Grabow v. Williams Nat. Gas ( 1999 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
NOV 23 1999
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
ANDREW GRABOW,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
No. 98-5170
WILLIAMS NATURAL GAS (D.C. No. CV-97-498-K)
COMPANY, (Northern District of Oklahoma)
Defendant-Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before BALDOCK, PORFILIO, and EBEL, Circuit Judges.
Andrew Grabow appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to his
former employer, Williams Natural Gas Company (WNG), on his claim that WNG
terminated him because of his age in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment
Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634. On appeal, Mr. Grabow contends that genuine
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
issues of material fact exist which preclude summary judgment. We agree, reverse, and
remand for further proceedings.
At the time of his termination on June 14, 1995, Mr. Grabow was fifty years old
and had worked as an information systems employee for WNG and its predecessor
companies for over ten years. For the majority of that time, Mr. Grabow appears to have
performed his job satisfactorily. However, in his January 1995 employee evaluation,
covering his performance during 1994, Mr. Grabow received an overall rating of “I”
indicating that his work performance needed to improve. In March 1995, Mr. Grabow
received a written warning that if his performance did not improve in the next ninety days
he would be subject to disciplinary actions including termination.
During his tenure as an employee of WNG, Mr. Grabow had on several occasions,
and with the sanction of WNG, attended an Energy and Telecommunications Association
Conference (ENTELEC). In April 1995, Mr. Grabow again attended an ENTELEC
conference in Houston, Texas, missing three days of work. However, upon his return,
Mr. Grabow was terminated for missing work and attending the conference without
permission. Believing he had been given permission to attend, and that his termination
was actually motivated by age discrimination, Mr. Grabow sued WNG under the ADEA.
This appeal follows the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of WNG.
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We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same legal
standard used by the district court. Ingels v. Thiokol Corp., 42 F.3d 616, 620 (10th Cir.
1994). Under that standard, summary judgment is appropriate only if “there is no genuine
issue as to any material fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). When applying this standard, we
view the evidence and all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from it in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party. MacDonald v. Eastern Wyo. Mental Health
Ctr., 941 F.2d 1115, 1117 (10th Cir. 1991). A genuine issue of fact exists when the
parties have produced enough evidence supporting the claimed factual dispute to require
resolution of the parties’ differing versions of the truth at trial. Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248-49 (1986). Where, as here, the nonmoving party will bear
the burden of proof at trial, that party must “go beyond the pleadings and by her own
affidavits or by the ‘depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,’
designate ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Mares v.
ConAgra Poultry Co., 971 F.2d 492, 494 (10th Cir. 1992) (quoting Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986)). To establish a prima facie case of age
discrimination, a plaintiff must prove he was (1) within the protected age group; (2) doing
satisfactory work; (3) discharged despite the adequacy of his work; and (4) replaced by a
younger person. See Marx v. Schnuck Markets, Inc., 76 F.3d 324, 327 (10th Cir. 1996).
On WNG’s motion for summary judgment, the district court determined that Mr. Grabow
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met all four elements and successfully established a prima facie case of age
discrimination. Neither party appeals that determination.
Once a plaintiff has established a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the
defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s
termination. Ingels, 42 F.3d at 621. The district court held that WNG’s explanation
–attendance at a conference without permission– constituted a legitimate
nondiscriminatory reason for the termination. Once the defendant has articulated a
legitimate justification for the termination, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show
either direct evidence of age discrimination or that the defendant’s legitimate
nondiscriminatory reason is pretext for discrimination. Id. at 621-22.
Mr. Grabow made no effort to offer direct evidence of discrimination, but rather
has attempted to prove that WNG’s proffered explanation of the firing is pretextual. Mr.
Grabow insists that WNG’s explanation cannot be legitimate because he did have
permission –verbally from one supervisor and implicitly from another– to attend the
conference. The district court, however, rejected this argument, finding that Mr. Grabow
had not produced sufficient evidence of permission to survive WNG’s motion for
summary judgment.
Thus the sole issue before us is whether that determination is supported by the
record. Our review focuses on whether a reasonable jury could conclude WNG’s
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proffered justification for discharging Mr. Grabow was pretextual. So confined, we
conclude there is indeed a genuine factual dispute surrounding the essential issue.
The first factual dispute is whether Mr. Grabow’s supervisor, Mr. Tucker, gave
him verbal permission to attend the conference. Mr. Grabow testified in his deposition
that Mr. Tucker told him to purchase a ticket for the conference and that he would notify
Mr. Grabow if he could not go:
A: Yes, he [Mr. Tucker] said I’ll – I’ll let you know if you can’t go.
Q: He said the burden’s [sic] on me to come back to you to let you
know you cannot go?
A: Yes.
Mr. Grabow testified that because Mr. Tucker never notified him that he could not
go, he believed he had permission to go:
I just assumed that when he said go ahead and get the reservation and I’ll
get back to you that he would have gotten back to me within a couple of
days and we would have arranged to send someone else. When that didn’t
happen, I just assumed that I was to go.
Mr. Tucker’s deposition testimony conflicts directly with Mr. Grabow’s:
I do remember him coming in with that specific question regarding the
ENTELEC conference . . . . I did not have an answer for him with respect to
a yes or no.
What I did was pull my budget book down and look at it and there
were a couple of budgeted slots for people to attend that conference, but
knowing that Andy again just two or three weeks prior had not been
reviewed positively, I did not give him permission to attend that conference
at that time. I told him I would check with Maurice Burns, who was the
manager at that time . . . .
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A similar factual dispute emerges between the deposition testimony of Mr.
Grabow and another supervisor, Ms. Denton. Mr. Grabow alleges that Ms. Denton knew
of his plans to attend the conference, and her failure to tell him not to go contributed to
his belief he had permission to go. In his deposition, Mr. Grabow testified that Ms.
Denton was present at several staff meetings where he mentioned that he would be
attending the conference:
Q: At what staff meeting with [Ms. Denton] was there some discussion
of your attendance at the ENTELEC conference?
A: We normally have a staff meeting on Monday mornings with [Ms.
Denton’s] group. Sometimes she’d be in attendance, and sometimes she
wouldn’t.
Q: And you believe that at one of these staff meetings there must have been
some mention about this?
A: Yes. Well, at about three of them. It was just more or less traditional to let
people in the group know that you were going in case they wanted you to
look for anything in particular.
Q: Do you have any independent recollection that she was at these staff
meetings?
A: Yes. . . .
....
A: I announced it several times in staff meetings that I was going. . . . [S]everal
people asked me to pick up materials for them.
For her part, Ms. Denton flatly denies any recollection of being present at such a
meeting:
Q: And so I’m going to ask you, ma’am, do you recall being present at a
staff meeting the week before – during the week before Mr. Grabow
left to go to ENTELEC wherein it was discussed that he was going
to ENTELEC?
A: I do not recall that.
Q: Do you recall that at that staff meeting people at that staff meeting in
your presence asked him for various favors; in other words, to pick
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things up, to get information, to do this or that at the ENTELEC
seminar in Houston, Texas?
A: Since I can’t recall being there, I can’t recall any discussion that
would have taken place.
Mr. Grabow also produced evidence that, prior to his departure, a co-worker e-
mailed a schedule to Ms. Denton indicating Mr. Grabow’s planned attendance at the
conference. In her deposition, Ms. Denton denies the e-mail informed her of Mr.
Grabow’s planned absence:
Q: [Y]ou got this E-mail, did you not, ma’am, on or about March 30th,
1995; is that correct?
A: Yes.
Q: And you read this E-mail; is that correct?
A: Yes.
....
Q: And you see the second line down it says Andy is scheduled to be at
ENTELEC next week?
A: Yes I see that.
Q: Would you agree with me ma’am, that this puts you on notice that
Andy was going to attend the ENTELEC seminar?
A: Actually, the way that I treat this is if it’s coming from one employee
talking about what he thinks some other employee is going to do – it
could be hearsay from Alan and to be quite honest, when I received
this E-mail, I was looking for something very specific in it that I had
asked Alan for and that had to do with some call out information as
well as some pricing as – what you see here.
Q: Below it?
A: Some phones, yes. So when I opened the E-mail, I looked for what I
was looking for and then went on.
Thus, Mr. Grabow has put into evidence facts that make the grant of summary
judgment erroneous. Indeed, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Mr.
Grabow, as we must, it is possible to infer that one supervisor gave him permission to go
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to the conference, and another knew of his plans but said nothing. We believe that from
these facts a reasonable jury could conclude Mr. Grabow had permission to attend the
conference, and WNG’s explanation of the termination is pretextual. Of course, these
facts are sharply disputed, but resolution of that dispute requires the type of credibility
determination that lies in the providence of a jury. United States v. Uresti-Hernandez,
968 F.2d 1042, 1045 (10th Cir. 1992) (“Credibility determinations are for the jury, not the
appellate court.”). We therefore REVERSE the district court’s grant of summary
judgment against Mr. Grabow and REMAND for further proceedings in accordance with
this order and judgment.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
John C. Porfilio
Senior Circuit Judge
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