Knapp v. America West Air ( 2006 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
November 24, 2006
FO R TH E TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
SUSAN KNAPP, an individual,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 05-4322
(D.C. No. 2:01-CV-793-TC)
AM ERICA W EST A IRLINES, (D. Utah)
a Delaware corporation,
Defendant-Appellee.
OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *
Before O ’B RIE N and BROR BY, Circuit Judges, and BRO W N, ** District Judge.
Susan Knapp appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
America W est A irlines on M rs. K napp’s claims alleging violations of the Family
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and
judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and
conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
**
The H onorable W esley E. Brown, Senior District Judge, District of K ansas,
sitting by designation.
and M edical Leave Act (FM LA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601-2654. W e have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we AFFIRM .
I.
M rs. Knapp was a pilot for America West. In 1995, she and her husband
noticed that their eldest son, born in 1986, displayed symptoms of fetal distress
syndrome, including vision problems. In 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998,
M rs. Knapp made periodic requests under the FM LA and America W est’s
personal leave policy for leave to take her son to various health care providers
and to provide at-home vision therapy.
In 1999, M rs. K napp began making more frequent FM LA leave requests to
provide her son with more intensive treatment. In the fall of 1999, she requested
intermittent leave for October 13, 14, and 15, October 28 and 29, and November
5, 6, 12, and 13. On October 12, America W est granted leave for O ctober 13-15.
It later denied the other FM LA leave requests, as well as additional FM LA leave
requests for February and July 2000. As it turned out, on November 5, 1999,
M rs. Knapp flew several scheduled flight legs, then called in sick because she
could not continue due to her own medical condition. Thereafter, she was on
medical leave as her condition did not permit her to fly. Ultimately, M rs. Knapp
left America West’s employ in August 2000.
In 2001, M rs. K napp brought suit for violation of her FM LA leave rights
for the denials of leave to care for her son. The district court held M rs. Knapp
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was not eligible for FM LA leave because she had not accrued at least 1,250 hours
of service in the twelve months prior to the requested leave. See 29 U.S.C.
§ 2611(2)(A)(ii); 29 C.F.R. § 825.110(a)(2). Specifically, the court evaluated
four categories of alleged working time: active-duty time, training time, layover
time, and reserve-duty time. It held that active-duty and training time counted as
hours worked, and assumed the same for layover hours, for a total of
approximately 764 hours. It further held, though, that M rs. K napp’s reserve-duty
time did not count as hours of service. W ithout the reserve-duty time,
M rs. Knapp did not meet the 1,250-hour threshold, so the district court denied
M rs. Knapp’s motion for partial summary judgment and granted summary
judgment to America W est. M rs. Knapp appeals. W e review a grant of summary
judgment de novo. Jones v. Denver Pub. Schs., 427 F.3d 1315, 1318 (10th Cir.
2005).
II.
The parties disagree on M rs. Knapp’s total hours of service in the twelve
months preceding her leave requests, with America West claiming she should be
credited with approximately 440 hours and M rs. Knapp claiming she had over
1,900 hours. For purposes of this appeal, though, the determinative question is
whether M rs. Knapp’s reserve duty time should be counted as hours of service.
“W hether an employee has w orked the minimum 1,250 hours of service is
determined according to the principles established under the Fair Labor Standards
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Act (FLSA) for determining compensable hours of work.” 29 C.F.R.
§ 825.110(c). Under the FLSA , “[w]hether waiting time is time worked under the
Act depends on particular circumstances. . . . ‘Facts may show that the employee
was engaged to wait or they may show that he waited to be engaged.’” Id.§ 785.14 (quoting Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U .S. 134, 137 (1944)). The test
is whether the time is spent predominantly for the employer’s benefit or for the
employee’s. Skidmore, 323 U.S. at 138; Armour & Co. v. Wantock, 323 U.S. 126,
133 (1944). Relevant factors include “consideration of the agreement between the
parties, the nature and extent of the restrictions, the relationship between the
services rendered and the on-call time, and all surrounding circumstances.”
Boehm v. Kan. City Power & Light Co., 868 F.2d 1182, 1185 (10th Cir. 1989)
(citing Skidmore, 323 U.S. at 137); see also 29 C.F.R. § 785.14. W here, as here,
the employee is not required to remain on the employer’s premises, the critical
inquiry is w hether the employee is able to use the time effectively for her own
purposes. Renfro v. City of Emporia, 948 F.2d 1529, 1537 (10th Cir. 1991);
29 C.F.R. § 785.17.
M rs. Knapp initially contends that this case is not appropriate for summary
judgment because the question of how she spent her reserve time is a question of
fact. W hile courts have indicated that “[w]hether and to what extent employees
are able to use on-call time for personal activities is a question of fact,” they have
also stated, “w hether limitations on the employees’ personal activities w hile
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on-call are such that on-call waiting time would be considered compensable
overtim e under the FLSA is a question of law which we review de novo.” Berry
v. C ounty of Sonom a, 30 F.3d 1174, 1180 (9th Cir. 1994); see also Birdwell v.
City of Gadsden, 970 F.2d 802, 808 (11th Cir. 1992) (“It is for the court to
determine if a set of facts, if found by a fact finder, will give rise to liability
under the FLSA while other sets of facts will not.”). Here, it was M rs. Knapp’s
burden to “set forth specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(e). She could have produced additional evidence concerning the
restrictions on her activities during reserve-duty hours, but instead her arguments
generally focused on the factors discussed by the district court – the prohibition
on drinking alcohol and the requirements to answ er the telephone and to be able
to report to the airport within one hour. W e hold that summary judgment is not
inappropriate on this record. See also Renfro, 948 F.2d at 1536 (in granting
summary judgment, district court made no factual findings, but relied on
undisputed facts); Gilligan v. City of Emporia, 986 F.2d 410, 413 (10th Cir. 1993)
(affirming grant of summary judgment to employer).
Viewed in the light most favorable to M rs. Knapp, the record shows that
when M rs. Knapp was on reserve, she could not drink alcohol, she had to be
available by and answer the telephone, and she had to be able to report to the
airport within one hour of being called. She could be at home (or apparently
anywhere else she was reachable by telephone), so long as she could answ er a call
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and then report to the airport within one hour. The report requirement, however,
necessarily entailed being able to dress in uniform, travel to the airport, park, and
pass through security within one hour of a call. During her deposition, she
testified that she could not drink alcohol, scuba dive, make or attend doctors’
appointments, go on field trips with her children, or make appointments for her
children. Aplt. App. at 207. On appeal, she contends that the restrictions
effectively curtailed her personal pursuits: “throughout her ‘reserve’ duty
assignments she had to be continually prepared to immediately drop everything,
in order to accomplish all of the things [necessary to report] and still be able to
report for duty within one hour.” Aplt. Br. at 23. Thus, “[s]he could not go play
nine holes of golf, she could not go to the movies, she could not do her weekly
grocery shopping, she could not get her hair or nails done, she could not do
anything that would preclude her from immediately dropping everything in order
to meet the one-hour callout . . . .” Id.In FLSA cases presenting similar, or even more restrictive, circumstances
than in this case, this court has held that the employees’ activities were not so
curtailed as to require the on-call time to be considered compensable working
time. See Andrews v. Town of Skiatook, 123 F.3d 1327, 1329-30, 1332 (10th Cir.
1997) (involving restrictions such as constant availability by pager, clean and
appropriate dress, inability to drink alcohol, and ability to be in the ambulance
responding to a call within five to ten minutes); Gilligan, 986 F.2d at 411, 413
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(involving restrictions such as constant availability by pager, inability to drink
alcohol, and ability to report within thirty minutes or one hour of a call);
Arm itage v. City of Emporia, 982 F.2d 430, 432-33 (10th Cir. 1992) (involving
requirements that detectives on call remained sober, could be reached by beeper,
and could report to duty within twenty minutes); Norton v. Worthen Van Serv.,
Inc., 839 F.2d 653, 654-56 (10th Cir. 1988) (involving requirement that drivers be
able to report to facility within twenty minutes). This precedent indicates that
M rs. Knapp’s reserve-duty time was not hours of service for purposes of
determining FM LA eligibility. The prominent exceptions are Pabst v. Oklahom a
Gas & Electric Co., 228 F.3d 1128, 1134-35 (10th Cir. 2000), and Renfro,
948 F.2d at 1535, in which this court found on-call time compensable. The
pivotal factor of those cases, however, w as the frequency of callbacks. See Pabst,
228 F.3d at 1134; Renfro, 948 F.2d at 1537-38. The record does not show
whether M rs. Knapp received frequent calls during her reserve-duty periods, but
she does not argue this issue.
M rs. Knapp points to her employment contract, in w hich America W est
agreed to pay her a guaranteed minimum for reserve-duty time, and argues that
because she actually was compensated for reserve-duty time, such hours must
count as hours of service for FM LA purposes. See 29 C.F.R. § 785.14 (providing
that the agreements between the parties are relevant to determining whether
waiting time is time worked under the FLSA). Compensation is but one factor to
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be considered, however, and it does not necessarily require on-call time to be
considered hours worked. See Armitage, 982 F.2d at 431-33 (detectives on call
were paid $30 per week plus overtime for time actually worked, yet the court held
their on-call time was not compensable under the FLSA); see also Paniagua v.
City of Galveston, 995 F.2d 1310, 1317 (5th Cir. 1993) (stating that the city’s
agreement to pay employee certain amount of overtime pay for standby time did
not alter the court’s conclusion that the time was not compensable under the
FLSA). All the circumstances are to be considered, and as discussed above, here
the circumstances indicate that M rs. Knapp’s reserve-duty time should not count
as hours of service for FM LA eligibility.
M rs. Knapp also relies on 29 C.F.R. § 825.110(d), which provides that
having confirmed an employee’s eligibility for FM LA leave, an employer may not
retroactively claim that an employee was not FM LA-eligible. Several circuit
courts, however, have invalidated § 825.110(d) as contradictory to the plain terms
of the FM LA, as it aw ards FM LA leave to employees w ho do not statutorily
qualify for FM LA protection. See Woodford v. Commun. Action of Greene
County, Inc., 268 F.3d 51, 56-57 (2d Cir. 2001); Brungart v. BellSouth
Telecomms., Inc., 231 F.3d 791, 797 (11th Cir. 2000); Dormeyer v. Comerica
Bank-Illinois, 223 F.3d 579, 582-83 (7th Cir. 2000). W e agree with these courts’
criticisms of § 825.110(d), and thus we decline to apply it in this case.
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III.
M rs. Knapp’s reserve-duty hours did not qualify as hours of service for
purposes of determining her eligibility for FM LA leave, and thus the judgment of
the district court is A FFIR ME D.
Entered for the Court
W ade Brorby
Circuit Judge
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