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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 20-12571
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-04381-ELR
ZELDA WARE,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
CITY OF ATLANTA,
CHRISTOPHER FALL, individually and in his official capacity,
Defendant-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
________________________
(June 24, 2021)
Before JORDAN, BRANCH, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Zelda Ware appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor
of the City of Atlanta and Atlanta Police Officer Christopher Fall, in his individual
capacity, on her
42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint alleging violations of her Fourth
Amendment rights and a related state law claim. 1 She argues that the district erred
in granting summary judgment on her claims that Officer Fall (1) unlawfully
entered and searched her home without a warrant and without her consent, and
(2) unlawfully arrested her without probable cause and used excessive force. She
also argues that there was a genuine issue of fact as to whether Officer Fall acted
with actual malice for purposes of her state law claim for vicarious liability against
the City of Atlanta. After careful review, we affirm.
I. Background
Ware filed a pro se civil complaint in the state court of Fulton County
against the City of Atlanta and Officer Fall, in his individual and official capacity,
raising various claims related to Officer Fall’s actions at her home in August 2016.
Specifically, she alleged that Officer Fall went to her home at the request of an
employee with the Georgia Department of Family and Children Services
(“DFACS”) in order to locate a child. Ware asserted that Officer Fall “barged”
into her home and began searching her home without her permission. And when
1
Ware was represented by counsel in the district court proceeding, but she is proceeding
pro se on appeal.
2
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Ware told Officer Fall that the child was not there and was with Ware’s daughter,
Officer Fall threatened to arrest her unless she “g[ot] her daughter on the
telephone.” Ware alleged that she complied with his request, but he nevertheless
“aggressively grabbed [her], twisted her arm and shoulder and placed her in
handcuffs,” which caused an injury to her shoulder. Officer Fall then removed the
handcuffs and left. Ware asserted that Officer Fall’s actions violated her Fourth
Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment rights in violation of
42 U.S.C. § 1983
because (1) Officer Fall did not have a warrant and did not have any authority to
enter and search her home; and (2) he lacked probable cause to arrest her, and he
used excessive force to execute the illegal arrest. 2 Ware also alleged that the City
of Atlanta was liable for Officer Fall’s actions under Georgia law because he acted
with actual malice, and that she was entitled to punitive damages based on his
malicious, reckless, and intentional conduct. The City of Atlanta and Officer Fall
removed the case to the United States District Court for the Northern District of
Georgia.
Following discovery, the City of Atlanta and Officer Fall moved for
summary judgment. According to Officer Fall, he was dispatched to Ware’s home
in response to a 911 call by an employee of DFACS. DFACS had a court order for
2
The claims against Officer Fall in his official capacity were dismissed at the motion-to-
dismiss stage. None of the dismissed claims are the subject of this appeal, and, therefore, we
will not discuss them further.
3
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the removal of Ware’s minor grandson, D.J., from Ware’s home, and the DFACS
employee requested police assistance with executing the court order. Additionally,
Officer Fall stated that he “had information that the situation [might] involve
attempted kidnapping.” Officer Fall stated that “[a]t some point during the
interaction with Ware, [he] did inform [her] that the [DFACS] order existed.”
Officer Fall searched the premises in an attempt to locate the child but could not
find him. D.J. was with Ware’s daughter headed to South Carolina, and initially
Ware refused to call her daughter to request that she return home with D.J. Officer
Fall asserted that both he and the DFACS worker “kept asking” Ware to call her
daughter, and eventually “Ware purported to make a call to [her daughter] but
claimed that her phone died and the call could not be completed.” Officer Fall told
Ware that if she did not comply and contact her daughter, Ware “would be arrested
for interference with the lawful custody of a child.” Ware continued to not
comply, and Officer Fall began to place Ware under arrest. Officer Fall told Ware
to “give him her hands” and that he initiated the handcuffing process by taking
“her arm and pull[ing] it behind her back,” which was “the same technique” he
used with arrestees that are standing and not resisting. He stated that because she
was older and a female, he “actually used less force” than he normally would, and
when she “said something about her shoulder,” he ceased, let go of her arm, and
did not complete the handcuffing process. At that point, Ware complied and
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contacted her daughter, and Officer Fall removed the handcuff on Ware’s one arm.
Ware did not request any medical attention during the encounter.
Ware opposed the motion, asserting that because her version of the facts
differed significantly from that of Officer Fall, summary judgment was
inappropriate. Specifically, Ware agreed that Officer Fall was dispatched to
Ware’s home following a 911 call by a DFACS employee requesting officer
assistance. Ware asserted that the employee reported to 911 dispatch that she
needed “an officer, preferably a sheriff, [to] assist [her] with removing a child from
the home, we have a court order, and also allegations of kidnapping.” (second
alteration in original).
However, according to Ware, upon arrival at her home, Officer Fall began
“aggressively” knocking on her door, and when she opened the door, he forced his
way into the home without her permission and began searching her home and
asking “where’s the child” without identifying himself, or mentioning a court order
or a warrant. When Officer Fall mentioned D.J. by name, Ware understood that he
was looking for her grandson, and she informed him that D.J. was with her adult
daughter and that they were headed to South Carolina. Ware attempted to show
Officer Fall a Georgia Safety Plan related to D.J. that was issued by DFACS that
permitted Ware to have custody of D.J., but Officer Fall would not listen. Ware
called her daughter several times to ask her to return with D.J., and, when she
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finally got her on the phone, Ware’s phone died. Ware asserted that Officer Fall
became upset about the phone situation and her inability to reach her daughter, so
he “grabbed [her] arm . . . twisted [it] behind [her] back,” and placed a handcuff on
one of her arms. Ware told Officer Fall that he was hurting her arm, and Ware’s
niece, who was in the home, grabbed Officer Fall’s arm and told her she would not
let go until he let Ware go. Officer Fall then let Ware go, but he told her to “get
[her] daughter on [the] phone” or else she was going to jail. Ware then reached her
daughter on the phone and her daughter returned home with D.J. a few hours later
and DFACS took custody.
In light of these facts, Ware maintained that (1) Officer Fall’s warrantless
entry into and search of her home without her consent violated her Fourth
Amendment rights; (2) Officer Fall’s arrest without probable cause or arguable
probable cause and his use of excessive force violated her Fourth Amendment
rights; (3) she was entitled to punitive damages; and (4) an issue of fact existed as
to whether Officer Fall acted with actual malice for purposes of whether the City
of Atlanta could be held vicariously liable for his actions.
Upon review, the district court determined that, even under Ware’s version
of events, Officer Fall and the City of Atlanta were entitled to summary judgment
on all claims. With regard to Ware’s challenge to Officer’s Fall’s entry and search
of her home, the district court determined that Officer Fall did not violate the
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Fourth Amendment because under Georgia law the DFACS order qualified as a
warrant, and Officer Fall was acting pursuant to that warrant. As to Ware’s
challenge to her arrest, the district court determined that Officer Fall was engaged
in a discretionary duty, and Ware failed to meet her burden of demonstrating that
Officer Fall violated a clearly established constitutional right at the time of the
alleged violation because she failed to provide supporting legal citations or
substantive analysis. Consequently, the district court determined that Officer Fall
was entitled to qualified immunity. And because the unlawful arrest allegation was
the premise for her excessive force allegation, Officer Fall was entitled to qualified
immunity on that allegation as well. Finally, the district court determined that
Ware’s claim for vicarious liability against the City of Atlanta lacked a legal basis,
and, regardless, she failed to establish that Officer Fall acted with actual malice.
This appeal followed.
II. Discussion
“We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,” viewing
the evidence and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to
the non-moving party. Crawford v. Carroll,
529 F.3d 961, 964 (11th Cir. 2008).
Summary judgment is appropriate when the “movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Crawford,
529 F.3d at 964
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(“Summary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”). “The moving party bears the initial
burden of proving the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. The burden then
shifts to the nonmoving party, who is required to go beyond the pleadings to
establish that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Whitehead v. BBVA Compass
Bank,
979 F.3d 1327, 1328 (11th Cir. 2020) (quotations and citation omitted).
“In order to prevail on a civil rights action under § 1983, a plaintiff must
show that he . . . was deprived of a federal right by a person acting under color of
state law.” Griffin v. City of Opa-Locka,
261 F.3d 1295, 1303 (11th Cir. 2001).
Ware argues that Officer Fall’s actions deprived her of her Fourth Amendment
rights in violation of § 1983. The Fourth Amendment provides that “[t]he right of
the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated . . . .” U.S. Const. amend.
IV. We address each of her § 1983 allegations and her related state law claim in
turn. We may affirm “on any ground supported by the record, regardless of the
basis for the initial decision.” Kroma Makeup EC, LLC v. Boldface Licensing +
Branding, Inc.,
920 F.3d 704, 707 (11th Cir. 2019).
A. Officer Fall’s Entry and Search of Ware’s Home
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Ware argues that the custody transfer order merely authorized local law
enforcement to assist the legal custodian with retrieving D.J. from Ware’s home,
and Officer Fall exceeded the scope of that court order when he entered her home
without the DFACS employee and without Ware’s authorization to search for D.J. 3
The Fourth Amendment prohibits an officer from entering a person’s home
without a warrant, absent exigent circumstances or the individual’s consent. See
Payton v. New York,
445 U.S. 573, 590 (1980). Under Georgia law “an order
issued by a court authorizing law enforcement officers to take physical custody of
a child” qualifies as a “warrant.” O.C.G.A. § 19-9-41(17). A custody
transfer/removal warrant effectively authorizes the seizure of a child by law
enforcement, which is analogous to an arrest warrant for an adult. See Torres v.
Madrid,
141 S. Ct. 989, 996 (2021) (explaining that “the arrest of a person is
quintessentially a seizure” (quotation omitted)). It is well-established under both
federal and Georgia law that where an officer possesses an arrest warrant, the
officer “is entitled to enter [the suspect’s home] and to search anywhere in the
[home] in which the [suspect] might be found.” State v. Wright,
419 S.E.2d 334,
337 (Ga. App. 1992) (quoting Maryland v. Buie,
494 U.S. 325, 332–33 (1990));
3
For the first time on appeal, Ware argues that Officer Fall violated the requirements for
executing a warrant because he failed to comply with the knock and announce rule. However,
we have “repeatedly held that an issue not raised in the district court and raised for the first time
in an appeal will not be considered by this [C]ourt.” Access Now, Inc. v. S.W. Airlines Co.,
385
F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). Accordingly, we do not address this issue.
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see also Lee v. State,
820 S.E.2d 147, 154 (Ga. App. 2018) (same). There is no
dispute that the minor D.J., who was the subject of the custody transfer order,
resided at Ware’s home. Thus, Officer Fall’s entry and search of Ware’s home for
D.J. pursuant to the custody transfer order, which constituted a warrant under
Georgia law, was valid under the Fourth Amendment.4 See Wright,
419 S.E.2d at
337. Accordingly, Officer Fall the district court did not err in granting summary
judgment on this issue.
B. The Arrest
Ware argues that her arrest was unlawful and violated the Fourth
Amendment because Officer Fall lacked probable cause, or arguable probable
cause, to arrest her.5 Relatedly, Ware argues that Officer Fall used excessive force
4
Because we conclude that Officer Fall’s entry and search of the home was
constitutional based on the warrant for removal of the minor child from the home, we do not
address Ware’s arguments that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the alleged
kidnapping information was a basis for Officer Fall’s entry into the home.
5
Ware also argues that the arrest was “tainted” because Officer Fall had no right to be in
her home in the first place. We do not reach this argument because, as discussed previously, the
custody transfer/removal order constituted a warrant and authorized Officer Fall to go to Ware’s
home to seize the minor in question and to search the home for places where he might reasonably
be found.
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when he “needlessly twisted” her arm behind her back in the process of attempting
to handcuff her.
“Qualified immunity protects government officials performing discretionary
functions from suits in their individual capacities unless their conduct violates
clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person
would have known.” Gates v. Khokhar,
884 F.3d 1290, 1296 (11th Cir. 2018).
When asserting the affirmative defense of qualified immunity, a defendant must
first establish that he was acting within his discretionary authority when he
performed the allegedly unconstitutional acts at issue.
Id. at 1297. Ware does not
dispute that Officer Fall was acting in his discretionary authority. Thus, the burden
shifted to her to show that Officer Fall (1) “violat[ed] a constitutional right,” and
(2) “the constitutional right at issue was clearly established at the time of the
alleged misconduct.”
Id. Ware cannot establish the first prong and so our inquiry
ends.
“An officer’s application of physical force to the body of a person for the
purpose of arresting [her] [is] itself an arrest . . . even if the person [does] not
yield.” Torres, 141 S. Ct. at 995 (quotation omitted). “[A] warrantless arrest
lacking probable cause violates the [Fourth Amendment].” Gates, 884 F.3d at
1297. However, the existence of actual probable cause, or arguable probable
cause, “at the time of arrest is an absolute bar to a subsequent constitutional
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challenge to the arrest.” Id. at 1297–98 (quotation omitted). “Probable cause
exists where the facts within the collective knowledge of law enforcement
officials . . . are sufficient to cause a person of reasonable caution to believe that a
criminal offense has been or is being committed.” Id. at 1298 (quotation omitted).
Actual probable cause “requires only a probability or substantial chance of
criminal activity, not an actual showing of such activity.” Id. (quotation omitted).
Arguable probable cause exists when a reasonable officer “in the same
circumstances and possessing the same knowledge as the defendant could have
believed that probable cause existed to arrest.” Id. (alteration adopted) (quotation
omitted). “Whether an officer has probable or arguable probable cause . . .
depends on the elements of the alleged crime and the operative fact pattern.” Id.
(quotation omitted).
Ware argues that Officer Fall lacked probable cause to arrest her. We
disagree. In Georgia, “[a] person commits the offense of interference with custody
when without lawful authority to do so, the person: (A) [k]nowingly or recklessly
takes or entices any child . . . away from the individual who has lawful custody of
such child . . . ; [or] (B) [k]nowingly harbors any child . . . who has absconded.”
See O.C.G.A. § 16-5-45(b)(1). Given the totality of the circumstances in this case
viewed in the light most favorable to Ware, Officer Fall at a minimum had
arguable probable cause to believe that Ware committed the offense of interference
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with custody.6 Specifically, DFACS had a custody transfer order to remove D.J.
from the home, D.J. was not present in the home when Officer Fall arrived, and
Ware informed Officer Fall that D.J. was with her daughter on the way to South
Carolina. Ware admits that she made several attempts to reach her daughter on the
phone but was unable to do so, and, then when she did reach her, her phone died.
A reasonable officer facing the same circumstances and possessing the same
information could have believed that Ware committed the offense of interference
with custody and was stalling and assisting in keeping the child away from
DFACS. Thus, Officer Fall had at a minimum arguable probable cause to arrest
Ware.
Relatedly, Ware argues that Officer Fall violated her Fourth Amendment
rights when he used excessive force and caused her physical injury by twisting her
arm behind her back when he illegally arrested her. The district court concluded
that her excessive force allegation necessarily failed because Officer Fall was
entitled to qualified immunity on the underlying illegal arrest claim. “Under this
Circuit’s law, . . . a claim that any force in an illegal stop or arrest is excessive is
subsumed in the illegal stop or arrest claim and is not a discrete excessive force
claim.” Jackson v. Sauls,
206 F.3d 1156, 1171 (11th Cir. 2000). On the other
6
Although the district court did not reach the probable cause question, as noted
previously, we may affirm on any ground supported by the record, regardless of the ground
relied on by the district court. Kroma Makeup, 920 F.3d at 707.
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hand, “a claim for excessive force during a legal stop or arrest is a discrete claim.”
Id.
Ware’s counseled complaint did not specify whether her excessive force
allegation was premised on her unlawful arrest claim or whether she was also
arguing that, even if the arrest was lawful, Officer Fall used excessive force.
However, in the response in opposition to the motion for summary judgment, Ware
cited to “unlawful arrest” principles and stated that because her “arrest was
illegal . . . any injury suffered as a result thereof is compensable.” Thus, it is clear
that her excessive force allegation was based on the illegality of her arrest, and it
therefore was “subsumed” in the false arrest claim itself and was not a separate,
“discrete excessive force claim.” Jackson, 206 F.3d at 1171. Accordingly, the
district court properly determined that, because Officer Fall was entitled to
qualified immunity on the unlawful arrest claim, Ware’s excessive force allegation
necessarily failed.
C. State Law Claim
Ware states in her brief, without advancing any argument or citing to any
legal authority, that she has “set[] forth above a genuine issue of fact as to
[whether] Officer [Fall] acted with malice, a question to be posed to a jury.” This
statement appears to relate to her underlying claim that the City of Atlanta was
vicariously liable for Officer Fall’s actions because he acted with actual malice.
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“We have long held that an appellant abandons a claim when he either makes only
passing references to it or raises it in a perfunctory manner without supporting
arguments or authority.” Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co.,
739 F.3d 678, 683
(11th Cir. 2014). Although we liberally construe pro se briefs like Ware’s, a court
may not “serve as de facto counsel for a party” or “rewrite” a brief in order to
preserve a claim. GJR Invs., Inc. v. Cty. of Escambia, Fla.,
132 F.3d 1359, 1369
(11th Cir. 1998), overruled on other grounds as recognized in Randall v. Scott,
610
F.3d 701, 709 (11th Cir. 2010). Accordingly, we conclude that Ware abandoned
any challenge to the district court’s grant of summary judgment on her state law
claim. 7 Id.; see also Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at 683.
III. Conclusion
Consequently, we affirm the district court’s order granting summary
judgment in favor of the defendants in this civil § 1983 action.
AFFIRMED.
7
Even if Ware had not abandoned her state law claim, under Georgia law, a municipality
“shall not be liable for the torts of policemen or other officers engaged in the discharge of the
duties imposed on them by law.” O.C.G.A. § 36-33-3. Although in the district court
proceedings Ware cited to McClendon v. Harper,
826 S.E.2d 412 (Ga. Ct. App. 2019), for the
proposition that the City of Atlanta could be liable for Officer Fall’s actions if he acted with
actual malice, her reliance on that case is misplaced. McClendon was unique to liability for
MARTA officers and did not involve O.C.G.A. § 36-33-3 or municipalities. Id. at 419–20, 420
n.7. Accordingly, the district court did not err in entering summary judgment in favor of the City
of Atlanta on this issue.
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