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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 17-14897
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
Agency No. A206-528-677
VICTOR TUM-LUX,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
________________________
(July 9, 2018)
Before TJOFLAT, NEWSOM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Victor Tum-Lux petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’
(“BIA”) order affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of his application
for withholding of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”)
§ 241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), and relief under the United Nations Convention
Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
(“CAT”), 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c). Tum-Lux argues that he established past
persecution in Guatemala, and a likelihood of future persecution, through his
testimony that an international criminal organization, Mara Salvatrucha (“MS”),
threatened to kill him for refusing to join the gang. He argues that such
persecution was on account of membership in a particular social
group——“Guatemalan males who have been actively recruited by international
criminal organizations especially because they are indigenous and more vulnerable
in order to use them to commit illicit activities, but who have refused to join.” He
also argues that he is entitled to CAT relief because MS will kill him if he returns
to Guatemala. The government responds that we lack jurisdiction to review any
challenge to the BIA’s or IJ’s credibility and corroboration determinations because
Tum-Lux did not sufficiently exhaust any such claims before the BIA.
I.
Before addressing a petitioner’s arguments on the merits, we assess our
subject matter jurisdiction de novo. Indrawati v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
779 F.3d 1284,
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1297 (11th Cir. 2015). We may review a final order of removal only if an alien has
exhausted all administrative remedies available as a matter of right. INA
§ 242(d)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). An alien fails to exhaust his administrative
remedies with respect to a particular claim when he does not raise that claim before
the BIA, and we lack jurisdiction to consider unexhausted claims.
Indrawati, 779
F.3d at 1297.
To exhaust a claim, a petitioner must have previously argued “the core issue
now on appeal” before the BIA.
Id. Exhaustion does not require a petitioner to
use precise legal terminology or to provide well-developed arguments in support of
his claim, but it does require that he provide information sufficient to enable the
BIA to review and correct any errors below.
Id. These requirements are intended
to ensure that premature interference with the administrative process is avoided
and that the agency has had a full opportunity to consider a petitioner’s claims.
Id.
at 1298.
Although he did not offer well-developed arguments challenging the IJ’s
credibility and corroboration determinations to the BIA, Tum-Lux’s notice of
appeal and brief before the BIA squarely presented the core issues now on appeal,
including the credibility and corroboration determinations. Accordingly, he
sufficiently exhausted his claims, and we possess jurisdiction to review the merits
of his petition.
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II.
We review only the decision of the BIA, except to the extent that the BIA
expressly adopts the IJ’s decision. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft,
257 F.3d 1262, 1284
(11th Cir. 2001). On appeal from the BIA’s decision, we review legal questions de
novo. Zhou Hua Zhu v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
703 F.3d 1303, 1307 (11th Cir. 2013).
Factual determinations are reviewed under the substantial-evidence test, which
requires us to view the record in the light most favorable to the agency’s decision
and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor. Adefemi v. Ashcroft,
386 F.3d
1022, 1026-27 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc). In order to reverse administrative
factual findings, we must determine that the record “compels” reversal, not merely
that it supports a different conclusion.
Id.
Whether an asserted group qualifies as a particular social group under the
INA is a question of law that we review de novo. Malu v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
764
F.3d 1282, 1290 (11th Cir. 2014). A credibility determination is a factual finding
which we review under the substantial evidence test. Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
440
F.3d 1247, 1255 (11th Cir. 2006).
Under the INA, an alien shall not be removed to a country if his life or
freedom would be threatened in such country on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. INA
§ 241(b)(3)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). The burden of proof is upon the alien to
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show his eligibility for withholding of removal under the INA. 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.16(b).
An applicant for withholding of removal may satisfy his burden of proof in
either of two ways. Tan v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
446 F.3d 1369, 1375 (11th Cir. 2006).
First, an alien may establish past persecution in his country based on a protected
ground.
Id. If the alien establishes past persecution, it is presumed that his life or
freedom would be threatened upon return to that country unless the Department of
Homeland Security shows by a preponderance of the evidence that, among other
things, the country’s conditions have changed such that the applicant’s life or
freedom would no longer be threatened upon his removal. 8 C.F.R.
§§ 208.16(b)(1)(i), (ii);
Tan, 446 F.3d at 1375. Second, “[a]n alien who has not
shown past persecution . . . may still be entitled to withholding of removal if he can
demonstrate a future threat to his life or freedom on a protected ground in his
country.” Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
392 F.3d 434, 437 (11th Cir. 2004)
(quotation marks omitted).
If credible, an alien’s testimony may be sufficient without corroboration to
sustain his burden of proof in establishing eligibility for relief, and, conversely, an
adverse credibility determination alone may be sufficient to support the denial of
his application.
Ruiz, 440 F.3d at 1255 (applying the credibility standard in the
asylum context). Indications of reliable testimony include consistency with direct
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examination, consistency with the written application, and the absence of
embellishments.
Id. Once an adverse credibility finding is made, the burden shifts
to the applicant to show that the IJ’s credibility decision was not supported by
specific, cogent reasons, or was not based on substantial evidence.
Id.
Substantial evidence supports an adverse credibility finding where omissions
in an alien’s application are revealed during the alien’s testimony at his merits
hearing. Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
401 F.3d 1282, 1287-88 (11th Cir. 2005). The
BIA and IJ may consider inaccuracies, inconsistencies, and falsehoods contained in
an applicant’s evidence without regard to whether they go to the heart of his claim.
Chen v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
463 F.3d 1228, 1233 (11th Cir. 2006); see also INA
§ 208(b)(1)(B)(iii), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii).
Pursuant to the REAL ID Act of 2005, for applications filed after May 11,
2005, where the trier of fact determines that the applicant should provide evidence
that corroborates otherwise credible testimony, such evidence must be provided
unless the applicant does not have the evidence and cannot reasonably obtain the
evidence. INA § 208(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii).
Although neither the INA nor the regulations implementing the INA define
“persecution,” we have stated that “persecution is an extreme concept, requiring
more than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation, and that
mere harassment does not amount to persecution.” Sanchez Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y
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Gen.,
492 F.3d 1223, 1232 (11th Cir. 2007). On the other hand, we have held that
an alien who had been accosted at gunpoint and later severely beaten had suffered
persecution. Delgado v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
487 F.3d 855, 861 (11th Cir. 2007).
Both past and future persecution must be “on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Sanchez
Jimenez, 492 F.3d at 1232. A “particular social group” is not defined in the INA,
but we have deferred to the BIA’s formulation for determining whether a particular
group qualifies. Castillo-Arias v. U.S Att’y Gen.,
446 F.3d 1190, 1196 (11th Cir.
2006). First, the group’s members must have a “common characteristic other than
their risk of being persecuted,” and that characteristic must be either immutable or
fundamental to their individual conscience or identity.
Id. at 1193-94, 1196-97.
Furthermore, a group must (1) have sufficient “social distinction,” and (2) not be
too numerous or inchoate.
Id. at 1194, 1196-98; see also Rodriguez v. U.S. Att’y
Gen.,
735 F.3d 1302, 1310 (11th Cir. 2013); Matter of W-G-R-, 26 I.&N. Dec. 208,
215-18 (BIA 2014) vacated in part on other grounds by Reyes v. Lynch,
842 F.3d
1125 (9th Cir. 2016) (renaming “social visibility” as “social distinction”). Social
distinction requires a group to be socially distinct within the society in question,
i.e., it must be perceived as a group by society. Matter of W-G-R-, 26 I.&N. Dec.
at 216-18. Whether a person belongs to a particular social group must be looked at
contextually, keeping in mind the culture and society of the alien’s country.
Id. at
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214. The BIA has held that “[p]ersons who resist joining gangs have not been
shown to be part of a socially visible group.” Matter of E-A-G-, 24 I.&N. Dec.
591, 594-95 (BIA 2008). Moreover, evidence that is consistent with “private
violence,” or that “merely shows that a person has been the victim of criminal
activity” does not constitute evidence of persecution based on a statutorily-
protected ground.
Ruiz, 440 F.3d at 1258.
Here, substantial evidence supported the BIA’s and IJ’s denial of Tum-Lux’s
application for withholding of removal for several reasons. Tum-Lux’s testimony
was vague and uncorroborated, and he omitted any mention of his brother being
threatened by MS from his written application. As a result, substantial evidence
supported the BIA’s and IJ’s determination that he was not credible. Moreover,
the verbal threats he experienced did not rise to the level of persecution, and he did
not show that his proposed social group possessed social distinction within
Guatemalan society. Accordingly, substantial evidence supported the BIA’s and
IJ’s denial of Tum-Lux’s application for withholding of removal.
III.
The CAT states that signatory nations will not “expel, return or extradite a
person to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing he would
be in danger of being subjected to torture.” United Nations Convention Against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Art.
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3(1), Dec. 10, 1984, S. Treaty Doc. No. 100–20 (1988), 1465 U.N.T.S. 85. To be
entitled to relief under the CAT, an applicant bears the burden of proof to establish
that it is more likely than not that he would be tortured if removed to the proposed
country of removal. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2); Reyes-Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
369 F.3d 1239, 1242 (11th Cir. 2004).
To obtain CAT relief, the alien must demonstrate that the torture would be
inflicted by the government or with the government’s acquiescence. Reyes-
Sanchez, 369 F.3d at 1242. Acquiescence “requires that the public official, prior to
the activity constituting torture, have awareness of such activity and thereafter
breach his or her legal responsibility to intervene to prevent such activity.”
Id.
(quotation marks omitted); see also 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(7). A government does
not “acquiesce” to torture where it “actively, albeit not entirely successfully,
combats” illegal activities.
Reyes-Sanchez, 369 F.3d at 1243 (quotation marks
omitted).
Substantial evidence supported the BIA’s and IJ’s denial of Tum-Lux’s
application for CAT relief. Tum-Lux testified that neither he, nor anyone else in
his village, ever reported MS’s threats to authorities. Additionally, the alleged
ineffectiveness of Guatemalan authorities in combatting organized crime is not
tantamount to acquiescence to torture. Accordingly we deny his petition for
review.
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PETITION DENIED.
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