Maurice Sinvilien Joseph v. U.S. Attorney General , 304 F. App'x 788 ( 2008 )


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  •                                                              [DO NOT PUBLISH]
    IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
    ________________________                   FILED
    U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
    No. 08-10250                  ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
    DECEMBER 19, 2008
    Non-Argument Calendar
    THOMAS K. KAHN
    ________________________
    CLERK
    Agency Nos. A97-929-742,
    A97-929-743
    MAURICE SINVILIEN JOSEPH,
    MONIQUE JOSEPH ALEXANDRE,
    Petitioners,
    versus
    U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
    Respondent.
    ________________________
    Petition for Review of a Decision of the
    Board of Immigration Appeals
    _________________________
    (December 19, 2008)
    Before CARNES, HULL and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
    PER CURIAM:
    Maurice Sinvilien Joseph and his wife, Monique Joseph Alexandre, citizens
    of Haiti, petition for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’s (“BIA”) order
    affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of asylum and withholding of
    removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) and the United
    Nations Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). After review, we deny in part and
    dismiss in part the petition.
    I. BACKGROUND
    On November 25, 2003, Joseph entered the United States as a nonimmigrant
    visitor. In January 2004, Joseph and his wife, Alexandre, applied for asylum,
    withholding of removal and CAT relief. Alexandre had entered several weeks
    earlier.
    On December 20, 2004, the Department of Homeland Security issued a
    Notice to Appear (“NTA”) charging Joseph and Alexandre with staying in the
    United States beyond May 23, 2004 without authorization. Joseph and Alexander
    admitted the allegations in the NTA.
    A.     Alleged Persecution
    In his asylum application and hearing testimony, Joseph stated that he had
    been a police investigator with the Haitian National Police (“HNP”) and claimed
    he was persecuted by pro-Lavalas HNP supervisors because he had assisted in
    United States criminal prosecutions. According to Joseph, the Lavalas Party was
    2
    trying to take control of and politicize the police department. Joseph’s supervisors
    thought he was an agent for the United States and that he was working against the
    corrupt Haitian police force.
    In 2000, Joseph worked closely with the United States embassy in Haiti as it
    investigated a visa fraud scheme. More recently, Joseph traveled to the United
    States and testified as a government witness in the federal criminal trial of Curtis
    Wharton, who was charged with murdering his wife while they were in Haiti.1
    According to Joseph, some of his supervisors did not like that Joseph had
    cooperated with the Wharton prosecution, and one supervisor, Alcius Guerby,
    testified on Wharton’s behalf in the United States trial.
    On October 21, 2003, after Joseph had testified, another supervisor, Jude
    Perrin, questioned Joseph about his cooperation on the Wharton case and asked if
    he was being paid by the United States to work against the Haitian government.
    Joseph felt threatened by Perrin and did not return to work afterward.
    A week later, on October 27, 2003, Joseph’s house was sprayed with gun
    fire. Just before the shooting began, Joseph heard someone who sounded like
    Guerby state that Joseph would “pay dearly” for working with the United States.
    1
    Wharton was ultimately convicted of, among other things, foreign murder of a United
    States national. See United States v. Wharton, 
    320 F.3d 526
     (5th Cir. 2003).
    3
    After the incident, Joseph’s wife left for the United States, and Joseph went into
    hiding.
    Joseph submitted an October 27, 2003 incident report prepared by a Haitian
    justice of the peace. The incident report stated that Joseph’s house and a vehicle
    parked nearby were riddled with bullets and that shells of different caliber weapons
    were found on the ground. Joseph reported hearing a voice matching Guerby’s
    state before the attack that Joseph had worked for the United States embassy and
    would pay for that dearly. Joseph also reported that the attack followed an October
    21 interview by Jude Perrin of the Central Office of the Judiciary Police, who
    interrogated Joseph about his ties to United States embassy and his participation in
    the Wharton investigation.2
    Two weeks later, Joseph received a call from Perrin ordering him to join
    another police investigator, Pierre Honale Bonnet, in a special operation. Like
    Joseph, Bonnet had assisted the United States with the Wharton prosecution and
    2
    At the hearing, Joseph introduced photographs of his home that he said a neighbor took
    after the 2003 shooting. However, the photographs were date-stamped April 15, 1997. The IJ
    continued the hearing so that the photographs could be forensically examined to determine their
    age, but the examination results were inconclusive. The IJ expressed concern about the
    photographs. On appeal, the BIA agreed with the IJ that the photographs were “suspicious.”
    Joseph does not challenge this fact finding.
    4
    had been pressured by police supervisors. Unlike Joseph, however, Bonnet
    decided to return to work and was killed during the special operation.3
    Joseph left Haiti for the United States on November 25, 2003. One of
    Joseph’s neighbors wrote a letter stating that after Joseph’s departure, armed men
    came to Joseph’s home on several occasions looking for him and asking for
    information.
    The 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Haiti states that
    arbitrary killings were committed by the HNP, former military forces opposing
    Aristide, Lavalas partisans and street gangs paid by Aristide. Much of the
    violence stemmed from the armed rebellion that ousted Aristide in February 2004.
    Armed attacks and common crime against civilians spread panic and fear. Pro-
    Lavalas partisans were responsible for violence and killings in Port-au-Prince,
    including the killing of police officers. In September 2004, during “Operation
    Baghdad,” a surge of political violence that lasted several weeks, hundreds of
    people were killed and property was destroyed or burned. Many of the killings
    3
    Joseph submitted a newspaper obituary announcing Bonnet’s death and stating that a
    funeral would be held on November 25, 2003. The obituary did not give any details of how
    Bonnet had died.
    5
    were believed to have been carried out by pro-Lavalas gangs and some members of
    the HNP.4
    The Country Report indicated that there was widespread corruption in all
    branches of the government. However, after Aristide resigned, the interim
    government made some progress reforming HNP by firing corrupt officers,
    conducting prompt investigations of human rights abuses, arresting suspected
    officers, shuffling leadership and inducting new recruits cleared by human rights
    organizations. By November 2005, more than fifty police officers had been fired
    or jailed on allegations of corruption.
    Joseph also submitted several newspaper articles from October 2004
    reporting waves of violence by pro-Aristide gangs in Haiti. These gangs murdered
    policemen, looted businesses and terrorized civilians as part of a systematic
    campaign to destabilize the country and facilitate Aristide’s return to power.
    B.     Immigration Proceedings
    The IJ denied all requested relief. The IJ concluded that Joseph was
    statutorily ineligible for asylum and withholding of removal because he had failed
    to show he was targeted because of a political opinion or an imputed political
    opinion. On appeal, the BIA affirmed and adopted the IJ’s decision. The BIA also
    4
    According to Joseph, another unnamed officer who cooperated with the Wharton
    prosecution disappeared during “Operation Baghdad.”
    6
    noted that Joseph had failed to show how his cooperation with the United States
    created the impression that he was politically opposed to the Haitian government or
    Lavalas. The BIA concluded that, at most, the evidence showed that the attack on
    Joseph’s house was a private act of violence. Joseph filed this petition for review.
    II. DISCUSSION
    To be eligible for asylum, a petitioner must show that he suffered past
    persecution or has a well founded fear of future persecution “on account of” a
    protected ground. See INA § 101(a)(42)(A), 
    8 U.S.C. § 1101
    (a)(42)(A); see also 
    8 C.F.R. § 208.13
    (b). An imputed political opinion is a statutorily protected ground.
    See Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 
    257 F.3d 1262
    , 1289 (11th Cir. 2001). A political
    opinion may be imputed if the persecutors mistakenly attribute a political opinion
    to the asylum applicant “and then persecute[ ] him because of that mistaken belief
    about his views.” 
    Id.
     (brackets omitted)
    The alien must show not only that the persecutor imputed a political opinion
    to him, but also that the persecution was motivated by that imputed political
    opinion. See Rodriguez Morales v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 
    488 F.3d 884
    , 890 (11th Cir.
    2007). Evidence of acts of private violence or criminal activity do not demonstrate
    persecution on a protected ground. Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 
    440 F.3d 1247
    , 1258
    (11th Cir. 2006). We will not reverse a finding that an alien failed to demonstrate a
    nexus between the alleged persecution and the alien’s actual or imputed political
    7
    opinion, unless the evidence compels the conclusion that the alien has been or will
    be persecuted “‘because of’ his political opinion.” Rodriguez Morales, 
    488 F.3d at 890
    .5
    Here, substantial evidence supports the finding that Joseph was a victim of
    criminal violence rather than political persecution.6 Specifically, there is evidence
    in the record that: (1) the HNP has suffered from endemic corruption and its
    members have engaged in criminal violence and arbitrary killings; (2) pro-Lavalas
    partisans have killed police officers as part of a strategy to destabilize the country
    and bring former president Aristide back to power; (3) Joseph’s pro-Lavalas HNP
    supervisors were corrupt and attempting to take control of the HNP; (4) these
    supervisors targeted Joseph because they saw his cooperation with the United
    States as a sign that he would fight against their corruption; and (5) since Aristide
    resigned from power, progress has been made to weed out corrupt and violent HNP
    5
    Where, as here, the BIA adopts and affirms the reasoning of the IJ, we review the
    decisions of both the BIA and the IJ. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284. We review legal
    determinations de novo, D-Muhumed v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 
    388 F.3d 814
    , 817 (11th Cir. 2004),
    and factual determinations under the substantial evidence test, Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1283.
    Under the highly deferential substantial evidence standard, we will reverse a finding of fact
    “only when the record compels a reversal; the mere fact that the record may support a contrary
    conclusion is not enough to justify a reversal.” Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 
    386 F.3d 1022
    , 1027 (11th
    Cir. 2004) (en banc).
    6
    We lack jurisdiction to consider Joseph’s newly raised claim that he was persecuted on
    account of his membership in a particular social group–former HNP officers who cooperated
    with the United States–because Joseph failed to raise this particular social group argument with
    the BIA. See Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 
    463 F.3d 1247
    , 1250 (11th Cir. 2006). We
    thus dismiss Joseph’s petition with respect to this claim.
    8
    officials and reform the HNP. These facts suggest Joseph’s HNP supervisors were
    motivated, at most, by their own political opinions, not a political opinion they
    imputed to Joseph. See Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 
    392 F.3d 434
    , 437-38 (11th
    Cir. 2004) (explaining that it is the victim’s, and not the persecutor’s, political
    opinion that must motivate the persecution).
    We cannot say the evidence compels a finding that Joseph was or will be
    persecuted on account of an imputed political opinion. Because Joseph failed to
    carry his lower burden of proof with regard to asylum, he is also ineligible for
    withholding of removal. See Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 
    401 F.3d 1282
    , 1288 n.4
    (11th Cir. 2005). Given the recent reforms made within the HNP, the evidence
    also does not compel a conclusion that Joseph would more likely than not be
    tortured by the Haitian government if returned to Haiti.
    DENIED IN PART, DISMISSED IN PART.
    9