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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-10659
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
GEORGE E. BEASLEY, JR.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
WELLS FARGO BANK N.A.,
LILAC GROUP - SANFORD, LLC,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 6:20-cv-00883-WWB-EJK
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 22-10659
Before ROSENBAUM, LAGOA, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
George Beasley was shot in the head in a bank parking lot in
downtown Sanford, Florida, at approximately 12:30 a.m. on No-
vember 17, 2018. He survived and filed a premises-liability lawsuit
against the bank, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”), and the
alleged premises owner, Lilac-Group Sanford, LLC (“Lilac”), for
negligent security. The district court granted summary judgment
to the defendants. It first found that Florida law, specifically
Fla.
Stat. § 768.075(4), barred recovery for negligence because Beasley
was engaged in the commission of a felony—possession of a fire-
arm by a convicted felon—at the time of his injury on the property.
It also concluded that Beasley could not prove his claim on the mer-
its because he was at best an uninvited licensee and the defendants
did not breach any duty owed to him. Beasley appeals, arguing
that a reasonable jury could find that he did not knowingly possess
a firearm and that he was a public invitee because the parking lot
was held open to the public. After careful review, we affirm.
I.
Around midnight on November 17, 2018, Beasley parked his
car in the drive-through lane of a Wells Fargo bank located in
downtown Sanford and walked to the Wet Spot bar across the
street. The public frequently used the area where he parked for
additional parking downtown. About thirty minutes after parking
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22-10659 Opinion of the Court 3
his car there, Beasley returned to his car. As he did so, he was shot
in the head by a man later identified as Andraus Lee.
An off-duty police officer working security at the Wet Spot
heard the gunshot and notified dispatch before chasing after the
shooter. Officer Otto Garcia arrived on scene first, within minutes
of the gunshot, and found Beasley on the ground. Soon after, Ser-
geant Sanjuanita Justiniano arrived and saw a “crowd developing.”
She and Garcia turned Beasley over and began CPR. Firefighter
paramedics then arrived and took over administering lifesaving aid
to Beasley before transporting him to the hospital. Beasley ulti-
mately survived, but he suffered life-altering injuries.
As they worked on Beasley at the scene, one of the firefight-
ers pointed out to Sergeant Justiniano that Beasley had a firearm in
his pocket. The sergeant retrieved the gun, found it loaded, and
secured it in the trunk of her car. Later, she gave the gun (a Taurus
revolver) to crime scene technician Katherine Barnard, who ar-
rived after Beasley had been taken to the hospital. Barnard also
collected plastic baggies of suspected marijuana and cocaine from
where Beasley had been located on the ground. But Barnard found
no “physical evidence” at the scene to connect Beasley to the gun
or drugs.
Beasley, who has no recollection of these events, maintains
that the evidence fails to establish that he knowingly possessed the
gun or drugs and suggests that these items could have been planted
by others before the police arrived. In support, he points to two
eyewitness statements arguably relating to that period. One
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4 Opinion of the Court 22-10659
eyewitness told Officer Garcia that he saw “three fellows . . . walk-
ing up” to Beasley after the shooting. “[O]ne of them” was about
“to go and check on [Beasley],” but he “jogged away” when he saw
the police arrive. The eyewitness asked the man why he was run-
ning, and he replied, “[M]an, the cop, but it’s a dude over here laid
out.” Another eyewitness provided a written statement that, after
hearing a gunshot and walking into the parking lot, he “saw the
victim laying face down w/ other civilians on scene checking vi-
tals.” Nevertheless, Sergeant Justiniano testified that, based on her
observations at the scene, there was no reason to believe anyone
had moved Beasley or planted a gun on him before officers arrived.
Regarding the premises, in the area where Beasley parked
his car, Wells Fargo had posted signs stating, “drive-up services
Wells Fargo accountholders only,” and “parking for Wells Fargo
customers only.” Beasley was not a Wells Fargo accountholder.
Nevertheless, the parking lot was frequently used as additional
parking for nearby bars and restaurants. Wells Fargo did nothing
to actively discourage such parking, such as towing vehicles or
erecting barriers. An ATM machine was also located on the prem-
ises and was available for use by the public 24 hours a day.
Following Beasley’s shooting, Beasley filed a premises-liabil-
ity action for negligent lighting and security in the parking lot. He
alleged that the defendants were liable for his injuries because,
when the shooting happened, the parking lot was owned by Lilac
and managed and controlled by Wells Fargo. The parties dispute
whether Lilac owns or controls the premises, but we need not
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22-10659 Opinion of the Court 5
address that issue, which did not matter to the district court’s judg-
ment.
Rather, the district court entered summary judgment in fa-
vor of the defendants for two reasons unrelated to ownership or
control of the premises. First, the court concluded that Beasley’s
negligence claims were statutorily barred by Florida Statute
§ 768.075 because “uncontroverted evidence” established he was
committing a felony on the property at the time of his injury—
namely, possession of a firearm and ammunition as a convicted
felon.
Second, the district court determined that, even if the affirm-
ative defense of § 768.075 did not apply, Beasley still could not
prove negligence. In particular, the court reasoned that Beasley
was at best an “uninvited licensee,” not an “invitee,” because he
used the bank parking lot for his own convenience to visit a nearby
bar. And in the court’s view, the evidence failed to show that the
defendants breached the lower duty of care owed to an uninvited
licensee. This appeal followed.
II.
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, constru-
ing the evidence and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of
the non-moving party. Carlson v. FedEx Ground Package Sys.,
Inc.,
787 F.3d 1313, 1317 (11th Cir. 2015). Summary judgment is
appropriate when the record shows that “there is no genuine
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6 Opinion of the Court 22-10659
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judg-
ment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
For a dispute to be “genuine,” “there must be more than
some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Dean-Mitchell
v. Reese,
837 F.3d 1107, 1111 (11th Cir. 2016) (quotation marks
omitted). Thus, “an inference is not reasonable if it is only a guess
or a possibility, for such an inference is not based on the evidence
but is pure conjecture and speculation.” Daniels v. Twin Oaks
Nursing Home,
692 F.2d 1321, 1324 (11th Cir. 1982) (quotation
marks omitted). But “[i]f reasonable minds could differ on the in-
ferences arising from undisputed facts, then a court should deny
summary judgment.” Dean-Mitchell, 837 F.3d at 1111–12.
A.
The district court concluded that Beasley’s negligence
claims were barred by the felony defense in Florida Statute
§ 768.075(4). We agree. 1
Section 768.075(4) states that a property owner “shall not be
held liable for negligence that results in the death of, injury to, or
damage to a person who is attempting to commit a felony or who
is engaged in the commission of a felony on the property.”
Fla.
Stat. § 768.075(4). “The plain language of the statute bars recovery
for any person who commits a felony on the property, not just a
1 Beasley’s negligence claims arise under Florida law, which is the substantive
law we apply in this diversity case. See Carlson, 787 F.3d at 1326.
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22-10659 Opinion of the Court 7
person whose injury arises out of the commission of a felony.” Ku-
ria v. BMLRW, LLLP,
101 So. 3d 425, 427 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012); see
Pride of St. Lucie Lodge 1189, Inc. v. Reed,
306 So. 3d 115, 117–18
(Fla. 4th DCA 2020) (explaining that no “causal nexus” is required
between the felony and the injury).
In Florida, possession of a firearm or ammunition by a per-
son who has been convicted of a felony is a second-degree felony.
Fla. Stat. § 790.23(1), (3). It is undisputed that Beasley had been
convicted of multiple felonies before the night of his injury. So if
Beasley knowingly possessed a firearm at the time he was shot, he
was “engaged in the commission of a felony on the property”
within the meaning of § 768.075(4). See Kuria,
101 So. 3d at 427;
Pride of St. Lucie, 306 So. 3d at 117–18.
Here, the district court properly granted summary judg-
ment to the defendants on the felony defense under § 768.075(4).
The defendants presented evidence that Beasley was in possession
of a loaded gun in the parking lot when he was shot. Specifically,
Sergeant Justiniano testified that she retrieved a loaded gun from
the pocket of Beasley’s sweater after one of the firefighters giving
emergency aid to Beasley pointed it out to her. 2
2 The defendants also proffered Beasley’s testimony during hearings in the
state prosecution against Lee, where Beasley admitted that, while he did not
remember the night in question, he likely possessed a firearm for protection
and drugs for sale. The district court, however, arguably excluded this evi-
dence when it granted in part Beasley’s motion in limine on November 4,
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8 Opinion of the Court 22-10659
Beasley’s attempts to create a genuine issue of material fact
about his possession of the gun are unavailing. That no “physical
evidence” from the scene connected Beasley to the gun, such as
fingerprint analysis or gun-shot residue testing, does nothing to
cast doubt on Justiniano’s direct testimony about her recovery of
the gun from Beasley’s person. Likewise, the absence of infor-
mation about the gun in either the fire department’s report, which
described the emergency medical treatment provided to Beasley,
or the police report of Officer Flanagan, who did not recover or see
the gun, does not contradict or cast doubt on Justiniano’s testi-
mony. Nor do we see any material contradictions or ambiguities
in her testimony about where and how she recovered the gun from
Beasley’s person soon after the shooting on November 17, 2018. 3
Moreover, Beasley’s claim that the gun did not belong to
him and could have been planted on him is merely a “guess or pos-
sibility,” not a reasonable inference from the record. See Daniels,
692 F.2d at 1324. At best, Beasley presented evidence that other
civilians were in the area and had “check[ed]” on him during the
2021. In any case, the court did not appear to consider or rely on Beasley’s
state-court testimony, and neither do we.
3 Because the evidence shows the gun was found on Beasley’s person, not
simply in close proximity to him in the parking lot, Beasley’s reliance on case
law involving constructive possession and jointly occupied premises is mis-
placed. See N.G.S. v. State,
272 So. 3d 830, 835 (Fla. 2d DCA 2019) (“A person
actually possesses an item when it is in his hand, on his person, or within his
reach and under his control.”).
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22-10659 Opinion of the Court 9
few minutes before police arrived. An eyewitness reported that
one person in a group of “three fellows” went “to go check on”
Beasley but then “jogged away” when Officer Garcia arrived. An-
other eyewitness “saw the victim laying face down w/ other civil-
ians on scene checking vitals.” But neither eyewitness described
anything consistent with a person planting a gun on or near
Beasley. To be sure, the eyewitness statements do not conclusively
rule out that possibility. But “there must be more than some met-
aphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Dean-Mitchell, 837 F.3d
at 1111. Neither these statements nor the record more broadly sup-
ports a reasonable inference that Beasley was unaware of the gun
found on his person.
Because undisputed record evidence reflects that Beasley
was engaged in the commission of a felony at the time of his injury
by possessing a firearm as a convicted felon, his claims for negli-
gence are statutorily barred. See
Fla. Stat. § 768.075(4); Pride of St.
Lucie, 306 So. 3d at 117–18; Kuria,
101 So. 3d at 427.
B.
The district court concluded in the alternative that, even if
the felony defense did not apply, Beasley’s negligence claims failed
on the merits because he was, at best, an uninvited licensee. Again,
we agree.
Under Florida law, visitors who enter private property fall
into one of three categories: invitees, uninvited licensees, and tres-
passers. Charterhouse Assocs., Ltd., Inc. v. Valencia Reserve
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10 Opinion of the Court 22-10659
Homeowners Assoc., Inc.,
262 So. 3d 761, 764 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018);
see Wood v. Camp,
284 So. 2d 691 (Fla. 1973); Post v. Lunney,
261
So. 2d 146, 147–48 (Fla. 1972). The duty of care owed by the land-
owner varies according to the entrant’s status. Arp v. Waterway
East Ass’n, Inc.,
217 So. 3d 117, 120 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017).
The highest duty of care is owed to “invitees,” who enter
pursuant to an invitation. Fisher v. United States,
995 F.3d 1266,
1270 (11th Cir. 2021); Charterhouse Assocs, Ltd., 262 So. 3d at 765.
But “[t]he only duty a landowner owes to a trespasser or uninvited
licensee is to avoid willful or wanton harm to him and, upon dis-
covery of his presence, to warn him of any known dangers which
would not be open to his ordinary observation.” Arp,
217 So. 3d at
120.
“An invitee is a visitor on the premises by invitation, either
express or reasonably implied, of the owner.”
Id. “An ‘invitation’
means that the visitor entering the premises has an objectively rea-
sonable belief that he or she has been invited or is otherwise wel-
come on that portion of the real property where injury occurs.”
Id.
(quoting
Fla. Stat. § 768.075(3)(a)1.). A visitor has such a reasona-
ble belief where “the premises were intended to be used by visitors
for the purpose which this entrant was pursuing, and that such use
was not only acquiesced in by the owner or possessor, but that it
was in accordance with the intention and design with which the
way or place was adopted or prepared.”
Id.
“An uninvited licensee is a person who chooses to come
upon the premises solely for his or her own convenience without
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22-10659 Opinion of the Court 11
invitation either expressed or reasonably implied under the circum-
stances.”
Id. at 120–21 (cleaned up). The person’s “presence is nei-
ther sought nor forbidden, but merely permitted or tolerated by
the landowner.” Bishop v. First Nat’l Bank of Fla., Inc.,
609 So. 2d
722, 725 (Fla. 5th DCA 1992). Thus, a landowner’s awareness or
tolerance of a use of property is not sufficient on its own to estab-
lish a reasonably implied invitation. See, e.g.,
id. (no reasonably
implied invitation even though the area where the plaintiff was in-
jured “was continually used by the public as a recreational area and
such use was known by the landowner”); Barrio v. City of Miami
Beach,
698 So. 2d 1241, 1244 (Fla. 3d DCA 1997) (no reasonably
implied invitation to be at the beach after posted hours even
though the City was aware of after-hours visitors and “did nothing
to actively discourage such visitation”); Libby v. W. Coast Rock
Co., Inc.,
308 So. 2d 602, 604 (Fla. 2d DCA 1975) (“[T]he bare con-
clusion that the defendants had ‘impliedly invited the citizens of the
area’ to use the premises by allowing them to remain open for use
by the public as a ‘lovers’ lane’ cannot serve to further elevate Lib-
by's status to that of an invitee.”).
Here, the district court did not err in granting summary
judgment. The evidence, even viewed in the light most favorable
to Beasley, shows that Beasley was, at best, an uninvited licensee
because he used the Wells Fargo parking lot for his own conven-
ience without an express or reasonably implied invitation. See Arp,
217 So. 3d at 119–20.
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12 Opinion of the Court 22-10659
Undisputed evidence establishes that Beasley was not pre-
sent on the property for any business with Wells Fargo. His claim
on appeal that he intended to use the 24-hour ATM is contradicted
by the record and his own statement of facts, which both reflect
that Beasley parked in the Wells Fargo parking lot for his own con-
venience so he could visit the nearby Wet Spot bar. 4
Nor does the record support an express or reasonably im-
plied invitation to engage in public parking on the property. There
is no evidence that, at the time of the injury, public parking “was
in accordance with the intention and design with which the [park-
ing lot] was adopted or prepared.” Arp,
217 So. 3d at 120. No
agreement or signage authorized public parking at the time of
Beasley’s injury. 5 Rather, Wells Fargo had posted signs stating that
the area where Beasley parked was for Wells Fargo customers only.
4 Beasley repeatedly asserts that Lilac “admitted” that the parking lot was
“held open” to the public for the purpose of generating “foot traffic.” But for
support he merely points to an assertion by Lilac’s attorney in a motion to
dismiss, which, in turn, referenced an allegation in the complaint. He does
not provide evidence of his foot-traffic theory. Plus, the motion to dismiss
simply admitted that Wells Fargo was open to foot traffic for use of its ATM
and night depository services. And there is no evidence Beasley was on the
premises to use those services.
5 Beasley relies on a purported verbal agreement between the City of Sanford
and the premises owner, under which the City agreed to maintain the parking
area so that parking could remain open to the public. However, the district
court correctly found that this agreement was not relevant to the case because
it occurred after the date of Beasley’s injury. Plus, it's not clear that such an
agreement would be enough to show an invitation. See Libby, 308 So .2d at
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22-10659 Opinion of the Court 13
That these signs may have been inadequate to deter public
parking, or that nothing else was done to deter regular use of the
lot for public parking, is not enough to establish a reasonably im-
plied invitation under Florida law. See
id. at 122 (“[T]he absence
of a ‘No Trespassing’ sign does not constitute an implied invitation
by the owner.”); Barrio,
698 So. 2d at 1244 (no reasonably implied
invitation even though the City “did nothing to actively discour-
age” visitation); Bishop,
609 So. 2d at 725 (no reasonably implied
invitation from “continual[] use[] by the public as a recreational
area”); Libby,
308 So. 2d at 604 (no reasonably implied invitation
from allowing an area “to remain open for use by the public as a
‘lovers’ lane’”). Beasley’s evidence shows at best that his presence
was “neither sought nor forbidden, but merely permitted or toler-
ated by the landowner”—that is, that he was an uninvited licen-
see. 6 Bishop,
609 So. 2d at 725.
604 (no reasonably implied invitation from allowing an area “to remain open
for use by the public as a ‘lovers’ lane’”).
6 Citing a district-court decision, Beasley questions whether the uninvited-li-
censee status remains valid under Florida law. See Seaberg v. Steak N’ Shake
Operations, Inc.,
154 F. Supp. 3d 1294, 1300–01 (M.D. Fla. 2015). Since that
decision, however, Florida appellate courts have continued to apply the unin-
vited-licensee status. E.g., Arp v. Waterway East Ass’n, Inc.,
217 So. 3d 117,
120–22 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017). In any case, eliminating the uninvited-licensee
status would not bump Beasley up to an invitee, since the evidence fails to
show an express or reasonably implied invitation. See
id. at 120. Rather, it
appears his status would be equivalent to that of a discovered trespasser,
which requires no higher standard of care than an uninvited licensee. See
Fla.
Stat. § 768.075(3)(a)2., (3)(b); Bishop v. First Nat’l Bank of Fla., Inc., 609 So. 2d
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14 Opinion of the Court 22-10659
For these reasons, the district court properly concluded that
Beasley was not an invitee, and that the defendants owed him only
a duty “to avoid willful or wanton harm to him and, upon discov-
ery of his presence, to warn him of any known dangers which
would not be open to his ordinary observation.” Arp,
217 So. 3d at
120. The court reasoned that the evidence failed to show a breach
of that duty of care, and Beasley has abandoned any challenge to
that ruling by failing to address it on appeal. See Sapuppo v. All-
state Floridian Ins. Co.,
739 F.3d 678, 680 (11th Cir. 2014) (issues
not briefed on appeal are deemed abandoned). So we affirm the
court’s resolution of that issue without further discussion. See
id.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s
grant of summary judgment to Wells Fargo and Lilac on Beasley’s
claims of negligent security.
AFFIRMED.
722, 724 (Fla. 5th DCA 1992) (“What remains of the licensee category is the
uninvited licensee and its twin, the discovered trespasser.”).
