United States v. Sanchez ( 2004 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS January 6, 2006
TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
No. 04-4005
v.
(D.C. No. 1:00-CR-00041-DAK)
(Utah)
TRACY ANN SANCHEZ, also known
as Tracy Gomez,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before SEYMOUR, LUCERO, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.
Tracy Ann Sanchez pled guilty to engaging in a continuing criminal
enterprise related to the distribution of drugs in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848. On
appeal, we granted her counsel’s request to withdraw pursuant to Anders v.
California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), and dismissed her appeal. United States v.
Sanchez, 118 Fed. Appx. 480 (10th Cir. Dec. 22, 2004). The Supreme Court
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, or collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
summarily vacated and remanded our decision for further consideration in light of
United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). Sanchez v. United States, 125 S.
Ct. 2554 (2005). We requested supplemental briefing addressing the impact of
Booker on Ms. Sanchez’s sentence. Having reviewed the parties’ submissions, we
dismiss the appeal.
As its supplemental brief, and pursuant to the procedures we set forth in
United States v. Hahn, 359 F.3d 1315, 1325, 1328 (10th Cir. 2004) (en banc) (per
curiam), the government filed a motion to enforce Ms. Sanchez’s plea agreement
on the basis of the waiver of appellate rights contained therein. 1 Ms. Sanchez’s
plea agreement included the following waiver of her right to appeal her
conviction and sentence:
I knowingly, voluntarily and expressly waive my right to appeal any
sentence imposed on me that is within the maximum provided by the
statutes of conviction, as well as the right to appeal or challenge the
manner in which that sentence is determined on the grounds set forth
in 18 U.S.C. § 3742 or on any other ground, except I do not waive
my right to appeal any upward departure from the sentencing
guideline range used by the Court . . . .
Aple. Br., attach. A at 3. It further stated that: “I understand and agree that the
1
The government did not assert this appellate waiver in response to Ms.
Sanchez’s initial appeal, no doubt because her counsel filed an Anders brief. Ms.
Sanchez does not contend the present motion to enforce the waiver is untimely.
Cf. United States v. Clayton, 416 F.3d 1236, 1238 (10th Cir. 2005) (government’s
failure to file timely Rule 27.2 motion to enforce a plea agreement did not result
in forfeiture of issue).
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word ‘sentence’ . . . applies to all aspects of the court’s sentencing authority,
including but not limited to–(I) Sentencing Guidelines rulings and determinations
. . . .” Id. at 4.
The presentence report (PSR) calculated Ms. Sanchez’s base offense level
as 36, determining that her offense involved at least 10,000 kilograms but less
than 30,000 kilograms of marijuana equivalent. Her offense level was increased
due to her involvement in a continuing criminal enterprise, see U.S.S.G. §
2D1.5(a), for the commission of an offense while on release, see U.S.S.G. §
2J1.7, and for using a minor to commit a crime, see U.S.S.G. § 3B1.4. The PSR
also recommended she receive a downward adjustment for acceptance of
responsibility. Based on a total offense level of 42 and a criminal history
category of II, Ms. Sanchez’s guideline range was 360 months to life
imprisonment. The PSR noted that the government could file a motion for a
downward departure pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) and U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 for
substantial assistance to authorities, and could recommend a sentence of 15 years.
Ms. Sanchez did not contend in district court that her sentence violated the
Sixth Amendment because it was based on judge-found facts or was the result of a
mandatory guidelines regime. She did, however, seek a downward departure for
extraordinary physical impairment pursuant to section 5H1.4 because she suffers
from an inherited metabolic disorder called Primary Hyperoxaluria–Type 1, which
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is caused by an enzyme disorder in the liver. The government opposed this
downward departure and sought an upward departure for obstruction of justice
because Ms. Sanchez had fled the country while on pretrial release. Due to her
flight, the government also declined to recommend a downward departure for
substantial assistance under section 5K1.1. The district court did not grant either
party’s request for departure. It sentenced Ms. Sanchez at the bottom of the
applicable guideline range to 360 months imprisonment. On remand from the
Supreme Court, we must now determine whether, in light of Booker, Ms.
Sanchez’s sentence should be reviewed despite her waiver of the right to appeal
it.
We established a three-prong analysis in Hahn to determine whether to
enforce a waiver of the right to appeal. “We must ask (1) whether the disputed
appeal falls within the scope of the waiver of appellate rights; (2) whether the
defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived [her] appellate rights; and (3)
whether enforcing the waiver would result in a miscarriage of justice. . . .” Hahn,
359 F.3d at 1325. We have also held that a defendant may waive her right to
appeal based on Booker error if that error is within the scope of her waiver. See,
e.g., United States v. Maldonado, 410 F.3d 1231, 1233 (10th Cir. 2005) (per
curiam); United States v. Green, 405 F.3d 1180, 1189 (10th Cir. 2005). Ms.
Sanchez does not dispute that any Booker error is within the scope of her
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appellate waiver, nor does she argue that she did not knowingly or voluntarily
waive her appellate rights. She claims instead that enforcing the appellate waiver
would result in a miscarriage of justice.
Pursuant to Hahn, a miscarriage of justice can occur “[1] where the district
court relied on an impermissible factor such as race; [2] where ineffective
assistance of counsel in connection with the negotiation of the waiver renders the
waiver invalid; [3] where the sentence exceeds the statutory maximum; or [4]
where the waiver is otherwise unlawful.” 359 F.3d at 1327. Ms. Sanchez does
not contend that enforcing her appellate rights would result in a miscarriage of
justice for the first three reasons listed above. We therefore must decide whether
her waiver was otherwise unlawful. So doing, we employ a test that mirrors the
fourth prong of plain error review and ask whether any alleged error arising from
the sentence given by the district court “seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity
or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (quoting United States v. Olano,
507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993)). If not, we must enforce the waiver rather than
reaching the merits of the appeal. Id. at 1329 n.15.
The district court committed Booker error in sentencing Ms. Sanchez.
First, the court violated the Sixth Amendment because it sentenced Ms. Sanchez
based on a greater quantity of drugs than the amount to which she admitted in her
plea agreement, and it found she used a minor to commit a crime. See Booker,
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125 S. Ct. at 756. The district court also violated the remedial holding of Booker
when it treated the guidelines as mandatory. See United States v. Trujillo-
Terrazas, 405 F.3d 814, 818 (10th Cir. 2005). 2 Our standard for concluding that
non-constitutional Booker error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings is an “especially demanding” one, requiring a
defendant to show an error is “particularly egregious and that our failure to
correct it would result in a miscarriage of justice.” United States v. Dowlin, 408
F.3d 647, 671 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotations omitted). We conduct the
analysis “less rigidly,” however, for instances of constitutional error. Id. Factors
supporting a conclusion that the district court’s sentencing errors constituted a
miscarriage of justice include:
. . . [1] a sentence increased substantially based on a Booker error;
. . . [2] a showing that the district court likely would impose a
significantly lighter sentence on remand; . . . [3] a substantial lack of
evidence to support the entire sentence the Guidelines required the
district court to impose; . . . [4] a showing that objective
consideration of the § 3553(a) factors warrants a departure; or . . .
[5] other evidence peculiar to the defendant that demonstrates a
complete breakdown in the sentencing process.
See id.
2
In United States v. Gonzales-Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 731 (10th Cir. 2005),
we noted two distinct types of sentencing errors a court could make under United
States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). These include constitutional Booker
error, where the court bases a sentence on judge found facts, and non-
constitutional Booker error, where the court applies the guidelines in a mandatory
fashion. Id. at 731-32. As discussed above, both are present in this case.
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Ms. Sanchez argues that because of her serious medical condition, she
satisfies the second, fourth, and fifth factors laid out in Dowlin. As to the second
factor, however, Ms. Sanchez has not made a showing that on remand the district
court would likely impose a significantly lighter sentence. Although the court did
sentence her at the bottom of the applicable guideline range, it expressed no
dissatisfaction with that range. For example, it stated only the following in
resolving Ms. Sanchez’s departure argument:
I’ve thought about this for awhile and quite a bit, particularly recently, of
course. And one of the tests in the case it seems to be that people can
function and get about under 5H1.4 . . . . I think under the cases-I mean,
obviously she has a serious medical condition, but that doesn’t by itself
give her a 5H1.4. I don’t think it meets the case law requirement for that.
So that’s denied.
Rec., vol. III at 8. Second, despite a serious health condition that might warrant
consideration under the § 3553(a) factors, Ms. Sanchez has not articulated why
her condition should result in a different sentence. For instance, she does not
contend there are a lack of facilities that can provide her adequate care, or that
she is otherwise unable to serve the full term of her sentence. Finally, she does
not point to any other evidence demonstrating a complete breakdown of the
sentencing process. In sum, Ms. Sanchez has failed to establish that her
circumstances merited a lesser sentence. We therefore conclude that the Booker
errors arising out of this case did not seriously affect the fairness, integrity, or
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public reputation of judicial proceedings.
The government’s motion to enforce the waiver of appellate rights is
GRANTED and this appeal is DISMISSED.
SUBMITTED FOR THE COURT
Stephanie K. Seymour
Circuit Judge
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