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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 17-12831
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 2:16-cr-00345-WKW-CSC-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
ELLIS MCCLAIN, JR.,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Alabama
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(February 15, 2018)
Before TJOFLAT, JULIE CARNES and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Ellis McClain, Jr., appeals his forty-six-month, bottom-of-the guidelines
sentence of imprisonment, which was imposed after he pleaded guilty to
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possession of a firearm by a felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).1
McClain’s firearm was found during a search of his residence executed by law
enforcement pursuant to a search warrant. 2 McClain first argues that the District
Court erred in finding that he possessed a firearm in connection with another
felony offense, and thus the Court improperly applied U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B)’s
four-level enhancement. Second, McClain argues that, for a variety of reasons, his
sentence is substantively unreasonable. We disagree with both of McClain’s
arguments and affirm his sentence.
I.
Section 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) provides for a four-level enhancement where the
defendant “used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with
another felony offense; or possessed or transferred any firearm or ammunition with
knowledge, intent, or reason to believe that it would be used or possessed in
connection with another felony offense.” The presentence investigation report
based the enhancement on a felony violation of “trafficking in synthetic controlled
1
McClain pleaded guilty without the benefit of a written agreement.
2
There is some discrepancy between the facts presented in the presentence investigation
report and by the drug task force agent who testified at McClain’s sentencing. The presentence
investigation report states that the firearm and some synthetic marijuana were found during a
protective sweep conducted after law enforcement executed an arrest warrant. The agent
testified that some synthetic marijuana was found during this protective sweep, but that the
firearm, more synthetic marijuana, and other contraband were found pursuant to a search warrant
obtained after the arrest warrant was executed.
2
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substances,” Alabama Code § 13A-12-231(12). 3 McClain contends that this
enhancement is inapplicable because although he possessed a firearm, the
Government failed to prove that he possessed synthetic marijuana.
Whether a firearm was used “in connection with” a felony offense is a
factual determination reviewed for clear error. United States v. Whitfield,
50 F.3d
947, 949 (11th Cir. 1995). Under clear-error review, we will not disturb a district
court’s factual findings unless we are left with a “definite and firm conviction that
a mistake has been committed.” United States v. Almedina,
686 F.3d 1312, 1315
(11th Cir. 2012). The Government must establish the facts supporting a sentencing
enhancement by a preponderance of the evidence—i.e., prove the facts’ existence
was more probable than not. Id.; United States v. Perez-Oliveros,
479 F.3d 779,
783 (11th Cir. 2007). This standard is not toothless; the Government must carry its
burden by presenting reliable and specific evidence.
Almedina, 686 F.3d at 1315.
At sentencing, the Government called to testify a drug task force agent who
executed the search warrant leading to McClain’s firearm charge. 4 He testified that
he had been to several narcotics schools and classes and had seen synthetic
3
Alabama Code § 13A-12-231(12) states:
Any person who knowingly sells, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state,
or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of 56 or more grams of a
synthetic controlled substance or a synthetic controlled substance analogue, as
described in subdivision (4) or (5) of subsection (a) of Section 20-2-23, is guilty
of a felony . . . .
4
See supra note 2. The agent testified that he executed both the arrest warrant and the
search warrant.
3
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marijuana more than one hundred times. The agent stated that in July 2015 law
enforcement conducted a controlled purchase of drugs from McClain. The agent
clarified that he did not work the case—he “was [only] involved in monitoring the
buy”—but believed the purchase to be of synthetic marijuana.
He next testified that he and other agents conducted an arrest warrant related
to this controlled purchase. When the agents entered McClain’s residence,
McClain “took off running” to the bathroom and flushed items down the toilet.
The agent stated that he saw synthetic marijuana around the toilet and recovered
some packages of synthetic marijuana elsewhere in the residence. Next, another
agent obtained a search warrant. While executing that warrant, the agents
recovered a loaded firearm, packages of synthetic marijuana totaling more than
fifty-six grams, sets of digital scales, burnt marijuana cigarettes, several baggies
containing marijuana and one containing methamphetamine, baggies containing
cocaine residue, empty synthetic marijuana bags, and two trash bags containing
seven pounds of synthetic marijuana. The agent testified that none of the synthetic
marijuana had been tested, but that he had identified it as such by sight, smell, and
experience.
Finally, the agent testified that McClain, while en route to the county jail,
spontaneously admitted to another agent that he had flushed synthetic marijuana
4
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down the toilet. The testifying agent was not present for this statement. Rather,
this statement was inscribed in an incident report written by yet a different agent. 5
McClain contends that this is insufficient evidence of trafficking in synthetic
controlled substances because none of the alleged synthetic marijuana was tested.
Synthetic marijuana is comprised of illicit chemicals sprayed onto a green, leafy
substance—typically an herbal supplement like damiana leaf, which is itself legal.
The agent’s sight, sense of smell, and experience, McClain asserts, is insufficient
evidence that the leaves found contained illicit chemicals. McClain adds that even
if the agent smelled chemicals, this does not prove that the chemical or chemicals
allegedly applied to the leaves were ones specifically listed in the Alabama Code
as illicit. Further, the agents found no freestanding chemicals in the residence.
The District Court did not clearly err in applying the U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhancement. The Government presented enough evidence—
including testimony recounting McClain running away to flush items down the
toilet, his spontaneous admission that synthetic marijuana was flushed,6 the
presence of scales and baggies, and the smell of synthetic marijuana—to prove
5
At sentencing, the Court recognized that this evidence was “double or . . . triple
hearsay.” Although the Federal Rules of Evidence do not apply at sentencing proceedings, Fed.
R. Evid. 1101(d)(3), it is clear that the Court factored in the unreliability of this evidence when
considering its probative value as to whether McClain trafficked in synthetic controlled
substances.
6
We recognize that the hearsay nature of this evidence cuts into its probative value. See
supra note 5.
5
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that, more likely than not, the substance found was synthetic marijuana. Further,
the firearm was located in close proximity to the drugs and was therefore possessed
“in connection with” the drug offense. 7
II.
Second, McClain argues that the District Court’s sentence was substantively
unreasonable because the Court failed to give meaningful consideration to the 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors; gave significant weight to improper considerations,
including what McClain might do should he be returned too soon to his community
and the fact that nearby communities had recently experienced drug-related
shootings; and imposed a sentence greater than necessary to serve the goals of
§ 3553(a).
We review the substantive reasonableness of a sentence under a deferential
abuse-of-discretion standard. 8 Gall v. United States,
552 U.S. 38, 41,
128 S. Ct.
7
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). We have consistently interpreted the phrase “in connection
with” in the sentencing guidelines expansively and have expressly rejected more restrictive
interpretations. E.g., United States v. Smith,
480 F.3d 1277, 1280 (11th Cir. 2007). In United
States v. Carillo-Ayala,
713 F.3d 82, 96 (11th Cir. 2013), for instance, we held that under
U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2(a)(2), “a defendant possesses a firearm in connection with a drug offense if the
firearm is in proximity to drugs or if the firearm facilitates the drug offense.” Further, subsection
(b)(6)(B) applies “if the firearm or ammunition facilitated, or had the potential of facilitating,
another felony offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 cmt. n.14(A). “[I]n the case of a drug trafficking
offense in which a firearm is found in close proximity to drugs,” application of subsection
(b)(6)(B) “is warranted because the presence of the firearm has the potential of facilitating
another felony offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 cmt. n.14(B).
8
McClain challenges his sentence’s substantive reasonableness for the first time on
appeal. Though the Government points this out, it does not argue for a plain-error standard of
6
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586, 591 (2007). The party challenging the sentence bears the burden of proving
the sentence unreasonable in light of the record and the § 3553(a) factors. United
States v. Tome,
611 F.3d 1371, 1378 (11th Cir. 2010). The district court must
impose a sentence “sufficient, but not greater than necessary, to comply with the
purposes” listed in § 3553(a)(2), including the need to reflect the seriousness of the
offense, promote respect for the law, provide just punishment for the offense, deter
criminal conduct, and protect the public from the defendant’s future criminal
conduct. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The weight given to any specific § 3553(a) factor is
committed to the sound discretion of the district court. United States v. Clay,
483
F.3d 739, 743 (11th Cir. 2007). We will reverse only if we are left with a firm
conviction that the district court committed a clear error of judgment in weighing
the § 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence that lies outside the range of
reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case. United States v. Irey,
612
F.3d 1160, 1186 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc).
McClain has failed to show that his forty-six-month sentence is
substantively unreasonable in light of the record and the § 3553(a) factors. When
the District Court imposed McClain’s sentence, it stated explicitly that it had
considered the advisory guideline range and the § 3553(a) factors. Its lengthy
review. Because we find McClain’s sentence substantively reasonable under the more lenient
abuse-of-discretion standard, we need not decide whether to apply plain-error review.
7
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explanation of its rationale for McClain’s sentence corroborates this. Moreover,
the Court did not err by considering what McClain might do should he be returned
too soon to the community or by emphasizing the recent spate of drug-related
shootings that had burdened nearby communities. These concerns are directly
relevant to § 3553(a) factors such as the nature and circumstances of McClain’s
offense and his criminal history and characteristics, the need to reflect the
seriousness of his offense, the need to protect the public from the risk that McClain
might reoffend, and the need to deter McClain and others from using guns in
furtherance of drug-trafficking activity. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(A)–(C).
Overall, forty-six months’ imprisonment is a substantively reasonable sentence
given the facts of this case.
III.
The District Court did not err in applying U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B)’s four-
level enhancement or in imposing a forty-six-month sentence. Accordingly, we
affirm McClain’s sentence.
AFFIRMED.
8
