United States v. Dillon , 154 F. App'x 55 ( 2005 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
November 1, 2005
TENTH CIRCUIT
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 04-3422
(D. Kansas)
JOHN R. DILLON, (D.Ct. No. 04-CV-3142-CM)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before KELLY, O’BRIEN, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
John Richard Dillon pled guilty to knowingly storing hazardous waste
without a permit in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 6928(d)(2)(A) and 18 U.S.C. § 2 and
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
was sentenced to sixty months imprisonment. We affirmed his sentence in United
States v. Dillon, 351 F.3d 1315 (10th Cir. 2003) (Dillon I). Subsequently, Dillon
filed a pro se habeas corpus petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 claiming: 1)
innocence; 2) failure of the government to disclose exculpatory evidence; and 3)
ineffective assistance of counsel. After retaining counsel, Dillon filed a
supplemental motion for relief adding a claim under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530
U.S. 466 (2000) and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296; 125 S. Ct. 2531(2004). 1 The district court denied Dillon’s habeas corpus petition but granted a
Certificate of Appealability (COA) on the Apprendi/Blakely issues. Exercising
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 28 U.S.C. § 2253, we AFFIRM.
Summary of Facts
The full facts of the case are recounted in Dillon I and we need not restate
them here. As to sentencing, the facts are as follows:
Dillon's presentence investigation report (“PSIR”) set Dillon’s
1
In Apprendi, the Supreme Court said, “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction,
any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum
must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt .” Apprendi, 530 U.S.
at 490. In Blakely, the Supreme Court determined “the ‘statutory maximum’ for Apprendi
purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts
reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant.” 124 S. Ct. at 2537. While this
appeal was pending, the Supreme Court issued its holding in United States v. Booker, --
U.S.--,125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), applying the reasoning of Blakely to the federal sentencing
guidelines. 125 S.Ct. at 755. As a result, the Court held that mandatory application of the
Guidelines violates the Sixth Amendment when judge-found facts, other than those of
prior convictions, are employed to enhance a defendant’s sentence. Id. at 755-56.
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adjusted offense level at 26, with a criminal history category of II.
Pursuant to USSG § 2Q1.2(a), which governs sentencing for
“mishandling of hazardous or toxic substances or pesticides;
recordkeeping, tampering, and falsification; unlawfully transporting
hazardous materials in commerce,” the base offense level was 8, to
which the PSIR recommended several adjustments. One of these
adjustments was a nine-level increase for an offense that “resulted in
a substantial likelihood of death or serious bodily injury.” USSG §
2Q1.2(b)(2). The recommendation was based on the PSIR’s
determination that the “storage of large quantities of ignitable
hazardous waste in an urban area . . . may cause a serious explosion
and fire.” PSIR at 6, ¶ 18, Supp.App. for Appellee, Vol. II at 12.
The recommended adjustments also included a four-level increase for
an offense involving “storage . . . without a permit.” USSG §
2Q1.2(b)(4). Because the adjusted offense level would result in a
guideline range for imprisonment that exceeded the maximum
statutory penalty of five years, the PSIR set the guideline range at the
five-year statutory maximum.
Among other objections to the PSIR, Dillon challenged the §
2Q1.2(b)(2) and (4) offense level increases. The Probation Office
submitted an addendum to the PSIR setting forth these objections and
the government’s and probation officer’s responses, and the parties
further addressed these objections in sentencing memoranda filed
with the district court. At the sentencing hearing on July 16, 2002,
the United States made a proffer of evidence in support of the facts
outlined above. In response, Dillon conceded that these facts were
accurate but testified that only the drums tested were in fact ignitable
and that those drums were easily identifiable and segregated within
the ESP facility. Dillon also testified that, despite the lack of a
permit, the ESP facility was equipped with all the necessary safety
equipment and warning signs and that the employees were properly
trained and outfitted. This testimony was contradicted by the
government’s proffer of evidence to show that hazardous waste was
mislabeled and safety precautions were insufficient.
Considering the PSIR, the government’s proffer, and Dillon’s
testimony, the district court found by a preponderance of the
evidence that Dillon had “created a risk of serious injury to others,
[including ESP] employees, innocent neighbors, firefighters and
other rescue workers” because of the possibility of a fire or
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explosion, and that “the risk was substantial, not from the way in
which the materials were handled, but due simply to the fact that
large quantities of ignitable hazardous wastes were sitting on
[Dillon]'s properties.” Tr. of Sentencing Hr'g at 56, Appellant's App.
at 113. The court largely adopted the sentencing computation set out
in the PSIR and incorporated the facts recited in the PSIR as
modified by the court’s own findings at the sentencing hearing.
Accordingly, the court imposed a sixty-month sentence followed by
three years supervised release.
Dillon I, 351 F.3d at 1316-18.
Discussion
The only issue under the COA is Dillon’s claim that the enhancements to
his sentence based on judicial fact-finding by a preponderance of the evidence
violates Apprendi, Blakely (and now Booker). The district court determined that
even if the Supreme Court later holds its ruling in Blakely does apply to the
federal sentencing guidelines, the ruling would apply only to cases pending on
direct appeal. [Id. at A 85, 92]
The district court’s prescience was accurate. We have held that neither
Blakely nor Booker applies on collateral review when the defendant’s conviction
was final at the time of the Supreme Court decision. United States v. Price, 400
F.3d 844, 845 (10th Cir. 2005) ( “Blakely does not apply retroactively to
convictions that were already final at the time the Court decided Blakely, June 24,
2004.”); United States v. Bellamy, 411 F.3d 1182, 1184 (10th Cir. 2005) (stating
that inasmuch as Booker merely extended Blakely to invalidate the mandatory
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provisions of the federal sentencing guidelines, it too is not retroactively
applicable to cases on collateral review). The judgment accepting Dillon’s guilty
plea was entered July 16, 2002, and we affirmed his sentence on direct appeal on
November 4, 2003. See Dillon I. Therefore, Dillon’s conviction became final on
February 2, 2004, when his time to file a writ of certiorari expired. See Teague v.
Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 295 (1989) (plurality opinion) (“final” means “the judgment
of conviction was rendered, the availability of appeal exhausted, and the time for
petition for certiorari ha[s] elapsed.”) (internal quotation omitted); Sup. Ct. R.
13(1) (“[A] petition for a writ of certiorari to review a judgment in any case, civil
or criminal, entered by a . . . United States court of appeals . . . is timely when it
is filed with the Clerk of this Court within 90 days after entry of the judgment.”).
The Supreme Court decided Blakely on June 24, 2004. Thus, Dillon’s conviction
was final before the Supreme Court decided either Blakely or Booker.
Accordingly, Dillon’s Blakely and Booker claims are unavailing.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.
Entered by the Court:
Terrence L. O’Brien
United States Circuit Judge
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