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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-13651
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 8:18-cr-00080-WFJ-JSS-3
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
ZACHARY GLOSTER,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(June 14, 2021)
Before MARTIN, JILL PRYOR, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Defendant Zachary Gloster, who pled guilty to conspiracy to commit Hobbs
Act robbery, brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence,
and making a false statement, appeals from his convictions and 240-month total
sentence. He argues that the district court erred in convicting him for brandishing
a firearm during a crime of violence because his predicate offense of aiding and
abetting bank robbery did not constitute a “crime of violence” under
18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)’s elements clause. Similarly, he argues that the district court plainly erred
in sentencing him as a career offender because he did not have an instant
conviction for a “crime of violence” under the Sentencing Guidelines. Because our
precedent forecloses Defendant’s arguments, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2017, Defendant and two co-conspirators used masks and guns to steal
approximately $110,000 from Florida banks. The Government arrested Defendant
and charged him by superseding information with (1) conspiracy to commit Hobbs
Act robbery, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 1951(a) (Count 1), (2) using, carrying, and
brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, namely, aiding
and abetting
18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) bank robbery by force and intimidation, in
violation of
18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c)(1)(A)(ii) and 2 (Count 2), and (3) making a false
material statement, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(2) (Count 3). Pursuant to a
written plea agreement, Defendant agreed to plead guilty to all three counts in
2
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exchange for the Government dropping other pending charges against him. The
district court accepted his plea.
According to the presentence investigation report, Defendant qualified as a
career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 because Counts 1 and 2 were felony
crimes of violence and Defendant had two prior convictions for either a crime of
violence or a controlled substance offense, namely, a 2005 robbery-with-a-firearm
conviction, and a 2014 sale-of-cocaine conviction for which Defendant received a
42-month prison sentence. Because Defendant was a career offender being
sentenced for a § 924(c) violation and other counts of conviction, Defendant’s
guideline range under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(c) was 262–327 months’ imprisonment. 1
At sentencing, the district court adopted the presentence investigation
report’s guideline calculations. 2 Although the Government requested a sentence of
324 months, the court varied downward to a total of 240 months’ imprisonment,
comprising concurrent terms of 156 months and 60 months for Counts 1 and 3 and
a 7-year consecutive term for Count 2.
1
Defendant faced maximum prison terms of 20 years and 5 years for Counts 1 and 3,
respectively. As to Count 2, Defendant faced a mandatory consecutive sentence of 7 years to
life.
2
Although Defendant objected at sentencing to his career-offender enhancement on the ground
that his sale-of-cocaine conviction could not qualify as a predicate controlled substance offense,
Defendant admitted that binding precedent foreclosed his argument and the court overruled the
objection. Defendant does not raise this issue on appeal.
3
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II. DISCUSSION
A. Whether the District Court Erred in Adjudicating Defendant
Guilty Under
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)
On appeal, Defendant argues for the first time that the district court erred in
convicting him for brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of
violence because his predicate crime—aiding and abetting bank robbery under
18
U.S.C. § 2113(a)—did not qualify as a “crime of violence” under
18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)’s element’s clause.3 Because Defendant did not raise this argument
below, the Government contends that we should review this issue only for plain
error. See United States v. Belfast,
611 F.3d 783, 815 (11th Cir. 2010). 4
Defendant, by contrast, argues that a de novo standard of review applies. See
United States v. Bates,
960 F.3d 1278, 1285 (11th Cir. 2020). We need not resolve
this dispute, however, because we discern no error, plain or otherwise.
Section 924(c) prohibits the use or carrying of a firearm during and in
relation to a “crime of violence” or “drug trafficking crime.” 18 U.S.C.
3
Although Defendant noted for the record at sentencing that aiding and abetting bank robbery
could not qualify as a “crime of violence” under § 924(c)’s residual clause, he did not advance an
argument regarding § 924(c)’s elements clause below.
4
To establish plain error, a defendant must show that (1) an error occurred, (2) the error was
plain, (3) the error affected substantial rights, and (4) the error “seriously affects the fairness,
integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (alteration accepted) (quotation marks
omitted).
4
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§ 924(c)(1)(A).5 Under what is known as the “elements clause,” § 924(c) defines a
“crime of violence” as a felony offense that “has as an element the use, attempted
use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another.”6
Id. § 924(c)(3)(A).
Here, the district court did not err in adjudicating Defendant guilty as to
Count 2, the § 924(c) offense. Although Defendant contends that aiding and
abetting bank robbery does not qualify as a “crime of violence” under § 924(c)’s
elements clause because an aider and abettor does not have to personally use,
attempt to use, or threaten violent physical force, binding precedent forecloses his
arguments. Specifically, we held in In re Sams that bank robbery under
18 U.S.C.
§ 2113(a) qualifies as a “crime of violence” under § 924(c)’s elements clause. In
re Sams,
830 F.3d 1234, 1239 (11th Cir. 2016). Further, we clarified in Steiner v.
United States that, if an offense qualifies as a “crime of violence” under § 924(c)’s
elements clause, a conviction for aiding and abetting that offense also qualifies as a
“crime of violence” under § 924(c)’s elements clause. Steiner v. United States,
5
Brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a “crime of violence” or “drug trafficking
crime” subjects a defendant to a mandatory consecutive sentence of at least seven years’
imprisonment. Id. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii).
6
Although § 924(c) also contains a residual clause, which defines a “crime of violence” as a
felony offense “that by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the
person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense,” id.
§ 924(c)(3)(B), the Supreme Court has held that the residual clause is unconstitutionally vague,
United States v. Davis,
139 S. Ct. 2319, 2323–24, 2336 (2019). Accordingly, only the elements
clause is relevant here.
5
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940 F.3d 1282, 1293 (11th Cir. 2019), cert. denied,
141 S. Ct. 320 (2020). Thus,
Defendant’s aiding-and-abetting-bank-robbery offense necessarily constituted a
“crime of violence.”
According to Defendant, we are not bound by this precedent for two reasons,
but neither is persuasive. First, Defendant argues that our decision in In re Sams is
not binding because that case addressed an application to file a second or
successive habeas petition, and decisions made in that context do not result in
“precedential decisions with application outside of that context.” We have held,
however, that “law established in published three-judge orders issued pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 2244(b) in the context of applications for leave to file second or
successive § 2255 motions is binding precedent on all subsequent panels of this
Court, including those reviewing direct appeals.” United States v. St. Hubert,
909
F.3d 335, 346 (11th Cir. 2018), abrogated on other grounds by United States v.
Davis,
139 S. Ct. 2319 (2019). Defendant’s argument therefore lacks merit.
Second, Defendant argues that we should not follow Steiner because its
holding—that an aiding-and-abetting offense constitutes a “crime of violence” if
the offense a defendant has aided and abetted is itself a “crime of violence”—is
“directly contrary” to the Supreme Court’s decision in Rosemond v. United States,
572 U.S. 65 (2014). Specifically, Defendant contends that this holding conflicts
with Rosemond’s general statement about aiding-and-abetting law that “a
6
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defendant can be convicted as an aider and abettor without proof that he
participated in each and every element of the offense.”
Id. at 73 (alteration
accepted) (quotation marks omitted).
Rosemond, however, does not conflict with Steiner.7 In Rosemond, the
Supreme Court held that a defendant who did not facilitate the use of a firearm
could nevertheless be found guilty of aiding and abetting a § 924(c) offense so
long as he “actively participated in the underlying drug trafficking or violent crime
with advance knowledge that a confederate would use or carry a gun during the
crime’s commission.” Rosemond, 572 U.S. at 67, 74–75, 77–78. Contrary to
Defendant’s argument, this holding has no bearing on whether an underlying
aiding-and-abetting offense qualifies as a predicate “crime of violence.”
Accordingly, Rosemond did not abrogate Steiner’s holding that an underlying
aiding-and-abetting offense is a “crime of violence” if the crime that the defendant
aids and abets is itself a “crime of violence.” Steiner, 940 F.3d at 1293.
Under our prior-panel-precedent rule, we are bound to follow In re Sams and
Steiner “until [they are] overruled by this court en banc or by the Supreme Court.”
United States v. Vega-Castillo,
540 F.3d 1235, 1236 (11th Cir. 2008) (quotation
7
We note that Steiner issued after the Supreme Court decided Rosemond and discussed at length
a claim based on Rosemond that insufficient evidence supported the defendant § 924(c)
conviction. See Steiner, 940 F.3d at 1288–92. This Court was therefore well aware of
Rosemond when we issued our decision in Steiner.
7
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marks omitted). Because our precedent forecloses Defendant’s argument that
aiding and abetting bank robbery is not a “crime of violence,” we affirm his
§ 924(c) conviction.
B. Whether the District Court Plainly Erred in Applying a Career-
Offender Enhancement
The district court adopted the probation officer’s determination that
Defendant was a career offender under the Sentencing Guidelines because his
instant convictions for conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery and brandishing a
firearm during a crime of violence were crimes of violence, and he had two prior
felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense,
namely, robbery with a firearm and sale of cocaine. On appeal, Defendant argues
for the first time that the district court erred in sentencing him as a career offender
because neither of his instant offenses constituted a “crime of violence.” 8 Because
Defendant did not raise this argument below, we review for plain error. See United
States v. Ochoa,
941 F.3d 1074, 1108 n.22 (11th Cir. 2019), cert. denied,
140 S.
Ct. 2553 (2020). The district court, however, correctly sentenced Defendant as a
career offender. We therefore affirm his sentences.9
8
Although Defendant also argues that his § 924(c) conviction could not support a career-
offender enhancement because the district court erred in convicting him under § 924(c), we have
already rejected the premise of this argument in the prior section and need not address it further.
9
The Government argues that a broad sentence-appeal waiver in Defendant’s plea agreement
bars him from challenging his career-offender enhancement. We need not address the validity or
8
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Under § 4B1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines, a defendant is subject to a
sentencing enhancement as a career offender if:
(1) the defendant was at least eighteen years old at the time the
defendant committed the instant offense of conviction;
(2) the instant offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of
violence or a controlled substance offense; and
(3) the defendant has at least two prior felony convictions of either a
crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.
U.S.S.G § 4B1.1. A “crime of violence” is defined as a felony offense that:
(1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
physical force against the person of another, or
(2) is murder, voluntary manslaughter, kidnapping, aggravated assault,
a forcible sex offense, robbery, arson, extortion, or the use or unlawful
possession of a firearm described in
26 U.S.C. § 5845(a) or explosive
material as defined in
18 U.S.C. § 841(c).
Id. § 4B1.2(a). The commentary to § 4B1.2 further explains that the term “crime
of violence” includes “the offenses of aiding and abetting, conspiring, and
attempting to commit such offenses,” and that “[a] violation of
18 U.S.C. § 924(c) .
. . is a ‘crime of violence’ . . . if the offense of conviction established that the
underlying offense was a ‘crime of violence.’”
Id. § 4B1.2, comment. (n.1).
Here, the district court did not plainly err in sentencing Defendant as a
career offender. Defendant is correct that we have held that “conspiracy to commit
application of the sentence-appeal waiver, however, because Defendant’s claim on appeal fails
on the merits. St. Hubert, 909 F.3d at 346 n.7.
9
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Hobbs Act robbery does not qualify as a ‘crime of violence’” under § 924(c)’s
similarly worded elements clause. Brown v. United States,
942 F.3d 1069, 1075
(11th Cir. 2019). But whether conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery qualifies
as a “crime of violence” under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 is irrelevant here. The career-
offender enhancement requires only one instant offense of conviction that qualifies
as a “crime of violence.” See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a)(2). And the district court
concluded that Defendant had another instant offense of conviction that was a
“crime of violence”—namely, brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a
crime of violence, in violation of § 924(c).
As discussed in the prior section, the predicate crime for Defendant’s
§ 924(c) conviction—aiding and abetting bank robbery—qualifies as “crime of
violence.” See Steiner, 940 F.3d at 1293; In re Sams, 830 F.3d at 1239. Because
the Guidelines expressly provide that both aiding and abetting a crime and a
violation of § 924(c) constitute “crimes of violence” if the underlying offense is a
“crime of violence,” the district court correctly determined that at least one of
Defendant’s instant crimes of conviction was a “crime of violence” under the
Guidelines.10 U.S.S.G § 4B1.2(a) & comment. (n.1).
10
Defendant does not challenge the district court’s findings with respect to the other
requirements for a career-offender enhancement. In any event, he “was at least eighteen years
old at the time [he] committed the instant offense of conviction.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a)(1). And
he had “at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled
substance offense.” Id. § 4B1.1(a)(3). Specifically, his conviction for robbery with a firearm
qualified as an enumerated “crime of violence” under § 4B1.2(a)(2). And his conviction for
10
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Because Defendant’s instant § 924(c) offense qualified as a “crime of
violence,” he was at least 18 years old when he committed the instant offense, and
he had at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a
controlled substance offense, the court correctly sentenced him as a career
offender. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). Accordingly, we affirm Defendant’s sentences.
C. Motion to File a Supplemental Brief
Defendant has moved this Court to file a supplemental brief raising a new
argument that armed bank robbery, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), should not
categorically qualify as a predicate crime of violence under § 924(c) because it can
be committed solely by intimidation without the threatened use of physical force.
As a general matter, parties may not raise new issues through supplemental briefs.
United States v. Nealy,
232 F.3d 825, 830 (11th Cir. 2000). With leave of court,
however, parties may submit supplemental briefs to discuss how intervening
decisions impact issues raised in initial briefs,
id., or to raise a new claim or theory
not raised in an initial brief based on an intervening Supreme Court decision that
overrules binding precedent, United States v. Durham,
795 F.3d 1329, 1330–31
selling cocaine, which resulted in a 42-month prison sentence, qualified as a “controlled
substance offense” because the crime was “punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding
one year” and “prohibit[ed] the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a
controlled substance.”
Id. § 4B1.2(b).
11
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(11th Cir. 2015) (en banc). Here, Defendant has not identified any intervening
authority relevant to an issue properly raised in his initial brief or justifying a new
claim. Accordingly, his motion is denied. 11
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm Defendant’s convictions and sentences. Defendant’s pending
motion to file a supplemental brief is denied.
AFFIRMED.
11
Notably, Defendant’s new argument would be foreclosed by binding precedent in any event.
In re Sams, 830 F.3d at 1239 (holding that “a bank robbery conviction under § 2113(a) by force
and violence or by intimidation qualifies as a crime of violence under the § 924(c)(3)(A)
[elements] clause” (emphasis added)).
12
