Allan Ross v. United States , 289 F.3d 677 ( 2002 )

[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
____________________________ APRIL 19, 2002
THOMAS K. KAHN
No. 01-12338 CLERK
____________________________
D. C. Docket Nos. 97-00008 CV-1-MMP
and 89-01007-CR-1-M
ALLAN ROSS,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
_______________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
________________________
(April 19, 2002)
Before EDMONDSON, HILL and LAY*, Circuit Judges.
____________________
*Honorable Donald P. Lay, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
PER CURIAM:
Petitioner Allan Ross, a federal prisoner, appeals the district court’s denial of
his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion for habeas relief. We conclude that the district court
correctly denied Petitioner’s section 2255 motion, and we affirm that ruling.
In 1992, Ross was tried under a three-count indictment for engaging in a
continuing criminal enterprise (“CCE”) in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848 (Count I),
conspiracy to import cocaine and marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952, 963
(Count II), and conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine and
marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841, 846 (Count III). At trial, he requested
a jury instruction requiring the jury to agree unanimously on which offenses
constituted the continuing series of violations of the CCE charge. The district
court, pursuant to Circuit precedent at that time, denied Ross’s request. The jury
convicted Ross on all three counts, and he was sentenced to three concurrent life
sentences and fined $2 million pursuant to Count I and $4 million each pursuant to
Counts II and III.
On direct appeal, Ross argued, among other things, that the district court’s
failure to give his requested unanimity instruction constituted reversible error. We
affirmed Ross’s conviction and sentencing. See United States v. Ross, 33 F.3d
1507 (11th Cir. 1994). Ross filed a petition for habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. §
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2255 and a motion for a new trial. While his section 2255 motion was pending, the
Supreme Court decided Richardson v. United States, 526 U.S. 813, 119 S. Ct. 1707
(1999), in which the Court concluded that “a jury has to agree unanimously about
which specific violations make up the ‘continuing series of violations’” of a CCE
charge. See Richardson, 526 U.S. at 815, 119 S. Ct. at 1708. The district court
denied all claims raised in Ross’s original section 2255 motion but granted Ross
leave to amend his petition to add a claim based on Richardson.
The district court ultimately denied Ross habeas relief on his Richardson
claim. The district court concluded that, while Richardson does apply retroactively
to cases on collateral review, Richardson error was subject to review for harmless
error. And the district court determined that the failure to give a unanimity
instruction at Ross’s trial constituted harmless error. We granted a certificate of
appealability on whether Ross was due relief in the light of Richardson.1
The district court’s determination that the rule articulated in Richardson
should be applied retroactively to cases on collateral review is an issue of law to be
examined de novo. Our sister circuits which have addressed this issue have
1
We, because no certificate of appealability was granted about insufficiency of the indictment
issue, decline to address Ross’s argument on that issue. See Murray v. United States, 145 F.3d 1249,
1251 (11th Cir. 1998) (“[A]ppellate review is limited to the issues specified in the [certificate of
appealability].”). In this case, we granted a certificate of appealability on the following issue:
“whether Appellant’s rights were violated in light of [Richardson], by the trial court’s jury
instruction regarding the elements of the [CCE] offense.” (emphasis added).
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concluded that Richardson does apply retroactively to cases on collateral review.
See Santana-Madera v. United States, 260 F.3d 133, 139 (2d Cir. 2001); United
States v. Lopez, 248 F.3d 427, 432 (5th Cir. 2001); Lanier v. United States, 220
F.3d 833, 838 (7th Cir. 2000); Murr v. United States, 200 F.3d 895, 906 (6th Cir.
2000).
The government contends that Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 310, 109 S. Ct.
1060, 1075 (1989), under which new constitutional rules of criminal procedure are
generally inapplicable to cases on collateral review, bars application of the rule in
Richardson in this case. Teague’s bar, however, does not apply when the Supreme
Court decides a new substantive rule of criminal law as opposed to a new
procedural rule. And a new rule is substantive when it interprets “the meaning of a
criminal statute enacted by Congress” so that the conduct for which a defendant
was convicted may no longer be illegal. Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614,
620, 118 S. Ct. 1604, 1610 (1998).
In Richardson, the Supreme Court concluded that 21 U.S.C. § 848's ‘series
of violations’ refers to several ‘violations,’ each of which the jury must agree on
unanimously. Richardson, 526 U.S. at 824, 119 S. Ct. at 1713. Therefore, the
Court changed the elements of a CCE offense and, thus, changed the meaning of
that statute.
4
We reject the government’s contention that Richardson is akin to the
decision in United States v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506, 522-23, 115 S. Ct. 2310, 2319-
20 (1995), in which the Supreme Court concluded that materiality was an element
to be decided by the jury (and not the district court) and which we have held is
inapplicable to cases on collateral review. In Gaudin, neither party disputed that
materiality was an element of the charged offense; instead, they disputed who
decided that element. In contrast, pre-Richardson, a jury was required to find that
the accused committed a series of offenses; the jurors, however, were not required
to agree on what specific predicate offenses comprised this series. Post-
Richardson, if jurors cannot agree on what specific offenses make up the
continuing series, the accused must be acquitted of the CCE offense. Therefore,
we join our sister circuits in concluding that Richardson set out a new substantive
rule of criminal law which applies retroactively to cases on collateral review.
Having determined that Richardson applies retroactively to cases on
collateral review, we must next decide whether harmless error analysis applies to
Richardson error. The courts of appeals which have addressed this issue have
concluded that Richardson error is subject to harmless error analysis. See Santana-
Madera v. United States, 260 F.3d 133, 139-40 (2d Cir. 2001); Lanier v. United
States, 220 F.3d 833, 838-39 (7th Cir. 2000); United States v. Brown, 202 F.3d
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691, 699 (4th Cir. 2000); United States v. Long, 190 F.3d 471, 476 n.3 (6th Cir.
1999); United States v. Escobar-de Jesus, 187 F.3d 148, 161-62 (1st Cir. 1999).
We agree. A jury instruction which omits an element of the charged offense is
generally subject to harmless error analysis. See Neder v. United States, 527 U.S.
1, 9, 119 S. Ct. 1827, 1833 (1999) (“[A]n instruction that omits an element of the
offense does not necessarily render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair or an
unreliable vehicle for determining guilt or innocence.”). Structural error, to which
harmless error analysis does not apply, occurs only with “extreme deprivations of
constitutional rights, such as denial of counsel, denial of self representation at trial,
and denial of a public trial.” United States v. Nealy, 232 F.3d 825, 830 n.4 (11th
Cir. 2000). And we conclude that instructional error under Richardson is not
structural error, but instead is subject to review for harmless error.
The parties dispute precisely what harmless-error standard is applicable in
this case. In Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 636-38, 113 S. Ct. 1710, 1721-
22 (1993), the Supreme Court concluded that the appropriate standard for
reviewing the harmlessness of a non-structural constitutional error on collateral
review of a state court judgment is the standard enunciated in Kotteakos v. United
States, 328 U.S. 750, 66 S. Ct. 1239 (1946). Under that standard, a defendant is
entitled to habeas relief when an error results in actual prejudice because it “had
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substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.”
Brecht, 507 U.S. at 638, 113 S. Ct. at 1722. Ross, however, contends that the
instructional error in this case should be evaluated under the harmless-beyond-a-
reasonable-doubt standard of Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S. Ct.
824, 828 (1967). He offers two reasons for this assertion.
Ross notes that, because Brecht involved the habeas review of a state court
conviction, the Supreme Court relied on principles of comity and federalism, as
well as the State’s interest in the finality of convictions and the extraordinary
nature of habeas relief, in concluding that the more relaxed Kotteakos standard
should apply in reviewing harmlessness of error during collateral review. See
Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637, 113 S. Ct. at 1721-22. And, in Brecht, the state court had
already evaluated the error under the more stringent Chapman standard on direct
appeal. See id. at 636, 113 S. Ct. at 1721. Therefore, Ross contends, Brecht’s
relaxed harmless error standard should apply only when a federal appellate court is
reviewing a state conviction in which the alleged error has been evaluated under
the more stringent Chapman standard on direct appeal.
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Only the Sixth and Seventh Circuits have addressed which harmless error
standard is appropriate when reviewing Richardson error on habeas review.2 The
Sixth Circuit has concluded that the Brecht standard applied, see Murr, 200 F.3d at
906 while the Seventh Circuit has applied the harmless-beyond-a-reasonable-doubt
standard of Chapman. See Lanier, 220 F.3d at 839.
We conclude that the Sixth Circuit is correct and that application of the
Brecht standard to Richardson error on collateral appeal is the appropriate
approach. In this Circuit, we apply the Brecht harmless error standard to the
habeas review of federal court convictions, as well as state court convictions. See
Vines v. United States, 28 F.3d 1123, 1130 (11th Cir. 1994). And we, when
looking at state decisions, have rejected the theory that the Brecht standard only
applies to convictions which have been previously reviewed under the Chapman
standard. See Horsley v. Alabama, 45 F.3d 1486, 1492 n.11 (11th Cir. 1995).
Ross offers no compelling argument for why we should treat federal convictions
differently. We, therefore, conclude that the Brecht standard for harmless error
applies to our habeas review of the Richardson error at Ross’s trial.
2
The Second Circuit has also been confronted with a collateral attack of a CCE conviction
because of Richardson error. But that court declined to decide what harmless error standard was
appropriate -- Brecht or Neder -- after concluding that the Richardson error in that case was harmless
under either standard. See Santana-Madera, 260 F.3d at 140. The Second Circuit did say that,
generally, when evaluating convictions on collateral review the Brecht standard was appropriate.
Id.
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We must now consider whether the district court’s failure to give a
unanimity instruction as required by Richardson constitutes harmless error under
Brecht in this case. When reviewing the harmlessness of an error under the Brecht
standard, “[i]f, when all is said and done, the [court’s] conviction is sure that the
error did not influence, or had but very slight effect, the verdict and the judgment
should stand.” O’Neal v. McAninch, 513 U.S. 432, 437, 115 S. Ct. 992, 995
(1995) (quoting Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 764 (1946). But if a
federal court is “in grave doubt about whether a trial error of federal law had
substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict, that
error is not harmless.” Smith v. Singletary, 61 F.3d 815, 818-19 (11th Cir. 1995)
(quoting O’Neal, 513 U.S. at 436) (applying Brecht standard).
The “continuing series” of a section 848 offense is made up of at least three
connected violations of the controlled substances laws. See United States v.
Alvarez-Moreno, 874 F.2d 1402, 1408 (11th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S.
1032 (1990). And in this Circuit, a controlled substance conspiracy conviction
may count as a predicate offense of a CCE charge. See United States v. Rosenthal,
793 F.2d 1214, 1227 (11th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 919 (1987). Here,
Ross’s two conspiracy convictions make up two of the three controlled substances
offenses necessary to sustain his CCE conviction. Still, no third, connected
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conviction exists which would complete the continuing series of the CCE. Thus,
we must look to the record to determine whether we have at least “grave doubt”
about whether the absence of a Richardson instruction in this case had “substantial
and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Smith, 61 F.3d
at 819. In other words, we must determine whether grave doubt exists on whether
the jury would have unanimously found that Ross committed a third connected
violation of the controlled substances laws if a Richardson instruction had been
given.
Having conducted a close review of the record, we cannot conclude that the
absence of a Richardson instruction had substantial and injurious effect on the
jury’s verdict in the CCE charge.3 We have no doubt that the jury would have
unanimously concluded that Ross committed a third connected controlled
substances offense had a Richardson unanimity instruction been given. At trial,
more than fifteen witnesses for the Government testified about Ross’s participation
in hundreds of controlled substance offenses. That the jury found Ross guilty of
the two conspiracy charges evidences that the jury believed the testimony of at
least some subset of the Government’s witnesses, in spite of Ross’s attacks on the
3
Ross’s criminal trial lasted over six weeks in which more than fifteen witnesses testified for the
Government. See our decision on direct appeal, United States v. Ross, 33 F.3d 1507, 1510-12 (11th
Cir. 1994), for a more complete factual description of the evidence presented at trial.
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witnesses’ credibility. We agree with the district court that it is virtually
inconceivable that the jury would have unanimously agreed that Ross committed
the conspiracy offenses and yet would not have unanimously agreed that Ross
committed at least one specific offense of the hundreds of uncharged controlled
substance offenses in evidence. Thus, because we cannot discern that, in this case,
the Richardson error had a substantial and injurious effect on the jury’s verdict in
the CCE offense, we affirm the district court’s order denying Ross habeas relief.
AFFIRMED.
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