United States v. Bly ( 2005 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
July 22, 2005
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 04-6046
(W. D. Oklahoma)
v. (D.Ct. No. CR-96-108-2-A)
ERIC WILLIAM BLY,
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before O’BRIEN, Circuit Judge, HOLLOWAY, Senior Circuit Judge, and
TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judge.
In his fourth visit to this court, Eric William Bly appeals a sentence of nine
consecutive twenty year terms of imprisonment imposed in a 28 U.S.C. § 2255proceeding. He contends United States Sentencing Guideline §5G1.2(d)
(mandating consecutive sentences in specified multiple count circumstances) must
bow to 18 U.S.C. § 3584(a) (permitting concurrent or consecutive terms of
imprisonment in multiple count circumstances). He also contends his sentence
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
violates Blakely v. Washington, 524 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531 (2004) (invalidating
Washington’s sentencing guidelines under the Sixth Amendment). Exercising
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2253(a) and 1291, we grant a certificate of
appealability (COA) 1 and AFFIRM.
Background
A detailed procedural history clarifies the issues presented for review. On
July 3, 1996, Bly, with others, was charged in a ninety-seven count indictment
alleging drug trafficking, firearms and money laundering offenses. On October 4,
1
The January 9, 2004 order being appealed is an order in which the district court
reimposed an earlier § 2255 sentence which we previously vacated and reversed. See
United States v. Bly, 328 F.3d 1262, 1267 (10th Cir. 2003). The order being appealed is
entitled, in part, “Revised Judgment in a Criminal Case . . . (Revised 1/9/04 to Reflect §
2255 Ruling).” It is thus clear that the order being appealed is a final order issued in a §
2255 proceeding. As such, our review is constrained by the requirement for the issuance
of a COA. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1) (“Unless a circuit justice or judge issues a
certificate of appealability, an appeal may not be taken to the court of appeals from . . .
(B) the final order in a proceeding under section 2255.”); FED. R. APP. P. 22(b) (“[I]n a 28
U.S.C. § 2255 proceeding, the applicant cannot take an appeal unless a circuit justice or a
circuit or district judge issues a certificate of appealability under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c).”).
Bly filed his notice of appeal in the district court on February 2, 2004. The record
does not reflect Bly applied for or the district court issued a COA. “Failure of the district
court to issue a certificate of appealability within thirty days of filing the notice of appeal
shall be deemed a denial.” United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit,
Emergency General Order (October 1, 1996) at 3. “If the district judge has denied the
[COA], the applicant may request a circuit judge to issue the certificate.” FED. R. APP. P.
22(b)(1). Bly has not requested a COA from this Court. “If no express request for a
[COA] is filed, the notice of appeal constitutes a request addressed to the judges of the
court of appeals.” Id. at (b)(2). Thus, we construe Bly’s notice of appeal as a request for
a COA, and we grant the request.
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1996, a jury convicted Bly of sixteen counts. 2 On January 23, 1997, Bly, twice
previously convicted of felony drug offenses, was sentenced to, inter alia, nine
concurrent terms of life imprisonment. 3 See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) (“If any
person commits a violation of this subparagraph . . . after two or more prior
convictions for a felony drug offense have become final, such person shall be
sentenced to a mandatory term of life imprisonment . . . .”). He appealed. We
affirmed Bly’s convictions but vacated his sentence and remanded for
resentencing because the Government failed to meet its burden to prove Bly’s two
prior felony drug convictions beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v.
Green, 175 F.3d 822, 836, 838 (10th Cir. 1999) (Bly I). See also 21 U.S.C. §
851(c) (government must prove prior convictions for § 841(b)(1)(A) sentence
enhancement beyond a reasonable doubt). On remand, on July 7, 1999, after the
2
Bly was convicted of one count of conspiracy to distribute a controlled substance
(cocaine and cocaine base [crack]) in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1), eight
counts of possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance (cocaine base
[crack])) in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) [seven counts included a charge of aiding
and abetting in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2], one count of maintaining a place for the
purpose of manufacturing and distributing a controlled substance (cocaine base [crack])
in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1), four counts of use of a telephone to facilitate
distribution of a controlled substance (cocaine base [crack]) in violation of 21 U.S.C. §
843(b), one count of money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(1)(A)(I) and
(2) and one count of felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
922(g)(1).
3
The United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual (Nov. 1996) was
used in sentencing Bly. Therefore, all references to the guidelines refer to the 1996
edition. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(4)(A)(ii) (guidelines in effect on date of sentence
govern).
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Government met its burden of proof, the district court, inter alia, reimposed nine
concurrent terms of life imprisonment. We affirmed. United States v. Bly, 211
F.3d 1279 (10th Cir. 2000) (unpublished decision filed April 13, 2000) (Bly II).
On June 8, 2001, Bly filed a motion under § 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to vacate, set
aside or correct his sentence. He claimed his latest sentence violated the rule
announced in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000) (“Other than the
fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond
the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond
a reasonable doubt.”). The prescribed statutory maximum for a violation of 21
U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), absent enhancements for quantity and two or more prior
convictions for a felony drug offense, is not more than twenty years. 21 U.S.C. §
841(b)(1)(c). On August 28, 2001, without benefit of our subsequent ruling in
United States v. Mora, 293 F.3d 1213, 1219 (10th Cir. 2002) (Apprendi is not
retroactively applicable to initial habeas petitions), the district court applied
Apprendi and granted Bly’s § 2255 motion. It reduced his punishment of nine
concurrent terms of life imprisonment to nine concurrent terms of twenty years
imprisonment.
The Government filed a motion to reconsider, arguing, inter alia, that
USSG §5G1.2(d) and our intervening decision in United States v. Price, 265 F.3d
1097, 1109 (10th Cir. 2001), where we held that §5G1.2(d) is a mandatory
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provision, 4 required imposition of consecutive sentences. The district court
agreed and, on October 16, 2001, in Bly’s absence, modified its earlier § 2255
ruling to impose nine consecutive terms of twenty years, for a total of 180 years
imprisonment.
Bly appealed on the grounds, inter alia, that Apprendi was violated in the
application of §5G1.2(d) and, in any event, he had the right to be present when
the court reconsidered his earlier sentence and imposed consecutive sentences.
We avoided Bly’s newly-cast Apprendi claim, explaining:
Even if we could consider such an argument--regarding the proper
application of Apprendi in a collateral proceeding in which the
defendant was not entitled to the benefit of Apprendi at all--this
circuit's decisions in Price and Lott [United States v. Lott, 310 F.3d
1231 (10th Cir. 2002)], interpreting § 5G1.2(d) and explaining its
implementation, are binding on us and foreclose Bly's claim.
United States v. Bly, 328 F.3d at 1264 (Bly III). However, we agreed with Bly’s
second claim that he enjoyed a right to be present when the court converted his
sentences from concurrent to consecutive terms of imprisonment. Thus, we
vacated the district court’s order of October 16, 2001, and remanded for
resentencing consistent with our decision. See id. at 1267.
Bly was resentenced, again, on January 9, 2004. This time, he was
4
See also United States v. Lott, 310 F.3d 1231, 1243 (10th Cir. 2002), cert. denied
538 U.S. 936 and 538 U.S. 991 (2003) (“We recently joined the majority of our sister
circuits, who have held that application of § 5G1.2(d) is mandatory, as the section speaks
in terms of shall rather than may.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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personally present at the proceeding. He argued the district court, pursuant to 18
U.S.C. § 3584(a), enjoyed discretion, notwithstanding §5G1.2(d), to sentence him
to concurrent terms of imprisonment. The court, considering itself without
discretion to impose concurrent terms due to circuit precedent announced in Price
and Lott, reimposed its earlier § 2255 sentence of nine consecutive twenty year
terms of imprisonment for the 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) convictions. Bly appeals.
Discussion
A. Blakely Claim
We easily dispose of Bly’s Blakely claim. 5 Blakely does not apply
retroactively to an initial habeas petition brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255.
United States v. Price, 400 F.3d 844, 845 (10th Cir. 2005). Nor does United
States v. Booker, - - U.S. - -, 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005) (applying Blakely to invalidate
the federal sentencing guidelines insofar as they were mandatory). United States
5
On June 24, 2004, three weeks after Bly filed his opening brief, the United States
Supreme Court decided Blakely, in which it applied its decision in Apprendi v. New
Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000) (“Other than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that
increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be
submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.”) to invalidate Washington’s
sentencing guidelines under the Sixth Amendment. In Blakely, the sentencing court
enhanced a standard sentence based on facts neither admitted by the defendant nor proven
to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Even though the enhanced sentence did not exceed
the statutory ceiling of imprisonment for the offense, the Court invalidated it. Blakely,
124 S.Ct. at 2538. In doing so, the Court clarified that “the statutory maximum for
Apprendi purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of
the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant.” Id. 124 S.Ct. at 2537(quotation marks omitted).
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v. Ballamy, No. 04-5145, 2005 WL 1406176 at *4 (10th Cir. June 16, 2005).
B. Interplay Between 18 U.S.C. 3584(a) and USSG 5G1.2(d)
We review the district court’s construction of a federal statute and its
interpretation of the sentencing guidelines de novo. Quarles v. United States ex
rel. Bureau of Indian Affairs, 372 F.3d 1169, 1171 (10th Cir. 2004); United States
v. Cardena-Garcia, 362 F.3d 663, 665 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 125 S.Ct. 126 and
125 S.Ct. 246 (2004).
The statute in question provides “[i]f multiple terms of imprisonment are
imposed on a defendant at the same time . . . the terms may run concurrently or
consecutively . . . . Multiple terms of imprisonment imposed at the same time run
concurrently unless the court orders or the statute mandates that the terms are to
run consecutively.” 18 U.S.C. § 3584(a) (emphasis added). However, the statute
further provides that “[t]he court, in determining whether the terms imposed are
to be ordered to run concurrently or consecutively, shall consider . . . the factors
set forth in section 3553(a).” Id. at (b). Section 3553(a) instructs that
[t]he court, in determining the particular sentence to be imposed,
shall consider . . . (4) the kinds of sentence and the sentencing range
established for (A) the applicable category of offense committed by
the applicable category of defendant as set forth in the guidelines (i)
issued by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to section 994(a)(1)
of Title 28 . . . .
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). In turn, 28 U.S.C. § 994(a)(1) explains that the sentencing
guidelines are “for [the] use of a sentencing court in determining the sentence to
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be imposed in a criminal case, including . . . (D) a determination whether multiple
sentences to terms of imprisonment should be ordered to run concurrently or
consecutively[.]” Finally, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b) (since excised by Booker but in
effect when Bly III was decided) mandated application of the guidelines in the
absence of permitted departures.
The guideline in question provides “[i]f the sentence imposed on the count
carrying the highest statutory maximum is less than the total punishment, then the
sentence imposed on one or more of the other counts shall run consecutively, but
only to the extent necessary to produce a combined sentence equal to the total
punishment.” USSG §5G1.2(d) (emphasis added). “This section specifies the
procedure for determining the specific sentence to be formally imposed on each
count in a multiple-count case. The combined length of the sentences (‘total
punishment’) is determined by the court after determining the adjusted combined
offense level and the Criminal History Category.” Id., comment. (n.1). “If no
count carries an adequate statutory maximum [to achieve the total punishment],
consecutive sentences are to be imposed to the extent necessary to achieve the
total punishment.” Id.
Bly argues that § 3584(a)’s permissive language conflicts with and prevails
over USSG §5G1.2(d)’s mandatory language. See United States v. Kimler, 335
F.3d 1132, 1145 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1083 (2003) (“statutes trump
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guidelines when the two conflict”). He contends Price does not foreclose his
claim, as Bly III determined, because it did not discuss the interplay between §
3584(a) and USSG §5G1.2(d). See Bly III at 1264. We reject these arguments for
two reasons.
First, the statute and the guideline do not conflict. In United States v.
Mihaly, a case decided well before Bly’s latest sentencing, we held that a
companion guideline to §5G1.2(d), §5G1.3(a), 6 was “reconcilable with 18 U.S.C.
§ 3584(a) because § 5G1.3 does not preclude a court from departing from the
Guidelines and sentencing concurrently.” 67 F.3d 894, 896 (10th Cir. 1995)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
[E]ven where a particular guideline does not contain provisions for
departure, a district court retains discretion to depart from the
guidelines, subject to review, if it determines that factors relevant to
the sentencing have not been addressed adequately by the guidelines.
This is the standard for a general departure under 18 U.S.C. §
3553(b) and the guidelines.
Id. (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). 7 We conclude §5G1.2(d) is
6
USSG §5G1.3(a) provides:
If the instant offense was committed while the defendant was serving a term of
imprisonment . . . the sentence for the instant offense shall be imposed to run
consecutively to the undischarged term of imprisonment.
7
There is no evidence in the record the district court misunderstood its authority to
depart from the guidelines under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b) had it been asked to do so. The
court’s remarks at sentencing reveal Bly’s request for concurrent sentencing relied solely
on the asserted preeminence of 18 U.S.C. § 3584(a) over USSG §5G1.2(d):
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compatible with 18 U.S.C. § 3584(a) for identical reasons. Therefore, Bly’s
reliance on Kimler is inapposite. Moreover, the language of the statutory text,
guideline text and guideline commentary to which we have referred clearly
indicates compatability between 18 U.S.C. § 3584(a) and USSG §5G1.2(d).
I want to place this case in a position where not only Judge Alley but all
judges can be educated on the interplay between the concurrent sentence
statute and the [consecutive] sentence guideline, and the best way to do that,
I think - - although I know it’s an imposition on counsel for what’s probably
going to be another appeal - - the best way to do it would be to reimpose the
sentence as in the revised J&C that I signed on October 16, 2001, which is
the consecutive sentences for a total of 180 years, to reimpose that, coupled
with my conclusion on the record, and which should be in the order, that I
construe the totality of what the Tenth Circuit has done in this case to oblige
me to sentence according to . . . Guideline 5G1.2(d); and that I am without
power to apply a concurrent sentence calculation.
(R. Vol. 2 at 16-17.) Furthermore, Bly did not move for a downward departure. As late
as the January 9, 2004 resentencing, his counsel explicitly stated Bly was not seeking a
downward departure, and insisted the court enjoyed the authority to sentence concurrently
pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3584(a) notwithstanding USSG §5G1.2(d)’s mandatory
requirement for consecutive sentencing:
[T]he reason I guess that I didn’t request the downward departure is
because I believe that the Court can - - my position is that the Court, in lieu
of a downward departure, the proper way for this Court to determine
whether this is an appropriate sentence is to grant the sentences
concurrently. In other words, I had thought about it and a downward
departure is really not appropriate at this time, but that - - or applicable
because the Court could and should, it’s my opinion, give a concurrent
sentence on the 20 years.
(R. Vol. 2 at 14.) Under these facts, we do not face the situation presented in
Mihaly where the district court plainly misunderstood its authority to depart under 18
U.S.C. § 3553(b). See Mihaly, 67 F.3d at 897.
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The second reason Bly’s arguments fail is because we are bound by the law of
the case.
The law of the case doctrine posits that when a court decides upon a
rule of law, that decision should continue to govern the same issues
in subsequent stages in the same case. The doctrine has particular
relevance following a remand order issued by an appellate court.
When a case is appealed and remanded, the decision of the appellate
court establishes the law of the case and ordinarily will be followed
by both the trial court on remand and the appellate court in any
subsequent appeal.
United States ex rel. Southern Ute Indian Tribe v. Hess, 348 F.3d 1237, 1249
(10th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks, alterations and citations omitted). To
be sure,
three exceptionally narrow grounds justify departing from the law of
the case doctrine: (1) when the evidence in a subsequent trial is
substantially different; (2) when controlling authority has
subsequently made a contrary decision of the law applicable to such
issues; or (3) when the decision was clearly erroneous and would
work a manifest injustice.
Huffman v. Saul Holdings Ltd. P’ship, 262 F.3d 1128, 1133 (10th Cir. 2001)
(internal quotation marks omitted). We identify nothing in the record to satisfy
any of these exceptions. Bly’s January 9, 2004 resentencing was pro forma at
best. Only his presence at the proceeding (as we required, see Bly III, 328 F.3d at
1267) distinguished it from his October 16, 2001 sentencing. Furthermore, there
was no intervening circuit precedent to obviate the application of Price. Finally,
the decision of the Bly III panel to apply Price was, for the reasons explained
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above, consistent with our reasoning in Mihaly and therefore not clearly
erroneous.
Conclusion
Accordingly, we GRANT a COA but AFFIRM the order of the district
court.
Entered by the Court:
Terrence L. O’Brien
United States Circuit Judge
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