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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 17-12686
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 2:14-cv-01258-PGB-TFM
WHEELER BROS., INC.,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
VIRGINIA JONES,
ROBERT L. JONES, III,
PIRATES TOW, LLC,
LAVENIA A. JONES,
ROBERT L. JONES, SR.,
BEST BUY AUTOMOTIVE & TIRES, LLC,
KYLE BREECE JONES,
A&B DEVELOPMENTS, LLC,
Defendants - Appellants,
ROBERT JONES, JR.,
ADVANCED FLEET SERVICES, L.L.C., et al.,
Defendants.
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Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Alabama
________________________
(May 24, 2018)
Before TJOFLAT, JORDAN, and NEWSOM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Wheeler Bros., Inc. designs, manufactures, and distributes motor vehicle
parts across the country. In 1989, Wheeler and the United States Postal Service
agreed that the USPS would purchase the parts necessary to service its national
postal fleet from Wheeler. Over time, the USPS fell behind in the maintenance of
its fleet. Robert Jones, Jr., who owned a company called Advanced Fleet Services,
offered to fill the gap. Mr. Jones, Jr. and Wheeler agreed that AFS would perform
overflow maintenance for the USPS and Wheeler would sell it the parts necessary
to repair the postal vehicles. AFS breached its agreement with Wheeler and fell
behind on its contractual payment obligations. After Mr. Jones, Jr. filed for
bankruptcy in April of 2012, Wheeler sought to have the debt declared non-
dischargeable, alleging that Mr. Jones. Jr. had fraudulently transferred AFS’ funds
to a variety of relatives and business entities that the relatives owned. The
bankruptcy court agreed.
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In December of 2014, Wheeler filed suit against Mr. Jones, Jr., those family
members, and the entities they owned that were involved in the fraudulent
transfers. Trial proceeded against all defendants but one, Jonathan Caton Jones,
who had declared bankruptcy. All claims against him were subject to an automatic
stay. 1
After a one-day bench trial, the district court found the Joneses liable for
several fraudulent transfers under the Alabama Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act,
Ala. Code §§ 8-9A-1 through 8-9A-12 (“AFTA”), and issued a final judgment
accordingly. The Joneses appeal that ruling, as well as sanctions orders against
them issued by the magistrate judge for misconduct in discovery. Because the
magistrate judge’s sanctions orders were never objected to before the district court,
we determined that we lacked jurisdiction to review them and sua sponte dismissed
that portion of the appeal. See 11th Cir. Dkt. No. 50. We now review only the
fourth issue on appeal: “whether the trial court’s final judgment should be set aside
for lack of evidence to support the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.”
I
“After a bench trial, we review the district court’s conclusions of law de
novo and the district court’s factual findings for clear error.” Tartell v. S. Fla.
Sinus and Allergy Ctr., Inc.,
790 F.3d 1253, 1257 (11th Cir. 2015) (quoting
1
Because the appellants, who were the defendants in the district court, include several family
members and the various entities they own, we refer to them collectively as the Joneses.
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Proudfoot Consulting Co. v. Gordon,
576 F.3d 1223, 1230 (11th Cir. 2009)). “A
factual finding is clearly erroneous ‘if, after viewing all the evidence, we are left
with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.’”
Id.
(quoting HGI Assocs., Inc. v. Wetmore Printing Co.,
427 F.3d 867, 873 (11th Cir.
2005)).
As an initial matter, the Joneses’ argument on this point—amounting to two
pages and devoid of legal authority to support their contentions—is lacking. See
Hamilton v. Southland Christian School, Inc.,
680 F.3d 1316, 1319 (11th Cir.
2012) (“A passing reference to an issue in a brief is not enough, and the failure to
make arguments and cite authorities in support of an issue waives it.”). Their reply
brief contains specific detail about some areas where they contend the evidence is
insufficient, but “[p]resenting an argument in the appellant’s reply does not
somehow resurrect it.” Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co.,
739 F.3d 678, 683
(11th Cir. 2014) (quoting Davis v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consol.,
516 F.3d 955,
972 (11th Cir. 2008) (alteration adopted)).
Nevertheless, even if adequately briefed, the argument lacks merit. Wheeler
brought claims for both actual fraudulent transfers under Ala. Code §§ 8-9A-4(a)
& (4)(b), and constructive fraudulent transfers under Ala. Code §§ 8-9A-4(c)
& 8-9A-5. Under Alabama law,
[a]n actual fraudulent transfer is one made by a debtor who transfers
assets ‘with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of
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the debtor.’ Ala. Code 1975, § 8-9A-4(a). The trial court considers
several factors in determining whether the debtor possessed the
requisite intent, including to whom the transfer was made, the amount
of assets transferred, and the financial condition of the debtor before
and after the transfer. Ala. Code 1975, § 8-9A-4(b). A constructive
fraudulent transfer occurs when a debtor transfers assets to another
without consideration, and the debtor was, or became, insolvent at the
time of the transfer. Ala. Code 1975, § 8-9A-5(a).
Aliant Bank v. Davis,
198 So. 3d 508, 512 (Ala. Civ. App. 2015) (additional
citations omitted). See generally Actual and Constructive Fraud, Tilley's Alabama
Equity § 11:4 (5th ed. 2017) (explaining elements of actual and constructive fraud
under the AFTA). The district court correctly set forth the required elements of
each claim in its thorough order. See D.E. 176 at 8–9.
Contrary to the Joneses’ assertions, the record—particularly the testimony of
Wheeler’s accounting expert, Tara Gearhart—amply supports the district court’s
conclusion that the transfers at issue were either actually or constructively
fraudulent. The district court found “that Ms. Gearhart [was] a credible and
knowledgeable witness and that her findings and conclusions [were] supported by
the evidence.”
Id. at 35. Moreover, it adopted her “findings and conclusions as its
own, including those findings and conclusions not specifically stated in th[e]
Memorandum of Decision.”
Id. 2
2
We note that the Joneses argue that “[a]s a result of the [s]anctions [o]rder, [they] did not
present any evidence of any consideration or reasons for any transfers.” Appellants’ Br. at 29.
We have already decided that the Joneses’ failure to properly object to the magistrate judge’s
sanctions orders prevents them from raising those issues here. See 11th Cir. Dkt. No. 50. In any
event, the sanctions orders did not prevent them from cross-examining Wheeler’s witnesses.
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With respect to actual fraud, Ms. Gearhart reviewed financial data and
concluded that the transfers at issue “were made with the actual intent to defraud
Wheeler and other creditors.”
Id. at 34. She supported this opinion with a variety
of factors which mirror the so-called “badges of fraud” provided in the AFTA, Ala.
Code § 8-9A-4(b), including: (1) that no defendant gave anything of value in
exchange for any of the transfers; (2) the transfers were made to insiders; (3) Mr.
Jones, Jr. or AFS retained possession of or control over much of the money that
was transferred; (4) the “true nature” of the transfers was concealed (“such as by
destroying evidence,” etc.); and (5) Mr. Jones, Jr. and AFS were insolvent when
they made the transfers. See D.E. 176 at 34. Given the presence of these and other
“badges of fraud,” the district court’s determination that certain transfers were
actually fraudulent within the meaning of the AFTA is well supported by the
evidence and the law. See Holsombeck v. USAmeriBank, — So. 3d —,
2018 WL
1354747, *5 (Ala. Civ. App. Mar. 16, 2018) (“[S]ubstantial evidence supports the
circuit court’s determination that the divorce settlement agreement had been
crafted to transfer the husband’s interest in the marital assets to the wife with an
actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud the bank based upon the court’s
consideration of the factors provided by § 8-9A-4(b).”).
That was their choice, and their complete failure to rebut any of Wheeler’s evidence cannot be
ascribed to the magistrate judge’s order.
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As the district court recognized, Ms. Gearhart’s testimony on the factors
discussed above—particularly the findings that transfers were made without
receiving anything of value in exchange and that they were made when Mr. Jones,
Jr. and AFS were or would become insolvent—also supports its conclusions with
respect to the constructively fraudulent transfers under Ala. Code § 8-9A-4(c) and
Ala. Code § 8-9A–5. Like the district court’s conclusions on actual fraud, its
conclusions that other transfers were constructively fraudulent is similarly well
supported by the evidence at trial and the law. See, e.g., McPherson Oil Co., Inc.
v. Massey,
643 So. 2d 595, 596 (Ala. 1994) (“[W]ithout regard to the actual intent
of the grantor, the law infers constructive fraud when it appears that an indebted
grantor has conveyed property to a family member without receiving valuable
consideration.”).
II
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
AFFIRMED.
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