Manzanares v. Allen ( 1998 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
DEC 14 1998
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
STEVIE MANZANARES,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
No. 97-4102
(D.C. No. 93-CV-00010-B)
VAUGHN ALLEN, an individual, and
(District of Utah)
SALT LAKE COUNTY,
Defendants-Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before PORFILIO, Circuit Judge, ANDERSON, Circuit Judge, and McWILLIAMS,
Senior Circuit Judge.
This is an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 to recover damages for violation of the
plaintiff’s civil rights.
Stevie Manzanares, Arthur (Chico) Chavez and Steve Early, all under 21 years of
age (Manzanares was 18), were going to a party on August 7, 1992 and decided to get
some beer to take to the party. Accordingly, they drove to a Smith’s food store in West
Valley City in Salt Lake County, Utah. Manzanares was driving his sister’s Camaro. A
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3
deputy sheriff for Salt Lake County thought they were acting suspiciously and began
watching them. At Smith’s, Early announced he would steal the beer instead of buying it,
and told Manzanares and Chavez to wait for him in the car. While the two waited for
Early to return, Chavez got into the back seat, and Manzanares continued to sit in the
driver’s seat, behind the steering wheel, sipping a can of beer. Meanwhile, the deputy
who first spotted the three called for assistance. Other deputies soon arrived at Smith’s,
including Vaughn Allen. As Early exited Smith’s with a case of beer, Allen and his
partner, Kent Mattingley, pulled their squad car directly in front of the Camaro. In the
meantime, Manzanares had placed the can of beer under his car seat.
Allen and Mattingley exited their patrol car and took positions on opposite sides of
the Camaro with their guns drawn, Allen on the passenger’s side, which was vacant, and
Mattingley on the driver’s side. After some preliminary orders to “get their hands up,”
and the like, Allen shot Manzanares in the head, the bullet entering the right side of
Manzanares’ head, ricocheting off the lower portion of his brain and exiting the left side
of his face. Allen testified at trial that he fired because “I saw his hand coming up and I
saw a flash come off his hand and I thought it was [a] gun, a chrome gun, and I thought
he was going to shoot Mattingley and I said don’t and I fired.” No weapons were found
in the car.
Based on the foregoing events, Manzanares, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, filed a
civil rights action in a Utah state court against Salt Lake County and Vaughn Allen,
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alleging, generally, a violation of his rights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments
to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b), the
action was later removed to the United States District Court for the District of Utah. The
two defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. The motion of Salt Lake County
was not resisted by Manzanares and was granted by the district court. The motion as it
related to Allen was denied, the district court stating that there “were disputed issues of
material fact.”
As concerns Allen, the matter came on for trial in July 1996, and resulted in a jury
verdict in favor of Manzanares against Allen, awarding him the stipulated sum of
$250,982.00 for past and future medical expenses and $304,778.00 for past and future
economic losses, making a total damage award in the amount of $555,760.00. The jury,
which consisted of twelve members, awarded him nothing for his pain and suffering.
Judgment was duly entered on that verdict.
Allen thereafter filed a motion for new trial, alleging that a woman who served on
the jury had failed to honestly answer a material question propounded to the panel by the
district judge on voir dire. The motion was ultimately supported by several affidavits, and
counter affidavits were later filed. The district court eventually held that there was juror
misconduct which was prejudicial and granted the motion. A second jury trial ensued in
April 1997 which resulted in a jury verdict in favor of Allen. A motion for new trial was
filed and denied. Judgment was then entered in favor of Allen, from which Manzanares
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now prosecutes the present appeal.
On appeal, Manzanares urges two grounds for reversal: (1) the district court erred
in granting Allen’s motion for new trial based on juror misconduct, and asks that the
judgment entered on the verdict of the second jury be vacated and that the verdict
returned by the first jury be reinstated and judgment entered thereon; and, alternatively,
(2) the district court committed trial error regarding the admissibility of evidence in the
second trial which requires a third trial. We should first address the question of whether
the district court erred in granting Allen’s motion for new trial.
Juror Tulaire Foreman served on the jury in the first trial of this matter, though she
was not the Foreperson! During the district judge’s voir dire of the panel, which included
Ms. Foreman, the judge propounded to the entire panel the following question:
[T]his case involves a young man at a Smith’s store
who was involved with friends in what appears to have been
an effort to steal beer from the store and the police came and
an incident occurred in which the policeman, as I indicated
earlier, drew his weapon and fired. That is generally the
facts. It involves a young man by the name of Manzanares.
He is Hispanic. I would like to know if any of you have
anything you would like to point out to the Court or feel that
you have anything in your background or past that might
make it difficult for you to sit in judgment of a case that
involves a minority youth, Mr. Manzanares, his Hispanic
origin and the police shooting incident. Any hands?
I am not suggesting anyone has a bias or a prejudice in
that regard, but I would like to know if the fact that there is a
Hispanic young man involved here would cause any of you to
want to approach the bench and tell me anything about your
feelings that might be important to us in picking a jury. Raise
your hand if anyone is in that situation. (Emphasis added.)
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No member of the panel, which, as indicated, included Ms. Foreman, responded to
the foregoing inquiry by raising a hand, nor was the matter thereafter in any manner
pursued by counsel, who were invited by the court “to follow up with anything that you
would like in that area.” As stated, Ms. Foreman was accepted by counsel and served on
the first jury which returned a verdict in favor of Manzanares and against Allen, awarding
damages in an aggregate amount of $555,760.00.
As indicated, after the jury returned its verdict, counsel for Allen filed a motion for
new trial on the ground that juror Foreman failed “to honestly answer a material question
on voir dire even though an honest answer to the question would have provided a valid
basis for defendant to challenge Ms. Foreman for cause based upon her bias.” That was
the only matter set forth in the motion. In support of the motion for new trial counsel
attached the affidavit of Kathy Diamant, an employee with the Salt Lake County Sheriff’s
Department. In that affidavit Diamant stated that “according to police reports, on
September 24, 1994, Tulaire Foreman’s son, Torrie Lambrose, shot and killed another
gang member and was shot and killed.”
Attached to Ms. Diamant’s affidavit were excerpts from her interviews with four of
the other jurors who served on the jury with Ms. Foreman, as well as excerpts from
interviews with two of Ms. Foreman’s neighbors.1 Such interviews indicated, inter alia,
1
The interviewees were identified by numbers, but not names. Later, upon request,
the interviewees were identified by name. Still later, defense counsel filed affidavits of
some, though not all, of the interviewees.
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that some two years prior to her jury service in the instant case, Ms. Foreman’s son was
involved in a gang shootout at a different Smith’s food store in the Salt Lake County area
wherein he shot and killed another and was himself shot and killed.
Counsel for Manzanares filed a motion to strike the affidavit of Ms. Diamant on
the grounds that it contained inadmissible hearsay and further that it was inadmissible
under Fed. R. Evid. 606(b). At the same time, counsel filed an affidavit of Ms. Foreman
wherein she stated that she had answered all questions put to her by the judge “truthfully,”
that she had followed the court’s instructions, kept an open mind, and did not decide how
she would vote until after the case was submitted to the jury.
Counsel for Allen later asked for an evidentiary hearing on the motion for new trial,
which request was denied. After hearing, the district court, on December 5, 1996, granted
Allen’s motion for new trial. That order, in its entirety, reads as follows:
Defendant’s Motion for New Trial came on for hearing
before the Court, the Honorable Dee V. Benson presiding, on
October 28, 1996. Plaintiff was present and represented by
counsel, Colin P. King and Edward B. Havas, and defendant
was present and represented by counsel, Patricia J. Marlowe
and Sirena Wissler. The Court having considered the
memoranda filed by the parties and having heard the
arguments of counsel and it appearing to the Court that Juror
Tulaire Foreman failed to honestly answer a material question
on voir dire and that if she had done so, she would have been
removed for cause. It further appearing to the Court that Ms.
Foreman’s presence on the jury deprived defendant of a fair
and impartial trial and that defendant should be granted a new
trial.
NOW THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that
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defendant is granted a new trial.2
It is agreed that the question propounded by the district court to the jury panel on
voir dire to which Ms. Foreman did not respond by raising her hand, is as set forth above.
Based solely on Ms. Foreman’s failure to raise her hand in response to that particular
question, counsel alleged in the motion for new trial that Ms. Foreman failed “to honestly
answer a material question on voir dire even though an honest answer to the question
would have provided a valid basis for defendant to challenge Ms. Foreman for cause based
upon her bias.” We do not believe that Ms. Foreman’s failure to “raise her hand” was a
“dishonest answer” to the inquiry as postulated by the court.
Our reading of the court’s inquiry of the jury was that the court wanted to ascertain
if any of the jurors in the jury box would find it “difficult for you to sit in judgment of a
case that involves a minority youth, Mr. Manzanares, his Hispanic origin and the police
shooting incident. Any hands?” In other words, the district court wanted to ascertain if
any potential juror might have any bias, for or against, Manzanares because he was
Hispanic. By not raising her hand, Ms. Foreman indicated that she had no bias, either for
or against Manzanares, because he was Hispanic. In this regard, there is nothing in the
present record to indicate that Ms. Foreman, in fact, would be biased, either for or against,
Manzanares because of his racial origin. And the fact, which is apparently admitted by
Prior to his order granting a new trial, the district judge had stated to counsel that
2
he believed that Ms. Foreman’s affidavit was “accurate” and that she didn’t “intentionally
lie about anything.”
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both parties, that two years prior thereto Ms. Foreman’s son was shot and killed in a gang
fight, coincidentally at another Smith’s food store, certainly is, itself, non-probative of
racial bias. One does not follow the other. The record simply does not support the district
court’s finding in its order granting new trial that Ms. Foreman “failed to honestly answer
a material question on voir dire and that, if she had done so, she would have been removed
for cause.” On the basis of the court’s inquiry, as framed by the court, Ms. Foreman’s
failure to “raise her hand” does not even tend to show that she “failed to answer a material
question.” We should note again that neither the court nor counsel thereafter pursued the
question of racial bias. It is on this basis that we reverse.
In support of our resolution of this matter, see, for example, McDonough Power
Equip., Inc. v. Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548 (1984); Gonzales v. Thomas, 99 F.3d 978 (10th
Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 1342 (1997); Baca v. Sullivan, 821 F.2d 1480 (10th Cir.
1987); and Brown v. United States, 356 F.2d 230 (10th Cir. 1966).
In McDonough Power, Billy Greenwood and his parents sued McDonough Power
Equipment, Inc. (“McDonough”) to recover damages for injuries sustained by Billy
Greenwood when his feet came in contact with the blades of a riding lawnmower
manufactured by McDonough. A jury returned a verdict for McDonough, and judgment
was duly entered thereon. The Greenwoods’ motion for new trial, which only
“tangentially” referred to a juror’s “failure to respond” as grounds for new trial, was
denied. On appeal, we, nonetheless, proceeded directly to the question of the juror’s
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failure to respond to a question posed on voir dire by plaintiffs’ counsel. That question
was, in effect, whether any member of the panel had “yourself, or had any members of
your immediate family,” sustained by accident a severe personal injury. Juror Payton did
not in any way respond to that question, though it would appear that, in fact, his son had
been previously injured in an explosion of a truck tire, though he also indicated that he felt
such was only a minor accident. On appeal, we reversed the district court and held that
Payton’s failure to respond to that question on voir dire had prejudiced the plaintiffs’ right
to a peremptory challenge. Greenwood v. McDonough Power Equip., Inc., 687 F.2d 338
(10th Cir. 1982). On certiorari, the Supreme Court reversed us, and remanded for further
proceedings. McDonough Power Equip., Inc., v. Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548 (1984). In so
doing, the Supreme Court quoted with approval its prior cases to the effect that a litigant is
only entitled to a “fair trial”-- not a “perfect one” -- for there are “no perfect trials.” Id. at
553. At the same time, the Supreme Court recognized that a “fair trial” encompasses “an
impartial trier of fact.” Id. at 554. The Court then went on to speak as follows:
To invalidate the result of a 3-week trial because of a
juror’s mistaken, though honest, response to a question, is to
insist on something closer to perfection than our judicial
system can be expected to give. A trial represents an important
investment of private and social resources, and it ill serves the
important end of finality to wipe the slate clean simply to
recreate the peremptory challenge process because counsel
lacked an item of information which objectively he should
have obtained from a juror on voir dire examination.
Whatever the merits of the Court of Appeals’ standard in a
world which would redo and reconstruct what had gone before
upon any evidence of abstract imperfection, we think it is
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contrary to the practical necessities of judicial management
reflected in Rule 61 and § 2111. We hold that to obtain a new
trial in such a situation, a party must first demonstrate that a
juror failed to answer honestly a material question on voir dire,
and then further show that a correct response would have
provided a valid basis for a challenge for cause. The motives
for concealing information may vary, but only those reasons
that affect a juror’s impartiality can truly be said to affect the
fairness of a trial. Id. at 555-56. (Emphasis added.)
In Gonzales, 99 F.3d at 978, we affirmed a district court’s holding that a juror in a
rape case did not fail to answer honestly a question put to her on voir dire when she
answered “no” to a question as to whether she or any member of her immediate family had
ever been involved in a similar type of incident, i.e., rape, when, in fact, as it was later
developed, she, herself, had been “date raped” some 24 years prior, stating that such did
not meet the “McDonough test.” In that case we also affirmed the district court’s holding
that there had been no showing of actual bias, or of facts and circumstances which would
permit implying bias. Id. at 986, 991. (In the motion for new trial filed in the present
case, counsel did not allege, or otherwise suggest, actual or implied bias.)
In Baca, 821 F.2d at 1480, the jury foreman failed to disclose both on a jury
questionnaire and on voir dire that he had a brother who had recently retired from the
Albuquerque police department, even though he had been asked whether any member of
his family, in the present or past, had been a member of a law enforcement agency. See id.
at 1482. The district court denied a motion for new trial based on the juror’s response and,
on appeal, we affirmed.
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In Brown, 356 F.2d at 230, the defendant was convicted of second degree murder.
The jury panel, on voir dire, was asked if any of them, or any member of their immediate
families, had ever been the victim of an attack upon their person, to which no one
responded. Later, it developed that the brother of one of the jurors who served on the jury
had been murdered. The district court denied the defendant’s motion for new trial based
on the juror’s failure to disclose, and on appeal we affirmed. In so doing, we spoke as
follows:
There is no contention here that actual bias has been
shown. Rather, the issue is whether the circumstances of this
case compel an imputation of inherent bias to the juror as a
matter of law. Certainly the voir dire oath administered to
potential jurors obligates them fully to tell the truth. However,
no reason appears for concluding that the juror was in fact not
fully responsive to the actual interrogatory, which referred to
the juror’s ‘immediate family.’ Such a term is indeed
ambiguous, for depending upon such circumstantial variables
as age and marital status, it can import different meanings to
different individuals. Defense counsel was free to explain to
the jury what was meant by ‘immediate family,’ and could
have expanded his inquiry to include ‘family’ and ‘relatives,’
but he elected to pursue the point no further. It cannot be
presumed that the juror’s failure to respond to the question was
not proper, and an inference of intentional or inadvertent
nondisclosure is unwarranted.
Id. at 232-33.
We note that in each of the four cases above cited, the prospective juror arguably
failed to correctly respond to a voir dire question that was material. In other words, the
inquiry was properly framed to elicit from the prospective juror a response which he, or
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she, did not make, and probably should have. However, in each case, it was held that
such, under the circumstances of the particular case, did not require a new trial. In the
instant case the inquiry of the district court was not so framed as to elicit the fact that Ms.
Foreman’s son had been shot and killed two years earlier in a gang shooting, and counsel,
though invited, did not elect to pursue the matter which was posed by the court’s inquiry
concerning possible racial bias. It is on this general basis that we hold that, in the instant
case, Ms. Foreman did not incorrectly fail to raise her hand when the court inquired as to
possible bias against Manzanares because he was Hispanic.
In short, there was no failure to disclose by juror Foreman on voir dire. As the
Eleventh Circuit said in United States v. Kerr, 778 F.2d 690, 694 (11th Cir. 1985), “we
cannot put upon the jury the duty to respond to questions not posed.”3
Judgment vacated and case remanded with directions that the district court reinstate
the verdict of the first jury and the judgment previously entered thereon.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT,
Robert H. McWilliams
Senior Circuit Judge
As indicated, Manzanares in the district court moved to strike the affidavits filed
3
in support of Allen’s motion for new trial. The court granted the motion in regard to
Kathy Diamant’s affidavit but denied it in regard to the other affidavits. In any event, we
accept the record as thus made. However, it would appear that at least portions of the
affidavits would be inadmissible under Fed. R. Evid. 606(b).
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