United States v. Sanchez-Cruz , 143 F. App'x 116 ( 2005 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
August 5, 2005
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 04-2008
(D. Ct. No. CR-03-1791- RB)
ANDRES SANCHEZ-CRUZ, (D. N. Mex.)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, HOLLOWAY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge panel has
determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material assistance in the
determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The
case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
Defendant-Appellant Andres Sanchez-Cruz illegally reentered the United States
following his deportation. He was arrested upon his reentry and an information charging
him with violating 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) was filed. Mr. Sanchez-Cruz waived indictment
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
and pleaded guilty to the charge contained in the information. He was sentenced to 41
months’ imprisonment. We affirmed. United States v. Sanchez-Cruz, 392 F.3d 1196(10th Cir. 2004) (“Sanchez-Cruz I”). The Supreme Court summarily reversed and
remanded our decision in light of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. —, 125 S. Ct. 738(2005). See Sanchez-Cruz v. United States, — U.S. —, 125 S.Ct. 1866 (April 18, 2005).
We REINSTATE1 all non-sentencing portions of our previous opinion and upon
reconsideration AFFIRM Mr. Sanchez-Cruz’s sentence.
I. BACKGROUND
Mr. Sanchez-Cruz, a Mexican citizen, was stopped by the United States Border
Patrol as he walked across the United States-Mexico border near Sunland Park, New
Mexico. Mr. Sanchez-Cruz was transported to the Santa Teresa Border Patrol Station,
where a record check revealed that he had been deported on May 14, 1997. The record
check also revealed that his deportation was subsequent to a felony conviction for second-
degree assault in Trinidad, Colorado. Mr. Sanchez-Cruz then waived indictment and
pleaded guilty to an information charging him with reentering the United States after
deportation in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a).
1
The Supreme Court remanded to us only “for further consideration in light of
Booker v. United States.” Sanchez-Cruz, 125 S.Ct. at 1866. In Sanchez-Cruz I, we
considered Mr. Sanchez-Cruz’s argument that the District Court committed a Fed. R.
Crim. P. 11 error. As we find nothing in Booker that calls our previous Rule 11 analysis
into question, we limit our review on remand to the Booker challenges to the sentence and
reinstate all non-sentencing portions of our previous opinion.
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Though § 1326(a) carries a maximum imprisonment of twenty-four months, the
revised presentence report (“PSR”) noted that the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines (2003)
(“U.S.S.G.” or “Guidelines”) mandated a 16-level upward adjustment based on Mr.
Sanchez-Cruz’s prior felony conviction. See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A). Mr. Sanchez-
Cruz objected to the use of his prior conviction to enhance his sentence. At sentencing,
the judge relied on § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A) and 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b) to sentence Mr. Sanchez-
Cruz to 41 months’ imprisonment. Because § 1326(b), which states that aliens who
violate § 1326(a) and whose deportation was subsequent to the commission of an
aggravated felony are subject to a maximum of twenty years’ imprisonment, is a
sentencing factor applicable to the crime of reentry, and not an element of the reentry
violation under § 1326(a), the judge allowed the enhancement although it was not charged
in the information. See Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 235 (1998)
(endorsing the use of past convictions as found by the sentencing court to enhance the
sentence of reentry crimes). Thus, the judge calculated Mr. Sanchez-Cruz’s sentence
based solely on admitted facts and the fact of a prior conviction.
Mr. Sanchez-Cruz timely appealed. We affirmed both the sentence and the plea of
guilty. Mr. Sanchez-Cruz filed for certiorari with the Supreme Court, which was granted.
The Court summarily reversed and remanded in light of Booker. On remand, Mr.
Sanchez-Cruz argues that he sufficiently raised his Booker challenge in the District Court
to preserve the error for appeal and in the alternative, if the issue was not preserved, that
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he is entitled to relief under plain-error review.2 We now reconsider Mr. Sanchez-Cruz’s
sentence.
II. DISCUSSION
Shortly after our decision in Sanchez-Cruz I, the Supreme Court decided United
States v. Booker. In Booker, the Supreme Court extended the holding of Blakely v.
Washington, 542 U.S. —, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004), to the federal Sentencing Guidelines.
The Court, thus, “reaffirm[ed its] holding in Apprendi: Any fact (other than a prior
conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized
by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the
defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 756. “As
a result, the Court held that mandatory application of the Guidelines violates the Sixth
Amendment when judge-found facts, other than those of prior convictions, are employed
to enhance a sentence.” United States v. Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 731 (10th Cir.
2005) (en banc). To remedy this error, the Court “severed two provisions of the
Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, . . . [n]amely, . . . 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b)(1), which made
the imposition of a Guidelines sentence mandatory in the vast majority of cases, and those
2
Mr. Sanchez-Cruz also asks this panel to reconsider our approach to Booker plain-
error questions as announced in United States v. Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d 727 (10th
Cir. 2005) (en banc). Defense counsel acknowledges that this panel is not empowered to
deviate from an en banc opinion of this Court; instead, counsel raises the issue to preserve
it for a possible certiorari petition to the Supreme Court. While this panel is bound to
apply Gonzalez-Huerta, we note that counsel adequately preserved the issue for certiorari.
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portions of 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e) that established standards of review on appeal.” Id.A.
As we recently explained, there are two types of error that a court sentencing prior
to Booker could make. “First, a court could err by relying upon judge-found facts, other
than those of prior convictions, to enhance a defendant’s sentence mandatorily. As
Booker makes clear, the Sixth Amendment prohibits this practice.” Id. “Second, a
sentencing court could err by applying the Guidelines in a mandatory fashion, as opposed
to a discretionary fashion, even though the resulting sentence was calculated solely upon
facts that were admitted by the defendant, found by the jury, or based upon the fact of a
prior conviction.” Id. at 731–32. Although this constitutes error, “this type of sentence
does not violate the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 732.
Because the District Court imposed a sentence based solely on facts that were
admitted by Mr. Sanchez-Cruz and the fact of his prior conviction, we do not face
constitutional Booker error in this case. In this regard, Mr. Sanchez-Cruz’s case is
identical to the facts underlying our recent opinion in United States v.
Serrano-Dominguez, 406 F.3d 1221, 1223 (10th Cir. 2005). In Serrano-Dominguez, the
defendant pleaded guilty to “illegally reentering the United States in violation of 8 U.S.C.
§ 1326.” Id. at 1221. At sentencing the district court “applied an 8-level enhancement
because Mr. Serrano-Dominguez had a prior conviction for an aggravated felony.” Id. at
1222. On appeal, the defendant brought a Booker challenge to his sentence. We held that
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the case “involve[d] only non-constitutional error” because other than the fact of his prior
conviction the defendant “admitted all the facts necessary to authorize his sentence.” Id.
at 1223. That is to say, the “sentencing court [ ] err[ed] by applying the Guidelines in a
mandatory fashion, as opposed to a discretionary fashion.” Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at731–32. Because we face circumstances identical to Serrano-Dominguez here, we
conclude that this case presents a non-constitutional Booker error question. See also
United States v. Trujillo-Terrazas, 405 F.3d 814, 818 (10th Cir. 2005).
B.
We turn next to whether Mr. Sanchez-Cruz adequately preserved this non-
constitutional Booker error in the District Court. This threshold question is key as it
determines whether we review for plain error, because the Booker issue was waived
below, or for harmless error, because the issue was preserved. Compare Fed. R. Crim. P.
52(a) with Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). Mr. Sanchez-Cruz contends that he preserved his
Booker challenge, and thus we review for harmless error. The record is quite clear,
however, that the only objection lodged at sentencing was to the application of
Almendarez-Torres, allowing the court to rely upon Mr. Sanchez-Cruz’s past convictions
to enhance his sentence under the Guidelines and 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b). Indeed, the District
Court confirmed this in the following colloquy:
THE COURT: All right. Let me ask you, Ms. Reeves [defense counsel],
are there any issues in dispute now?
MS. REEVES: Your Honor, other than the [Almendarez-Torres] arguments
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I made this morning, there are no issues in dispute. Defense believes and
contends that the revised report is in error, and we still request the statutory
maximum of 24 months.
Thus, Mr. Sanchez-Cruz only raised the continued viability of Almendarez-Torres.3
Raising Almendarez-Torres below, as we held in Sanchez-Cruz I, 392 F.3d at 1200–01,
does not sufficiently preserve a Blakely or Booker error on appeal. Thus, we review only
for plain error. See Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at 732.
“Plain error occurs when there is (1) error, (2) that is plain, which (3) affects
substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Because we face non-
constitutional Booker error here, we apply this test rigidly. Cf. United States v. Dazey,
403 F.3d 1147, 1174 (10th Cir. 2005). Given the District Court’s mandatory application
of the Guidelines here, there can be no doubt that Mr. Sanchez-Cruz’s 41-month sentence,
in light of Booker, was erroneously imposed and plainly so. See Gonzalez-Huerta, 403
F.3d at 732. Nonetheless, we cannot remand for resentencing unless Mr. Sanchez-Cruz
can meet his burden to satisfy both the third and fourth prongs of plain-error review as
well. Id.We have previously held that Almendarez-Torres survives both Booker and
3
Blakely. See Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at 731 n.1; United States v. Moore, 401 F.3d
1220, 1223–24 (10th Cir. 2005).
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C.
To satisfy the third prong of plain-error review, Mr. Sanchez-Cruz “bears the
burden to establish by a reasonable probability based upon the record on appeal that his
substantial rights were affected by the District Court’s mandatory application of the
Guidelines.” Id. at 736. A defendant may make such a showing “by demonstrating a
reasonable probability that, but for the error claimed, the result of the proceeding would
have been different.” United States v. Clifton, 406 F.3d 1173, 1181 (10th Cir. 2005)
(internal quotation omitted). For example, “evidence of (1) a disconnect between the §
3553(a) factors and his sentence, and (2) the district court’s expressed dissatisfaction with
the mandatory Guidelines sentence in his case” meets this burden. Id. Mr. Sanchez-Cruz
relies heavily upon Trujillo-Terrazas, 405 F.3d 814 (10th Cir. 2005), and United States v.
Galvez-Barrios, 355 F. Supp. 2d 958 (E.D. Wisc. 2005), to show that his substantial
rights were affected. We are not persuaded.
In Trujillo-Terrazas, the defendant pleaded guilty to illegal reentry under
§ 1326(a) and his sentence was enhanced 16 levels due to his prior conviction. The prior
conviction in Trujillo-Terrazas was a third-degree arson conviction. The facts of that
conviction, however, are quite different from those at issue here. “Mr. Trujillo was upset
that an ex-girlfriend had begun seeing someone new, and he acted on his frustration by
throwing a lighted match into a 1980 Oldsmobile belonging to his ex-girlfriend’s new
love interest. The Oklahoma state court determined that the appropriate compensation for
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the fire damage was the paltry sum of $35.00.” Trujillo-Terrazas, 405 F.3d at 817. Thus,
the “relatively trivial nature of Mr. Trujillo’s criminal history is at odds with the
substantial 16-level enhancement,” supporting the notion that a lower sentence would be
consistent with an objective application of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors.4 Id. at
819–20. Here, by contrast, the prior conviction is the much more serious crime of
second-degree assault.5 Moreover, in Trujillo-Terrazas, the district court at sentencing
“voiced regret” that the mandatory nature of the Guidelines constrained his choice. Id. at
820. The record in this case is devoid of such statements from the District Court. Hence,
we do not believe that Trujillo-Terrazas supports a finding that the third prong is met
4
These factors are: (1) the type and circumstances of the offense and the
defendant’s history and characteristics; (2) the need to impose adequate punishment, to
afford deterrence, to protect the public, and to provide the defendant with needed
educational or vocational training; (3) the kinds of sentencing available; (4) the sentence
range under the United States Sentencing Guidelines; (5) policy statements issued by the
Sentencing Commission; (6) the need to avoid sentencing disparities; and (7) the need to
provide for restitution. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
5
A person commits the crime of assault in the second degree if:
(a) [Repealed] . . . (b) With intent to cause bodily injury to another person, he or
she causes such injury to any person by means of a deadly weapon; or
(c) With intent to prevent one whom he or she knows, or should know, to be a
peace officer or firefighter from performing a lawful duty, he or she intentionally
causes bodily injury to any person; or
(d) He recklessly causes serious bodily injury to another person by means of a
deadly weapon; or . . .
(g) With intent to cause bodily injury to another person, he causes serious bodily
injury to that person or another.
Col. Rev. Stat. § 18-3-203.
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here.
We also find Galvez-Barrios inapposite. That case simply does not speak to the
issue of plain-error review—a standard of review that is uniquely appellate. On the
contrary, Galvez-Barrios is a district court’s opinion explaining its decision to exercise its
post-Booker discretion to diverge from the Guidelines sentence in an illegal reentry case.
The inquiry on the third prong of plain-error review, which is the question we face, is
whether the defendant has “satisf[ied] the judgment of the reviewing court, informed by
the entire record, that the probability of a different result is sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome of the proceeding.” United States v. Dominguez-Benitez, 542
U.S. 74, 124 S.Ct. 2333, 2340 (2004) (internal quotation omitted). Absent some evidence
in the record to suggest that the District Court would have exercised its discretion to
depart from the Guidelines if given the opportunity to do so, we do not find Galvez-
Barrios persuasive. As such, we seriously question whether Mr. Sanchez-Cruz can
satisfy the third prong of plain-error review in this instance.
D.
Nevertheless, “[w]e need not determine whether [Mr. Sanchez-Cruz] can satisfy
this burden because even if he were to meet the third prong, he must also satisfy the
fourth prong to obtain relief.” Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at 736. We conclude that Mr.
Sanchez-Cruz does not satisfy the fourth prong of plain-error review (i.e., that failure to
correct this forfeited error would seriously affect the fairness, integrity, or public
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reputation of judicial proceedings). As we stated in Gonzalez-Huerta, “we will not notice
a non-constitutional error, such as the one in the case before us, unless it is both
particularly egregious and our failure to notice the error would result in a miscarriage of
justice.” Id. (quotations omitted). This standard is “only [met] in those rare cases in
which core notions of justice are offended,” id. at 739, and Mr. Sanchez-Cruz bears the
burden of demonstrating that the error in this case satisfies this demanding standard, id. at
736.
Mr. Sanchez-Cruz asserts that he satisfies this standard because there is “a
mismatch between the sentence suggested by a principled application of the post-Booker
sentencing framework and the actual sentence.” Trujillo-Terrazas, 405 F.3d at 821. As
we outlined above, however, this case is clearly distinguishable from Trujillo-Terrazas.
We are not faced here with a defendant whose prior conviction was for a thirty-five-dollar
arson, as was the case in Trujillo-Terrazas. Rather, Mr. Sanchez-Cruz’s prior offense
was second-degree assault, a truly serious offense. Given these circumstances, Mr.
Sanchez-Cruz’s sentence is within the national norm, and an objective consideration of
the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) does not counsel that a lower sentence be
imposed; therefore, the record on appeal does not support the conclusion that this case is
one of the rare non-constitutional Booker error cases requiring resentencing. Compare
Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at 738–39, and United States v. Yazzie, 407 F.3d 1139,
1146–47 (10th Cir. 2005) (en banc), with Trujillo Terrazas, 405 F.3d at 820–21.
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III. CONCLUSION
This Booker sentencing challenge is subject to plain-error review. We hold that
Mr. Sanchez-Cruz does not satisfy the fourth prong of the plain-error test, AFFIRM the
sentence, and REINSTATE the non-sentencing portions of Sanchez-Cruz I.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT,
Deanell Reece Tacha
Chief Circuit Judge
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