[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 99-14455 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
NOV 24 2000
________________________
THOMAS K. KAHN
CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 96-02845-CV-TWT-1
EDITH DAVIS, as Legal Guardian on
behalf of JANE DOE, individually,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
DEKALB COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT,
a Local Education Agency, (LEA), WILLIAM L.
DUNCAN, JR., in his Individual and Official
Capacity as Principal of Knollwood Elementary School, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
___________________
No. 99-14456
___________________
D.C. Docket No. 97–00382-CV-TWT-1
VICKI LINDSAY, individually and as Legal
guardian on behalf of Jane Doe, Individually,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
DEKALB COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT, a
Local Education Agency (LEA), WILLIAM L.
DUNCAN, JR., in his Individual and Official
Capacity as Principal of Knollwood Elementary
School, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
___________________
No. 99-14457
___________________
D.C. Docket No. 97-00491-CV-TWT-1
DIANNA COLTON, Individually and as Legal
Guardian on behalf of Jane Doe, Individually,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
DEKALB COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT, a
Local Education Agency (LEA), WILLIAM L.
DUNCAN, JR., in his Individual and Official
Capacity as Principal of Knollwood Elementary
School, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
_________________________
(November 24, 2000)
2
Before COX, BLACK and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
This is a sexual harassment/discrimination suit arising out of the acts of a
physical education teacher, Defendant Kelvin Mency (“Mency”), at Knollwood
Elementary School. Plaintiffs,1 appellants here, filed complaints against the
DeKalb County School District (“DCSD”), William L. Duncan, Jr., principal of
Knollwood Elementary (“Duncan”), and Mency under Title IX of the Education
Amendments of 1972,
20 U.S.C. § 1681 (“Title IX”), Title
42 U.S.C. § 1983
(“section 1983"), and Georgia tort law. After consolidating the cases, the district
court granted summary judgment in favor of DCSD and Duncan. On appeal,
Plaintiffs contend that the district court erred in applying the incorrect legal
standard for institutional liability under Title IX, and in concluding that Plaintiffs
failed to create a jury question on their section 1983 claim. We do not decide
whether the district court applied the incorrect standard because we conclude,
under Gebser2 and section 1983 jurisprudence, that Plaintiffs have failed to
produce any evidence that Defendants knew of or acted with deliberate
1
Plaintiffs brought suit individually and as legal guardians of three students Mency
molested.
2
Gebser v. Lago Vista Indep. Sch. Dist.,
524 U.S. 274,
118 S.Ct. 1989 (1998).
3
indifference to Mency’s misconduct. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s
judgment with respect to both claims.
I. Factual and Procedural History
Kelvin Mency, a seventh-grade physical education teacher and faculty
advisor of the Safety Patrol at Knollwood Elementary School, sexually molested
Plaintiffs during the 1993-1994 school year.3 There is no evidence that anyone
witnessed any of these events. Moreover, the Plaintiffs never told their parents,
legal guardians, or anyone at school what was happening while the events were
occurring. In the fall of 1994, one of the Plaintiffs confided in a friend that Mency
was touching her inappropriately. The friend told a police officer who lectured at
the school, and the police began an investigation into Mency’s contact with
students. As a result, Mency resigned from his post. Mency was subsequently
convicted on six counts of child molestation and one count of criminal attempt to
commit child molestation, and is currently serving a 20-year sentence.
3
The district court found undisputed evidence that Mency would tell the Plaintiffs,
individually and on different occasions, to meet him in empty classrooms, the physical education
equipment room, the teacher’s bathroom, or other places where no one could observe what
Mency was doing. The district court further found that Mency engaged in such acts as kissing
the Plaintiffs, exposing himself, fondling the Plaintiffs and masturbating in front of them. The
evidence also showed that Mency sodomized one of the Plaintiffs.
4
After Mency’s criminal conviction, Plaintiffs brought this action against the
DCSD, Duncan, and Mency.4 The complaints alleged violations of Title IX,
Section 1983, and Georgia tort law. The district court consolidated the cases by
consent order, and granted summary judgment in favor of DCSD on Plaintiffs’
Title IX claim. The district court concluded that Plaintiffs had failed to produce
any evidence that the school board or school superintendent had actual notice of
the sexual harassment. The district court went on to find that Plaintiffs also failed
to produce evidence that any official with supervisory authority knew or should
have known that Mency was molesting Plaintiffs. In addition, the district court
granted summary judgment in favor of Duncan and DCSD on Plaintiffs’ Section
1983 claim concluding that Plaintiffs could not show that Defendants either knew
that Mency was harassing Plaintiffs or that Defendants acted with reckless
disregard to the possibility that he would do so.
Plaintiffs’ action against Mency proceeded to trial, and a jury found Mency
civilly liable to the Plaintiffs for the amount of $500,000 in compensatory damages
and $100,000 in punitive damages. The district court entered final judgment in
favor of the Plaintiffs and against Mency in accordance with the verdict.
4
Plaintiffs sued Duncan in his individual and official capacity as Principal of Knollwood
Elementary School, and Mency in his individual and official capacity as former teacher at
Knollwood. On appeal, Plaintiffs do not argue that the district court erred in dismissing the
claim against Duncan in his individual capacity.
5
Subsequently, Plaintiffs filed this appeal requesting reversal of the District Court’s
orders granting summary judgment to DCSD and Duncan.
II Discussion
On appeal, Plaintiffs argue that the district court applied the wrong legal
standard for the institutional liability of a school district under Title IX. Plaintiffs
contend that the evidence, viewed in light of the proper standard, establishes that
the principal and other school officials were aware of facts sufficient to alert them
to Mency’s misconduct and that the school’s response was clearly unreasonable in
light of the known circumstances. On their section 1983 claim, Plaintiffs contend
that they produced sufficient evidence for a jury to find that DCSD and Duncan
knew that Mency was a danger to the Plaintiffs or that DCSD and Duncan were
deliberately indifferent to facts that put them on notice of the danger. We disagree.
We review the grant of summary judgment de novo. See Gordan v.
Cochran,
116 F.3d 1438, 1439 (11th Cir. 1997). We, like the district court, are
required to view the facts in the light most favorable to the non-movant. See Walls
v. Button Gwinnett Bancorp, Inc.,
1 F.3d 1198, 1200 (11th Cir.1993).
A. Title IX
6
Title IX provides, in pertinent part, that “[n]o person ... shall, on the basis of
sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to
discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial
assistance....”
20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). The Supreme Court has recognized an implied
private cause of action for money damages in Title IX cases of intentional sexual
discrimination. Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public School,
503 U.S. 60, 75,
112
S.Ct. 1028, 1038 (1992). Moreover, the Court has held that sexual harassment of a
student by a teacher constitutes actionable discrimination for the purposes of Title
IX.
Id.
After the district court granted summary judgment in the instant case, the
Supreme Court clarified the standard under which a school district may be held
liable under Title IX for a teacher’s sexual harassment of a student. See Gebser v.
Lago Vista Indep. Sch. Dist.,
524 U.S. 274,
118 S.Ct. 1989 (1998). The Court held
that:
...a damages remedy will not lie under Title IX unless an
official who at a minimum has authority to address the
alleged discrimination and to institute corrective
measures on the recipient’s behalf has actual knowledge
of discrimination in the recipient’s program and fails
adequately to respond.
Id. at 290, 1999. Moreover, the Court decided that “the response must amount to
deliberate indifference to discrimination” for liability to attach.
Id. The Court
7
concluded that the Lago Vista school district could not be held liable where the
only official alleged to have knowledge was the high school principal, and the
information consisted of a complaint from parents of other students that the teacher
had made inappropriate comments during class.
Id. at 291, 2000. This
information, the Court reasoned, was “plainly insufficient to alert the principal to
the possibility that [the teacher] was involved in a sexual relationship with a
student.”
Id.
Following the Supreme Court’s decision in Gebser, the Eleventh Circuit
determined that a Title IX plaintiff must establish two things to survive summary
judgment in a cause of action against a school district for the discriminatory acts of
its employees: “First, some supervisor with authority to take corrective action was
placed on notice of the bad conduct. Second, the supervisor possessing this
authority was a school official high enough up the chain-of-command that his acts
constitute an official decision by the school district itself not to remedy the
misconduct.” Floyd v. Waiters,
171 F.3d 1264 (11th Cir.), cert. denied,
120 S.Ct.
215 (1999).
1. Supervisor With Authority to Remedy the Misconduct
The district court held that Plaintiffs could not recover under Title IX, as a
matter of law, because the evidence failed to show that the school board or school
8
superintendent had actual notice of the sexual harassment.5 Alternatively, the
district court found no evidence that any school official with supervisory authority
had notice that Mency was molesting the three students.6 We find that it is
unnecessary to decide whether Duncan, as principal of Knollwood Elementary,
was a supervisory official with authority to take corrective action on behalf of the
school district. Assuming, arguendo, that a principal could be such, we find no
evidence to support the claim that Duncan acted with deliberate indifference to
notice of Mency’s misconduct.
2. Actual Notice
A school district must have actual notice before it can be held liable in
damages for intentional discrimination based on sex. See Gebser,
524 U.S. 274,
287-289,
118 S.Ct. 1989, 1998-1999 (reasoning that recovery based on principles
of vicarious liability or constructive notice is at odds with express enforcement
scheme requiring notice to an “appropriate person,” and would “divert [] education
5
The district court granted summary judgment in the instant case prior to the Supreme
Court’s decision in Gebser. While Gebser precludes a damages recovery based upon the
imputation of knowledge to a school district, the Supreme Court did not hold that liability must
be predicated upon actual notice to the school board or superintendent. Rather, liability could
attach upon notice to an “appropriate person.” Gebser,
524 U.S. at 285-290,
118 S.Ct. at 1997-
1999.
6
We need not decide whether the district court’s alternative analysis conforms to the
rule embraced in Gebser, and leave for another day the task of delineating Gebser’s “appropriate
person.”
9
funding from beneficial uses where a recipient was unaware of discrimination in its
programs and is willing to institute prompt corrective measures”).7 Defendant
DCSD contends that the school district did not have “actual notice” that Mency
was sexually abusing students until September 1994. Plaintiffs argue that the
school district had actual notice of Mency’s misconduct as early as November
1993. Plaintiffs do not contest the district court’s finding that Plaintiffs did not tell
their parents, any teacher, or any other school district employee about Mency’s
conduct when it was occurring. Instead, Plaintiffs contend that DCSD knew or
should have known that Mency was sexually abusing Plaintiffs because of a
complaint lodged by a student who is not a party to this case.
In November 1993, another Knollwood student, Malissia Dan’Yell Burrell,
was playing touch football during an after-school physical education class taught
by Mency. In her deposition,8 Burrell stated that she was playing center, and
Mency quarterback. On one play, Burrell felt Mency “touch [her] behind” as she
hiked the ball. Later, after the class had ended, Burrell was getting a drink from
7
It is important to note that the Title IX standard does not affect an individual’s right to
recover against a school district as a matter of state law, or against the teacher in his individual
capacity under state law. In fact, Plaintiffs in the instant action succeeded in their action against
Mency entitling them to $600,000 in damages. See Gebser,
524 U.S. at 292,
118 S.Ct. at 2000.
8
Due to a discrepancy between the parties as to the exact nature of Burrell’s complaint,
we have gone back to Burrell’s deposition testimony in the record to determine precisely what
Burrell told Duncan and other school personnel.
10
the water fountain when Mency “tried to touch” her inappropriately. The
following day, Burrell and her guardian, Helen Davis, came to school to discuss
Defendant Mency’s actions with Duncan.9 Burrell told Duncan that Mency had
asked her to “come closer” toward Mency when hiking the football, and that, on
the next play, Mency had touched her behind as she hiked the ball to him. She also
told Duncan that Mency had tried to touch her at the water fountain after the game,
but she moved out of the way. According to Burrell, Mency did not try to put his
hand down her pants, and he did not actually make contact with her at the water
fountain.
As in Gebser, we cannot say that Burrell’s complaint was sufficient to alert
DCSD to the possibility that Mency was sexually harassing Plaintiffs.10 Burrell
complained to Duncan about a slight touching during a touch football game in
which she was playing center and Mency was playing quarterback. Afterwards, at
the water fountain, Burrell thought that Mency was about to touch her, but she
moved away. Although we can understand a parent’s misgivings about a Coach
9
Davis reportedly told Duncan that “Mency [had] been fondling with [her] daughter.”
However, even viewed in the light most favorable to the Plaintiffs, we find no legitimate basis
for Davis’ use of the word “fondling” after examining Burrell’s version of the incident.
10
Dr. Roosevelt Daniels, Duncan’s supervisor, testified in his deposition that “nothing
about sexual misconduct whatsoever” was ever communicated to him with regard to Burrell’s
complaint.
11
playing quarterback with a female student playing center, Burrell did not suggest
that it was inappropriate. We agree with the district court that a complaint of an
incidental touching during an athletic event and a perceived imminent touching
could not, as a matter of law, apprise Defendants to the possibility that Mency was
sexually molesting Plaintiffs. Furthermore, even if such a complaint were
sufficient to constitute actual notice, Defendants responded with anything but
deliberate indifference.
3. Deliberate Indifference
After meeting with Burrell and Davis, Duncan contacted his supervisor,
Area Director Dr. Roosevelt Daniels. On Daniel’s instruction, Duncan directed the
school counselor, Yvonne Butler, and the school social worker, Corrie Wingfield,
to investigate Burrell’s complaint. Butler and Wingfield interviewed Burrell and
Pope, a student Burrell identified as having witnessed Mency touch Burrell.
However, when Butler interviewed Pope, Pope denied seeing Mency touch Burrell.
Pope did confirm that Mency slapped boys and girls at the after-school P.E. class
as praise for making good plays. Based on her interviews, Butler concluded that
Mency inadvertently touched Burrell during touch football and that Burrell
perceived that Mency tried to touch her after the game at the water fountain.
12
Wingfield also interviewed Burrell and Pope individually. Unlike Butler,
Wingfield did not know why she had been asked to interview the students. Neither
student made any allegation of sexual or physical abuse, and Wingfield did not
perceive that she was even investigating a complaint of sexual misconduct.
Duncan met with Mency to discuss the gravity of the situation. Mency
denied doing anything inappropriate, and stated that if he was patting the students
on the back, of which he couldn’t be sure, it was in the context of athletics.
Duncan told Mency he disapproved of Mency’s conduct and directed him to stop
patting boys or girls on the back side.
At the conclusion of the investigation, Duncan arranged a meeting with
Davis, Burrell, Butler, and Mency. Burrell recounted her allegations, but Mency
denied any intent or attempt to touch Burrell. Duncan invited questions from
Davis, but she didn’t have any. After discussion, Duncan concluded that Mency
might have touched Burrell inadvertently during the football game. However,
Burrell could not state that it was sexual in nature. Moreover, both Burrell and
Mency were in accord that no touching took place at the water fountain.
Even though the investigation failed to reveal reasonable evidence of
inappropriate conduct by Mency, Duncan took immediate corrective action. With
Davis’ approval, Duncan removed Burrell from the afer-school P.E. class with
13
Mency. Duncan offered to remove Burrell from her regular P.E. class with Mency,
but Burrell wanted to stay in the class. Burrell’s mother similarly rejected
Duncan’s offer to transfer Burrell to another school. Duncan instructed Mency to
avoid all contact with Burrell other than class. Duncan also forbade Mency from
being alone with Burrell or any female student. Finally, Duncan informed Davis
that she should contact Duncan’s supervisor if Davis thought anything further
should be done.
Duncan followed up with Burrell several times throughout the school year,
but Burrell had no further complaints. Duncan also monitored Mency for any
indiscretions, but he never observed Mency alone with female students. At least
three other teachers also testified that they never saw Mency alone with female
students, and they never witnessed him behave inappropriately around students.11
Plaintiffs contend that Duncan acted with deliberate indifference because
Duncan did nothing to protect Plaintiffs in the face of actual knowledge that
Mency engaged in acts of discrimination. Plaintiffs complain that Duncan
neglected to interview any teachers or students about Mency’s conduct. Plaintiffs
also protest Duncan’s failure to direct anyone to monitor Mency. Plaintiffs make
11
The parties deposed these teachers during discovery of the present action.
14
the related argument that Duncan disregarded DeKalb County Schools policy12 in
the investigation of Burrell’s complaint. In support of this argument, Plaintiffs
point out that Duncan neglected to take a written statement from Burrell or Mency,
that he failed to open a file on the complaint, and that he failed to conduct the
school level investigation in cooperation with the school detective, as outlined in
school policy. Although Duncan followed school policy in alerting the school
counselor and social worker to the allegations, Plaintiffs complain that Duncan
failed to provide a written summary of the interviews to Daniels, as required. In
short, Plaintiffs maintain that if Duncan or Daniels had followed school district
policy, the school would have eradicated Mency’s abuse of Plaintiffs.
We cannot find merit in Plaintiffs’ speculation. There is simply no
reasonable basis to believe that the failure to obtain written statements or to record
the meetings led to a failure to uncover relevant evidence or caused the
investigation to be any less thorough. We are similarly unpersuaded that Burrell or
Mency would have responded differently to questioning had they been asked to
provide a written statement. We reiterate that there is simply no evidence that
DCSD had “actual notice” of Mency’s misconduct until one of the Plaintiffs was
12
Specifically, Plaintiffs rely on “Investigation Guidelines” set forth in Dealing With
Allegations by Students or Parents of Misconduct by Staff Members (approved Aug. 10, 1994).
Although we address Plaintiffs’ contentions, we question whether these guidelines were in effect
when Burrell lodged her complaint in November of 1993.
15
confronted by the school detective in September 1994. It is undisputed that
Mency’s sexual abuse of the Plaintiffs occurred in secret, where no one could
observe what he was doing. We also disagree with Plaintiffs’ characterization of
Duncan’s response to Burrell’s complaint. Even if Duncan, in response to
Burrell’s complaint, had interviewed teachers and asked them to monitor Mency,
there is no evidence they would have observed Mency involved in inappropriate
behavior. In fact, teachers deposed during the instant litigation did not observe
Mency engage in any inappropriate conduct around his students during the 1993-
94 school year. Furthermore, they testified that they would have reported it if they
had.
Even drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of Plaintiffs,13 we must
agree with the district court that Plaintiffs have failed to create a genuine issue of
material fact that Duncan acted with deliberate indifference. Duncan contacted his
supervisor, and directed the school counselor and school social worker to interview
13
We would be remiss to overlook the district court’s error in commenting on one of the
Plaintiff’s sexual history. Pursuant to Fed.R.Evid., Rule 412(b)(2), evidence offered to prove the
sexual behavior or sexual predisposition of an alleged victim is admissible if otherwise
admissible and its probative value substantially outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice to any
party. We believe the prejudice to Plaintiffs substantially outweighed any probative value this
evidence could possibly have had, and thus, should not have been considered by the court on a
motion for summary judgment. The district court’s error in addressing this evidence is even
more serious in this case because Plaintiff was a minor. Thus, Plaintiff could not consent to
Mency’s sexual abuse because she did not possess the legal capacity to consent. Nevertheless,
we do not find that this error requires reversal because no reasonable juror could find that
DCSD, through Duncan, acted with deliberate indifference to Burrell’s complaint.
16
Burrell and Pope, the witness identified by Burrell. Duncan interviewed Mency.
Duncan then met with Davis, Burrell, Mency and Butler.14 Although he concluded
that nothing of a sexual or inappropriate nature had taken place, Duncan instituted
corrective measures. He removed Burrell from after-school P.E., and offered to
remove her from regular P.E. Duncan ordered Mency to stay away from Burrell
and not to be alone with female students. Duncan called Daniels who suggested
offering Burrell an administrative transfer. Duncan followed up with Burrell
several times over the course of the school year, and monitored Mency closely.
Although ultimately ineffective in preventing Mency from discriminating against
Plaintiffs, the relevant question is whether Duncan’s actions amounted to
deliberate indifference. Cf. Doe v. Taylor Indep. Sch. Dist.,
15 F.3d 443, 456 n. 12
(5th Cir.) (en banc) (applying deliberate indifference standard for purposes of §
1983 analysis and recognizing that many good faith but ineffective responses may
satisfy a school official’s obligations), cert. denied sub nom. Lankford v. Doe,
513
U.S. 815,
115 S.Ct. 70 (1994). We hold, as a matter of law, that they did not. See
Gebser,
524 U.S. at 291 (equating deliberate indifference to “an official decision
14
Although one could argue that this approach was not wise, that is not the question
before us.
17
not to remedy the violation”). Thus, the district court correctly granted summary
judgment in favor of DCSD on Plaintiffs’ Title IX claim.
B. Section 1983
Plaintiffs claim that the district court erred by granting summary judgment
and finding DCSD and Duncan not liable under section 1983 for Mency’s
misconduct. A plaintiff seeking to impose liability on a municipality (school
district) under section 1983 must identify a municipal “policy” or “custom” that
caused a deprivation of federal rights. Board of County Comm’rs of Bryan Cty v.
Brown,
520 U.S. 397, 403,
117 S.Ct. 1382, 1388 (1997).15 But it is well
established that a municipality may not be held liable under section 1983 on a
theory of respondeat superior. See Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs.,
436 U.S. 658,
98 S.Ct. 2018 (1978). Instead, “recovery from a municipality is limited to acts that
are, properly speaking, acts ‘of the municipality’ - that is, acts which the
municipality has officially sanctioned or ordered.” Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati,
475 U.S. 469, 478,
106 S.Ct. 1292, 1298 (1986). Moreover, it is not enough to
identify conduct properly attributable to the municipality. A plaintiff must show
15
Locating a policy ensures that a municipality is held liable only for those deprivations
resulting from the decisions of its duly constituted legislative body or of those officials whose
acts may fairly be said to represent official policy. Similarly, an act performed pursuant to a
custom that has not been formally approved by an appropriate decision-maker may fairly subject
a municipality to liability on the theory that the relevant practice is so widespread as to have the
force of law. Brown,
520 U.S. at 403-4.
18
that the municipal action was taken with the requisite degree of culpability, i.e.,
that the municipal action was taken with “‘deliberate indifference’” to its known or
obvious consequences. Brown,
520 U.S. at 407,
117 S.Ct. at 1390 (quoting City of
Canton v. Harris,
489 U.S. 378, 388,
109 S.Ct. 1197, 1204 (1989)).
In essence, Plaintiffs claim that the Defendants failed to protect Plaintiffs
from Mency.16 In granting summary judgment, the district court concluded that the
Plaintiffs had failed to produce sufficient evidence to satisfy the requirement that
DCSD or Duncan knew of Mency’s conduct or were deliberately indifferent to
evidence that should have put them on notice. Thus, the only issue before us is
whether Plaintiffs created a triable issue that Defendants possessed the requisite
notice to establish institutional liability under section 1983.
The district court correctly held that the deliberate indifference standard
applies to section 1983 claims basing liability on a municipality’s actions in failing
to prevent a deprivation of federal rights. See Gebser,
524 U.S. at 291,
118 S.Ct. at
1999 (citing Brown,
520 U.S. 397,
117 S.Ct. 1382 (1997)). As stated at length in
our discussion of Plaintiffs’ Title IX claim, the record contains no evidence that the
16
Plaintiffs asserted three theories of recovery: (1) violation of DCSD policy; (2) failure
to investigate, train and report; and (3) a custom of inaction.
19
Defendants knew that Mency was sexually harassing Plaintiffs, or that Defendants
were deliberately indifferent to information that should have put them on notice.
III CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
20
