulated by constitutional, statutory or decisional law. . . . In light
of the vague meaning of the term public policy we believe the public policy
exception must be tightly circumscribed.” Id. (quoting Burk, 770 P.2d
at 28-29). 11
11
Oklahoma courts have identified five public-policy areas in which
wrongful-dismissal claims may be actionable:
an employee’s discharge for (1) refusal to participate in an illegal
activity; (2) performance of an important public obligation;
(3) exercise of a legal right or interest; (4) exposure of some
wrongdoing by the employer; and (5) performance of an act that
public policy would encourage or refusal to do something that public
policy would condemn, when the discharge is coupled with a
showing of bad faith, malice or retaliation.
Groce v. Foster, 880 P.2d 902, 904-05 (Okla. 1994) (citing Hinson v. Cameron,
(continued...)
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Plaintiff contends that “[r]eporting crime in good faith and with a
reasonable basis in fact, is an essential part of law enforcement and should be
encouraged by the public policy of every state,” Appellant’s Br. at 48, and that
firing her for filing criminal charges against her coworker McKee thus violates
a clear mandate of public policy. Plaintiff relies heavily on Palmateer v.
International Harvester Co., 421 N.E.2d 876 (Ill. 1981), a case cited in Burk for
general principles regarding the public policy exception. Palmateer holds that
terminating an employee for reporting a coworker’s possible criminal conduct to
law enforcement officials violated public policy and stated a claim under the
exception to the employment at-will doctrine. The court stated that public policy
favored the reporting of the possibility of a crime to law enforcement agencies,
see id. at 880, noting that “[t]here is no public policy more basic, nothing more
implicit in the concept of ordered liberty, than the enforcement of a State’s
criminal code.” Id. at 879 (citation omitted).
Oklahoma has rejected the broad construction of the exception provided by
the Illinois court in Palmateer, which appears to have held that the reporting of
(...continued)
11
742 P.2d 549, 552-53 (Okla. 1987)).
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any type of crime was protected. 12 In Hayes v. Eateries, Inc., 905 P.2d 778 (Okla.
1995), the court stated that
[a]lthough we believe most people, including the members of
this Court, would agree that generally speaking, the reporting of
crimes to appropriate law enforcement officials should be lauded and
encouraged, . . . we must decide in this case whether the reporting
of this particular crime against this particular victim . . . is so
imbued with a clear and compelling public policy such that a tort
claim is stated if the employer discharges the employee for so
reporting.
Id. at 786. In Hayes, the particular crime was embezzlement, and the particular
victim was the plaintiff’s employer. The plaintiff asserted he was wrongfully
discharged in retaliation for reporting and investigating this crime by his
supervisor. 13 The court rejected plaintiff’s claim because he was not the victim
and embezzlement was not the appropriate crime. “[I]t is not up to an individual
employee to report to outside law enforcement agencies embezzlement from his
employer by a co-employee, but it is up to the employer who is the direct
victim of the crime.” Id. at 787. Because the plaintiff was not the direct victim
12
Even though the actual crime that the plaintiff had reported was not set
forth in the complaint, the court held that the plaintiff stated a cause of action.
See Palmateer, 421 N.E.2d at 880.
13
It was unclear from the plaintiff’s complaint whether he had reported the
suspected crime externally to law enforcement officials or internally to company
officials, but the court stated that its analysis applied in either event. See Hayes,
905 P.2d at 785-86.
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of the crime he had reported, he was “not exercising any legal right or interest of
his own.” Id. at 786. Additionally, by reporting embezzlement against his
employer, the plaintiff
is not seeking to vindicate a public wrong where the victim of the
crime could in any real or direct sense be said to be the general
public, as where crimes or violations of health or safety laws are
involved. Thus, the situation here must also be distinguished from
those where sister jurisdictions have protected “whistleblowing”
activity geared toward the good faith reporting of infractions by the
employer or co-employees of rules, regulations or the law pertaining
to the public health, safety or general welfare.
Id. Thus, plaintiff’s contention that the reporting of any crime falls within the
protection of the public policy exception is incorrect. Whether reporting criminal
activity falls within the public policy exception depends on who the victim is and
what the crime is.
Here, plaintiff’s claim clearly meets the first factor--she was the direct
victim of the assault and battery. Reynolds Ford essentially contends that the
assault and battery here is not the appropriate crime to fall within the exception
because it is too attenuated from the workplace, citing Pearson v. Hope Lumber &
Supply Co., 820 P.2d 443, 445 (Okla. 1991) (rejecting claim that Polygraph
Examiners Act provided “‘clear mandate of public policy’ . . . because the Act
does not purport to touch any aspect of the employment relationship”). We note
that Hayes gives two examples of protected activity where the employee was
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seeking to vindicate his own rights or interests, and both were closely associated
with the workplace. See 905 P.2d at 786.
However, in Smith v. Farmers Cooperative Association, 825 P.2d 1323(Okla. 1992), the court held that the plaintiff stated a Burk claim where the public
policy being encouraged was not directly associated with the workplace. The
plaintiff in Smith was an employee of the Cooperative and also town mayor and
a member of the town board of trustees, which ruled on requests for zoning
variances. One of the Cooperative’s board members, Baker, wanted to obtain
a zoning variance that apparently was unrelated to the Cooperative’s business, and
he spoke to plaintiff about obtaining a variance. The town board subsequently
denied Baker’s request, and shortly thereafter, the plaintiff was fired from his
position at the Cooperative. He then filed a Burk claim alleging he was
wrongfully fired for acting consistent with public policy. The court agreed he
stated a Burk claim, finding the applicable public policy in the statute providing
for the general zoning power of municipalities. “Under Burk . . . , if [plaintiff]
were fired for performing an act consistent with public policy such as
administering the town’s zoning laws while acting in his capacity as mayor and
a voting member of the town’s board of trustees, he would have an actionable
tort claim.” 825 P.2d at 1326.
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In light of Hayes and Smith, we conclude that plaintiff’s filing criminal
charges against McKee was activity protected by the public policy exception.
Plaintiff was the direct victim of the crime; if she did not report it, it is unlikely
anyone else would. Under Smith, the fact that the criminal activity was not
associated with the workplace does not defeat plaintiff’s claim, though as we
discuss below, it may make the causation requirement for a retaliatory discharge
action more difficult. And we think the type of crime--assault and battery--fits
the Hayes analysis because it involves public safety and is thus much more of a
wrong against the general public than the invasion of “private or proprietary”
interests involved in Hayes, 905 P.2d at 787. We therefore conclude that plaintiff
stated a valid Burk claim, and turn to whether plaintiff has shown an adequate
causal relationship between her reporting the crime and her termination. 14
The district court held that plaintiff had not adduced any evidence that
Reynolds Ford fired her because she had filed criminal charges against McKee.
The causation issue here is a closer question than for the Title VII retaliation
claim. Obviously, plaintiff’s termination closely followed the protected activity
relevant to both claims. But the protected activity involved in the Title VII claim-
14
Oklahoma courts have applied the Title VII burden-shifting rules rules in
other retaliatory discharge cases, see, e.g., Buckner v. General Motors Corp., 760
P.2d 803, 806 (Okla. 1988), although we are unaware of any cases applying them
to Burk claims.
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-reports of sexual harassment in the workplace made to Daniels--directly involved
Reynolds Ford; the report of assault and battery to law enforcement officials did
not. Thus, the inference of retaliatory motive that can be drawn from the timing
of the discharge does not appear as strong for plaintiff’s Burk claim. But
Reynolds Ford did know that plaintiff filed the criminal complaint, and her action
did disrupt the workplace. When McKee was served with the charges at work, he
tried to talk to plaintiff, plaintiff complained to Daniels, and Daniels had to
counsel both parties. Plaintiff testified that Daniels told her that pressing charges
against McKee would not be good for her career. See Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at
408-09. Additionally, as noted earlier, plaintiff submitted sufficient evidence to
raise an issue of fact concerning whether Reynolds Ford’s stated reasons for
terminating her were pretextual. Cf. Smith, 825 P.2d at 1327 (concluding that
summary judgment was inappropriate based largely on factual dispute over
whether stated reasons for termination were pretextual). We conclude plaintiff
has presented enough evidence of retaliatory motive and causation to survive
summary judgment, and reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment on
her Burk claim.
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D. State law claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress
Plaintiff contends that Reynolds Ford should be liable for intentional
infliction of emotional distress because it allowed McKee to harass her at work.
The district court concluded that she had not shown that Reynolds Ford’s actions
were sufficiently outrageous or egregious to support her claim. We agree.
Oklahoma follows the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46(1) with regard to
the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress, and requires that a
defendant’s conduct be “sufficiently extreme and outrageous” to warrant liability.
See Smith, 825 P.2d at 1327. As we concluded earlier, Reynolds Ford’s actions
in responding to plaintiff’s complaints of harassment were reasonable under the
circumstances, and they were clearly not extreme or outrageous. Most of
plaintiff’s argument is based on her reaction to her workplace environment and
the extreme distress she claims to have suffered. However, “‘[t]he distress must
be reasonable and justified under the circumstances, and there is no liability
where the plaintiff has suffered exaggerated and unreasonable emotional distress
. . . .’” Id. at 1327 n.2 (quoting Restatement § 46 cmt. j). Regardless of
plaintiff’s reaction, Reynolds Ford’s actions were not extreme and outrageous,
and the district court correctly granted summary judgment on this claim.
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III.
We REVERSE the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Reynolds
Ford on both plaintiff’s Title VII retaliatory discharge claim and plaintiff’s state
law retaliatory discharge claim, and AFFIRM its grant of summary judgment in
all other respects. We also AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal without
prejudice of the claims against McKee. The case is REMANDED to the district
court for further proceedings consistent with this order and judgment.
Entered for the Court
Mary Beck Briscoe
Circuit Judge
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