Case: 17-13440 Date Filed: 12/31/2019 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 17-13440
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cr-20368-KMW-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
HUMBERTO HERRERA,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
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(December 31, 2019)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, JILL PRYOR, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM:
Humberto Herrera appeals his convictions for Hobbs Act robbery, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a).1 No reversible error has been shown; we affirm.
A federal grand jury returned an eight-count superseding indictment
charging Herrera with four counts of Hobbs Act robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1951(a) (Counts 1, 3, 5, and 7), and with four counts of brandishing a firearm in
furtherance of a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii)
(Counts 2, 4, 6, and 8). Herrera pleaded guilty -- pursuant to a written plea
agreement -- to Counts 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 of the superseding indictment in exchange
for the dismissal of Counts 4, 6, and 8.
In conjunction with his guilty plea, Herrera executed a factual proffer.
Briefly stated, Herrera stipulated to these facts. On three separate occasions,
Herrera entered a business (a restaurant, an auto parts store, and a gas station),
approached the cash register and -- while brandishing a gun -- demanded money
from the store employee. In each case, the store employee complied with
Herrera’s demand; Herrera then fled the store with money from the cash register.
1
On appeal, Herrera raises no challenge to his conviction for brandishing a firearm in
furtherance of a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii), or to his
sentence.
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On another occasion, Herrera entered a department store where he brandished a
gun and demanded that a store employee put jewelry (approximately worth
$33,000) from the store’s jewelry counter into a bag which Herrera then took from
the store. Herrera stipulated and agreed that the government could prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that each of the four businesses “purchase and sell products that
travel in interstate and/or foreign commerce and that Defendant’s actions during
each of the robberies obstructed, delayed, and affected interstate commerce.”
On appeal, Herrera contends that the district court lacked subject matter
jurisdiction over his criminal case. Herrera contends that the stipulated factual
proffer was insufficient to establish that the charged robberies obstructed, delayed,
or affected interstate commerce.
As an initial matter, we stress that whether the district court had subject
matter jurisdiction over Herrera’s criminal case is a separate and distinct inquiry
from whether the government proved sufficiently the jurisdictional element of the
charged Hobbs Act robberies. “So long as the indictment charges the defendant
with violating a valid federal statute as enacted in the United States Code, it alleges
‘an offense against the laws of the United States’ and, thereby, invokes the district
court’s subject-matter jurisdiction.” United States v. Brown,
752 F.3d 1344, 1354
(11th Cir. 2014).
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Separate from general subject matter jurisdiction, some federal statutes --
like in this case the Hobbs Act -- also contain a “jurisdictional element,” meaning
“an element of the offense requiring the government to prove that the defendant’s
offense had some nexus with interstate or foreign commerce.” See United States v.
Grimon,
923 F.3d 1302, 1305 (11th Cir. 2019). This interstate jurisdictional
element is “‘jurisdictional’ only in the sense that it relates to the power of Congress
to regulate the forbidden conduct” and has no bearing on the district court’s subject
matter jurisdiction over the case.
Id. at 1306 (emphasis in original). Thus, “even if
an indictment fails to allege sufficient facts to support, or the government does not
present sufficient evidence to prove, an interstate commerce nexus, the district
court still has subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate the case under [18 U.S.C.] §
3231 . . ..”
Id.
Here, the superseding indictment charged Herrera with four counts of
violating 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a): a valid federal statute. In addition to citing section
1951(a), the superseding indictment also tracked the pertinent statutory language.
Because the superseding indictment thus charged Herrera with committing “an
offense against the laws of the United States,” the district court, in the usual sense,
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had subject matter jurisdiction over Herrera’s criminal case. See id.;
Brown, 752
F.3d at 1354.2
We next address Herrera’s contention that the record contains insufficient
facts to establish that the charged robberies obstructed, delayed, or affected
interstate commerce. Because Herrera raises this argument for the first time on
appeal, we review only for plain error. See United States v. Evans,
478 F.3d 1332,
1338 (11th Cir. 2007).
A defendant is guilty of Hobbs Act robbery when he “in any way or degree
obstructs, delays, or affects commerce of the movement of any article or
commodity in commerce, by robbery. . . or commits or threatens physical violence
to any person or property in furtherance of a plan or purpose to do anything in
violation of this section.” 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a). Contrary to Herrera’s assertions
on appeal, our binding precedent makes clear that, to sustain a conviction for
Hobbs Act robbery, the government need only show that the offense had at least “a
minimal effect on interstate commerce.” United States v. Gray,
260 F.3d 1267,
2
On appeal, Herrera argues -- relying on our decision in United States v. Iguaran,
81 F.3d 1335
(11th Cir. 2016) -- that the parties’ stipulation that Herrera’s robberies affected interstate
commerce is insufficient to invoke federal subject matter jurisdiction. We reject this argument
for the reasons discussed in Grimon: the statute at issue in Iguaran (which required expressly that
the district court make a preliminary determination about subject matter jurisdiction) is
distinguishable from the statute involved here, which contains only an interstate commerce
jurisdictional element. See
Grimon, 923 F.3d at 1307-08.
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1272 (11th Cir. 2001). Examples of a “minimal effect” sufficient to meet the
jurisdictional requirement include that a robbery deprived a business of cash or
resulted in a “mere depletion of assets.” See, e.g., United States v. Woodruff,
296
F.3d 1041, 1049 (2002);
Gray, 260 F.3d at 1276; United States v. Rodriguez,
218
F.3d 1243, 1244 (11th Cir. 2000).
The stipulated facts in the factual proffer were sufficient to show that
Herrera’s robberies had at least a minimal effect on interstate commerce. The
factual proffer established that each of the four businesses targeted by Herrera was
engaged in the purchase and sale of products in interstate or foreign commerce.
During each robbery, Herrera -- using a firearm -- took either cash out of the
business’s cash register or $33,000 worth of jewelry. Herrera thus deprived the
businesses of income and inventory: a depletion of assets. This evidence is enough
to demonstrate an effect on interstate commerce under the Hobbs Act.
AFFIRMED.
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