USCA11 Case: 21-10494 Document: 18-1 Date Filed: 01/30/2023 Page: 1 of 11
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-10494
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
JOSEPH NORMAN BROWN, III,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
JOHN ANDERSON,
Field Training Officer, Individual Capacity,
OFFICER RICH,
Field Training Officer, Individual Capacity,
FRANGY MERANE,
Corrections Deputy, Individual Capacity,
Defendants-Appellees.
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2 Opinion of the Court 21-10494
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 6:21-cv-00032-GKS-GJK
____________________
Before JORDAN, NEWSOM, and LUCK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Joseph Brown was a pretrial detainee at Brevard County Jail
Complex when he was attacked by another inmate, Kqamane
Brown.1 Joseph believed that jail officials orchestrated the attack,
so he, pro se, sued the officials under
42 U.S.C. sections 1983 and
1985(3) for conspiring to deprive him of his rights. The district
court screened his complaint under 28 U.S.C. section 1915A and
dismissed it for failure to state a claim. We affirm.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
One evening, Officer John Anderson saw Joseph out of his
cell during a modified lockdown and ordered him to return to his
cell. Joseph complied. But about ten to fifteen minutes later, Of-
ficer Anderson saw Joseph out of his cell again. Officer Anderson
told Joseph to “[g]o pack your sh-t” and “[h]urry the f—k up.”
1
For ease of reference, because Joseph and Kqamane share a last name, we
refer to them by their first names throughout this opinion.
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21-10494 Opinion of the Court 3
Joseph inferred that Officer Anderson was sending him to lock-
down. Joseph went to his cell and packed his belongings.
About five minutes later, Officer Anderson began to escort
Joseph from his cell to another housing unit in the jail. During the
escort, Joseph engaged Officer Anderson in “civil conversation” to
determine why the officer “singled out [Joseph] when there were
over five other inmates out of their cells.” Officer Anderson “be-
came irate and confrontational,” “rushed” at Joseph, and “yelled to
[him] to, ‘Back the f—k up.’” Joseph responded, “You[’re] the one
who just rushed up on me.” Officer Anderson said, “Get the f—k
away from the office.” Joseph complied, stepping about ten feet
away to the wall. Joseph kept asking why he was being “singled
out.” Each time, Officer Anderson “raise[d] his voice” over Jo-
seph’s and said, “Shut the f—k up.” Joseph responded by invoking
his free speech rights. This exchange led Officer Anderson to rush
at Joseph again and put him in handcuffs.
Officer Anderson told Joseph, “You[’re] lucky[.] I just saved
your life. . . . I can[’]t touch you in handcuffs.” In response, Joseph
told the officer to remove the handcuffs, and the officer told a “Cor-
poral C. Johnson,” “Take this f-ggot chomo [away] before I kill
him.” According to Joseph, “chomo” meant “child molester” and
referred to his charges: three counts of lewd or lascivious battery
on a male. Corporal Johnson took over the escort from Officer
Anderson, but before Corporal Johnson and Joseph left Officer An-
derson’s presence, Joseph asked about Joseph’s belongings, and Of-
ficer Anderson responded, “You won[’]t need your sh-t where
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4 Opinion of the Court 21-10494
you[’re] going.” Joseph alleged, upon information and belief, that
Officer Anderson then told an “Officer Rich” and Deputy Frangy
Merane to “put [Joseph] in a cell to get jumped,” and that Officer
Rich and Deputy Merane complied.
After Corporal Johnson and Joseph arrived at Joseph’s new
housing unit, Corporal Johnson removed Joseph’s handcuffs and
left to get a new uniform for Joseph in another area of the jail. In
Corporal Johnson’s absence, Officer Rich and Deputy Merane got
into “a minor verbal argument” with Joseph because Joseph
wanted to talk to a sergeant and Officer Rich and Deputy Merane
wouldn’t contact the sergeant for Joseph. Officer Rich and Deputy
Merane showed Joseph to his new cell, where he “began pacing
. . . , infuriated.” Officer Rich and Deputy Merane spoke to the
other two inmates in the cell, one of whom was Kqamane, an in-
mate with “a well[-]established history of attacking other detain-
ees” who “[wa]s known for fighting.” The two jail officials spoke
“in a low volume” for about a minute until Corporal Johnson re-
turned with Joseph’s new uniform. Then, the three jail officials left
together.
About five to ten minutes later, Kqamane attacked Joseph
while Joseph was sitting on a bed. For about a minute, Kqamane
repeatedly “punched and kicked” Joseph while Joseph was on the
floor. Kqamane attacked Joseph in the ribs, arm, back, face, and
head. After the attack, Kqamane told Joseph to kick the door to
summon jail officials. When Joseph asked the reason for the attack,
Kqamane said, “You know why, chomo.” In Joseph’s view, this
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21-10494 Opinion of the Court 5
statement showed that Kqamane knew about Joseph’s charges, and
the only way Kqamane could have gotten the information was
from Officer Rich and Deputy Merane.
Joseph kicked on the door for a minute. Then, he “started
shaking violently and fell to the floor.” Officer Rich and Deputy
Merane entered the area, and Kqamane yelled to them, “Come get
your chomo[.] He needs a doctor[.] . . . I beat this cracker[’]s ass.”
Joseph received medical treatment from jail staff and was trans-
ported to a medical center. He suffered “several contusions, lacer-
ations, and abrasions on his head, face, inside lip, elbow, and wrist”
from Kqamane’s attack and experienced “deep pain,” “humiliation,
post[-]traumatic stress, fright, shock, and mental distress.”
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Using a form complaint, Joseph brought individual capacity
claims against Officers Anderson and Rich and Deputy Merane un-
der sections 1983 and 1985(3). Joseph alleged that the jail officials
“entered into an agreement to have [him] placed in a particular cell
where, after informing another inmate (who has a well[-]estab-
lished history of attacking other detainees) of [Joseph’s] pending
criminal charges against a minor, [Joseph] would be attacked.” Jo-
seph also moved for leave to proceed in forma pauperis.
The district court screened Joseph’s complaint under section
1915A and concluded that it failed to state a plausible claim for re-
lief. The district court didn’t mention section 1985(3). Instead, it
construed the complaint as alleging under section 1983 that the
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6 Opinion of the Court 21-10494
defendant jail officials were “deliberate[ly] indifferen[t] to a sub-
stantial risk of serious harm to” Joseph from Kqamane. The district
court explained that Joseph didn’t “allege facts indicating that [the
d]efendants had any actual knowledge of an impending risk of seri-
ous harm to him” and didn’t allege that they “actually provided . . .
information” to Kqamane or “were aware that providing . . . infor-
mation to [Kqamane] would result in the attack on [Joseph].” Nor
did Joseph claim, said the district court, that Kqamane “actually at-
tacked him based on [his] pending criminal charges.” And the dis-
trict court explained that Joseph’s “vague and conclusory allega-
tions” of the defendants’ agreement to put him in a cell where he
would be attacked were “insufficient to merit relief.” Thus, the
district court dismissed the case and denied the in forma pauperis
motion.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint
under section 1915A for failure to state a claim, Leal v. Ga. Dep’t
of Corr.,
254 F.3d 1276, 1279 (11th Cir. 2001), and we apply the
same standards that govern dismissals under rule 12(b)(6), see
Mitchell v. Farcass,
112 F.3d 1483, 1490 (11th Cir. 1997). “While
we accept the factual allegations in the complaint as true, constru-
ing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the allegations
must state a claim for relief that is plausible, not merely possible.”
Gill v. Judd,
941 F.3d 504, 511 (11th Cir. 2019). “Under this stand-
ard, ‘threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
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21-10494 Opinion of the Court 7
supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.’”
Id.
(quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (alteration
adopted)).
We construe pro se filings liberally. Leal, 254 F.3d at 1280.
But we will not act as de facto counsel for a pro se plaintiff, “re-
writ[ing] an otherwise deficient pleading in order to sustain an ac-
tion.” Campbell v. Air Jam., Ltd.,
760 F.3d 1165, 1169 (11th Cir.
2014) (quotation omitted).
DISCUSSION
Joseph argues that the district court didn’t liberally construe
his complaint. If it had, Joseph asserts, it would have concluded
that he alleged sufficient facts to support his section 1985(3) con-
spiracy claims. Joseph also contends that he would have been able
to support those claims better if he was allowed to conduct discov-
ery. And, says Joseph, he sufficiently alleged the jail officials’ delib-
erate indifference under section 1983.
To prove a section 1985(3) claim, a plaintiff must show that
the defendant conspirators acted with “racial, or perhaps otherwise
class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus.” Childree v. UAP
/ GA AG Chem., Inc.,
92 F.3d 1140, 1146–47 (11th Cir. 1996) (quo-
tation omitted); see
id. at 1147 (“Two types of classes come within
[section] 1985(3)’s protection: (1) classes having common charac-
teristics of an inherent nature—i.e., those kinds of classes offered
special protection under the [E]qual [P]rotection [C]lause, and (2)
classes that Congress was trying to protect when it enacted the Ku
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8 Opinion of the Court 21-10494
Klux Klan Act.”). Joseph didn’t allege race- or class-based discrimi-
natory animus in his complaint, so the district court properly disre-
garded his section 1985(3) claims to focus on his section 1983
claims.
To prove a section 1983 deliberate indifference claim, a
plaintiff must show “(1) a substantial risk of serious harm; (2) the
defendant[’s] deliberate indifference to that risk; and (3) causation.”
Goodman v. Kimbrough,
718 F.3d 1325, 1331 (11th Cir. 2013) (quo-
tation omitted). “The first element . . . is assessed under an objec-
tive standard.” Lane v. Philbin,
835 F.3d 1302, 1307 (11th Cir.
2016). The plaintiff must allege “conditions that were extreme and
posed an unreasonable risk of serious injury to his future health or
safety.”
Id. The second element requires that the plaintiff establish
the defendant’s “(1) subjective knowledge of a risk of serious harm”
and “(2) disregard of that risk; (3) by conduct that is more than
mere negligence.” Swain v. Junior,
961 F.3d 1276, 1285 (11th Cir.
2020) (quotation omitted).
Joseph failed to allege that the defendants were subjectively
aware that Kqamane posed him a risk of serious harm. Like the
district court, we disregard Joseph’s conclusory allegations that the
defendants conspired to have him beaten up. See Iqbal,
556 U.S. at
681 (explaining that conclusory allegations are “not entitled to be
assumed true”); Mann v. Palmer,
713 F.3d 1306, 1315 (11th Cir.
2013) (explaining that we don’t have to take as true allegations
made upon information and belief that lack the factual support to
be plausible). We are left with Joseph’s supposition that “there
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21-10494 Opinion of the Court 9
[wa]s no logical explanation on how [Kqamane] was able to ascer-
tain [Joseph’s] charges without [Officer Rich and Deputy Merane]
providing [Kqamane] with the information” during the one-mi-
nute-long low-volume conversation that the jail officials had with
“the other two inmates” in the cell.
Even if we infer that the officials told Kqamane about Jo-
seph’s charges at that time, we don’t know anything else about the
conversation. Joseph didn’t allege that the defendants knew that
Kqamane would attack him after Kqamane found out about his
charges, or that they intended their conversation to lead to an at-
tack. We would have to speculate or pile inference upon inference
to get from what the complaint said to what it needed to say. And
this we will not do. See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544,
555 (2007) (requiring complaints to contain factual allegations that
“raise a right to relief above the speculative level”).
Joseph’s arguments on appeal are unpersuasive. 2 His con-
tention that the district court didn’t liberally construe his complaint
2
On appeal, Joseph asserts new facts about Kqamane’s history of violence
against inmates. Kqamane, claims Joseph, “ha[d] a history of physically attack-
ing white inmates” and “inmates with sexual offenses” and “[wa]s gang[-]affil-
iated.” And, Joseph says, Kqamane has seven pending charges for battery of a
detainee. Joseph also submits new evidence from another inmate about Of-
ficer Anderson’s involvement in the attack. But “[b]ecause this case is before
us on appeal from a . . . dismissal for failure to state a claim, we limit ourselves
to the allegations of the complaint.” Lopez v. First Union Nat’l Bank,
129 F.3d
1186, 1188 (11th Cir. 1997) (“[T]here may be additional facts which dictate a
different result, but for now the factual boundary of this case is marked by the
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10 Opinion of the Court 21-10494
depends on the old “no set of facts” test for dismissals for failure to
state a claim. That test was replaced by a plausibility standard over
a decade ago. See Speaker v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs.
Ctrs. for Disease Control & Prevention,
623 F.3d 1371, 1380 (11th
Cir. 2010) (“In 2007, the Supreme Court in Bell Atlantic Corpora-
tion v. Twombly retired [the] ‘no set of facts’ test in favor of a new
formulation of [the] pleading standard.” (citation omitted)). We
apply the plausibility standard even in pro se cases. See, e.g.,
Brooks v. Powell,
800 F.3d 1295, 1300 (11th Cir. 2015). And Jo-
seph’s argument that discovery would have allowed him to sup-
port his claims of conspiracy misunderstands the purpose of plead-
ing. “Facial challenges to the legal sufficiency of a claim . . . , such
as a motion to dismiss based on failure to state a claim for relief,
should . . . be resolved before discovery begins” because “[s]uch a
dispute always presents a purely legal question,” because “the alle-
gations contained in the pleading are presumed to be true.” Chuda-
sama v. Mazda Motor Corp.,
123 F.3d 1353, 1367 (11th Cir. 1997)
(footnote omitted).
CONCLUSION
Joseph didn’t sufficiently allege the elements of a section
1985(3) claim or a section 1983 deliberate indifference claim. Thus,
metes and bounds of the complaint.”). Thus, we disregard Joseph’s new fac-
tual allegations and evidence. “We are, after all, a court of review, not a court
of first view.” Callahan v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs.,
939 F.3d 1251,
1266 (11th Cir. 2019).
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21-10494 Opinion of the Court 11
we affirm the district court’s dismissal of his complaint for failure
to state a claim.
AFFIRMED.
