USCA11 Case: 22-11179 Document: 24-1 Date Filed: 02/09/2023 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-11179
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
WILLIAM BODNER,
TERI BODNER,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
THUNDERBIRD PRODUCTS CORP.,
PORTER, INC.,
d.b.a. FORMULA BOATS,
Defendants-Appellees,
MOTION SYSTEMS CORPORATION,
Defendant.
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2 Opinion of the Court 22-11179
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 5:19-cv-00351-TKW-MJF
____________________
Before WILSON, LUCK, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
William Bodner was injured by the engine compartment
hatch of a boat manufactured by Thunderbird Products Corp. and
Porter, Inc., both doing business as “Formula Boats.” Bodner and
his wife appeal the summary judgment for Formula Boats, arguing
that the district court abused its discretion by excluding their liabil-
ity expert. After careful review, we affirm.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Bodner, a boat mechanic, was working on the engine of a
boat manufactured by Formula Boats when the boat hit a wake and
the 400-plus pound engine compartment hatch fell on him. Bodner
and his wife sued Formula Boats, alleging that the hatch and its lift
actuator (which raised and lowered the hatch) were defective and
unsafe, and that Formula Boats didn’t adequately warn of this dan-
ger.
The Bodners’ theory of the case, as reflected by their liability
expert Richard Schiehl’s report, was that the hatch lift actuator was
defective as designed and installed for two reasons: (1) the physical
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22-11179 Opinion of the Court 3
placement of the actuator on the hatch door; and (2) the actuator’s
dynamic load capacity relative to the hatch door’s weight. More
specifically, Schiehl opined, first, that “the configuration of the en-
gine compartment and hatch require[d] the actuator [to] not be
centered on the hatch.” As a result, “much of the hatch weight
[was] starboard of the actuator”—such that “[t]he actuator, as in-
stalled, carrie[d] part of the load from the side of the actuator, not
in-line with the actuator movement.” Second, Schiehl opined that
the actuator’s 500-pound dynamic load rating was insufficient to
support the hatch door, which weighed 425 pounds with its built-
in storage compartments empty.
In Schiehl’s opinion, the boat needed either a higher-rated
actuator or “a second actuator of the same rating . . . to support and
stabilize the hatch.” Schiehl also cited—as a basis for his opinion
that the actuator was defectively designed and installed—the fact
that, when “[t]he actuator was replaced with the same model” ac-
tuator after Bodner’s injury, the shaft of the replacement actuator
bent “[i]mmediately after installation and during normal operation
of the hatch.” On appeal, the Bodners refer to the bent-replace-
ment part of Schiehl’s expert opinion as the “second basis for
[Schiehl’s] [f]irst [o]pinion” and to the load-carrying part as the
“third basis.”
Finally, Schiehl also expressed the opinion that the actuator
was unsafe because Formula Boats provided: (1) no backup or safe-
guard to prop open the hatch door should the actuator fail; (2) no
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4 Opinion of the Court 22-11179
owner’s manual instructions about how to use the hatch safely; and
(3) no warning labels related to use of the hatch.
Formula Boats moved to exclude Schiehl’s opinions under
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
509 U.S. 579 (1993).
It argued Schiehl was unqualified to render the opinions in his ex-
pert report and that those opinions were unreliable and unhelpful.
The district court granted Formula Boats’ Daubert motion.
It found Schiehl unqualified, his methodology unreliable, and his
opinion on warnings unhelpful. As to his qualifications, the district
court explained that Schiehl was “not qualified to opine on the de-
sign or location of the actuator, the need for a second actuator or
strut, or the cause of the actuator’s failure because he’s not a me-
chanical engineer” and it saw “nothing in his training or experience
involving marine design or engineering.” The district court also
found Schiehl’s opinions unreliable because “he didn’t perform any
testing or provide any calculations to support his opinions.” The
district court synthesized Schiehl’s opinion as concluding that, be-
cause “the product failed, . . . it must have been defective,” and ex-
plained “that sort of ipso facto, ipse dixit opinion is exactly what
Daubert seeks to keep out of court.”
The Bodners moved to clarify the breadth of the district
court’s exclusion order, specifically asking whether it applied to the
second and third bases of Schiehl’s first opinion. The district court
explained that its order “necessarily encompass[ed] Mr. Schiehl’s
‘overall opinion’ as well as the supporting opinions/reasons he pro-
vided for that opinion.”
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22-11179 Opinion of the Court 5
Formula Boats moved for summary judgment, and the Bod-
ners conceded that the motion should be granted because their lia-
bility expert had been excluded. Based on this concession, the dis-
trict court granted summary judgment for Formula Boats. The
Bodners timely appealed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a district court’s Daubert rulings under “the def-
erential abuse-of-discretion” standard, meaning “we must affirm
unless we find that the district court has made a clear error of judg-
ment[] or has applied the wrong legal standard.” United States v.
Frazier,
387 F.3d 1244, 1258–59 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc). It’s “ax-
iomatic that a district court enjoys ‘considerable leeway’ in making
these determinations.”
Id. (quoting Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmi-
chael,
526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999)). “Even where a ruling excluding
expert testimony is ‘outcome determinative’ and the basis for a
grant of summary judgment, our review is not more searching than
it would otherwise be.” Adams v. Lab’y Corp. of Am.,
760 F.3d
1322, 1327 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner,
522
U.S. 136, 142–43 (1997)).
DISCUSSION
The Bodners argue the district court erred in barring Schiehl
from testifying on the second and third bases of his first opinion.
They also say their failure to warn claim should’ve survived sum-
mary judgment. We address each argument in turn.
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6 Opinion of the Court 22-11179
Daubert Order
Under Federal Rule of Evidence 702, the proponent of an
expert opinion bears the burden of establishing (1) that the expert
witness is qualified and can offer (2) reliable and (3) helpful testi-
mony. Frazier,
387 F.3d at 1260 (citing rule 702). The district court
functions as “gatekeeper,” excluding expert testimony not meeting
these three prerequisites so that the factfinder “bases its determina-
tions on relevant and reliable evidence, rather than on speculation
or otherwise unreliable conjecture.” See
id. at 1272.
The Bodners argue that the bent-replacement and load-car-
rying parts of Schiehl’s opinion should’ve been carved out from
(and thus should’ve survived) the district court’s order excluding
Schiehl’s expert testimony because they were “based on personal
observation” (that is, measurements and photographs taken either
by Schiehl himself or by other eyewitnesses) and Schiehl’s “experi-
ence in accident investigations, surveying, and hundreds of sea tri-
als.” For support, the Bodners cite Adams, which held that a dis-
trict court manifestly erred in excluding an expert opinion that
“was based on a widely accepted methodology and grounded in the
available physical evidence.”
760 F.3d at 1328–29 (quoting United
Fire & Cas. Co. v. Whirlpool Corp.,
704 F.3d 1338, 1342 (11th Cir.
2013)).
The Bodners haven’t shown that Schiehl’s bent-replacement
and load-carrying opinions were reliable under Adams (and our
other decisions applying Daubert). The Bodners put all their eggs
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22-11179 Opinion of the Court 7
in Adams’s “grounded in the available physical evidence” basket,
arguing that the district court erred by overlooking the fact that
Schiehl’s opinions were rooted in his own personal observations.
But Adams requires that those opinions be “based on a
widely accepted methodology” too. Not only must expert testi-
mony be “based upon sufficient facts or data,” Fed. R. Evid. 702(b),
but an expert’s opinion is inadmissible when there’s “an analytical
gap between the data and the opinion,” United States v. Pon,
963
F.3d 1207, 1220 (11th Cir. 2020) (quoting Joiner,
522 U.S. at 146).
Put another way, “an expert opinion is inadmissible when the only
connection between the conclusion and the existing data is the ex-
pert’s own assertions.” McDowell v. Brown,
392 F.3d 1283, 1300
(11th Cir. 2004) (citing Joiner,
522 U.S. at 146). Ultimately, in as-
sessing reliability, we “meticulously focus on the expert’s principles
and methodology, and not on the conclusions that they generate.”
Id. at 1298 (citation omitted).
The problem for the Bodners is that Schiehl’s expert report
reflected no methodology at all—let alone a “widely accepted
methodology”—connecting the facts or data he considered to his
opinions. See Adams,
760 F.3d at 1328–29. Schiehl identified a se-
ries of facts: (1) the actuator failed just before Bodner was injured;
(2) the replacement actuator bent; (3) the actuator was installed off-
center (and so “carries part of the load from the side”); and (4) the
actuator’s 500-pound dynamic load capacity wasn’t much higher
than the hatch door’s 425-pound weight. And he cited those facts
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8 Opinion of the Court 22-11179
as the basis for his opinion that the actuator was defective as de-
signed and installed.
But Schiehl identified no analytical steps between those facts
and his opinion. He admitted during his deposition that he didn’t
“understand the underlying facts of how” the replacement actua-
tor’s “rod bend occurred” because he wasn’t given “detail” on “the
circumstances.” And he testified that he didn’t do any testing of
the actuator’s load capacity. He also didn’t measure the hatch’s
center of gravity, test the load-carrying difference between the star-
board and port sides of the actuator, or test performance with ei-
ther a second or higher-rated actuator installed. Schiehl couldn’t
point to “any damage pattern on the [actuators] that would reflect
any damage due to an unbalanced raising and lowering of the load”
either.
In sum, Schiehl completely failed to explain how or why ei-
ther the bent replacement actuator, or the actuator’s off-center in-
stallation, established defectiveness. The district court was thus left
with only Schiehl’s say-so connecting his conclusions to the exist-
ing data. See McDowell,
392 F.3d at 1300. In other words, there
remained an unbridged “analytical gap” between Schiehl’s obser-
vation of a bent replacement actuator and unbalanced load-carry-
ing and his opinion that the actuator was defectively designed and
installed. See Pon,
963 F.3d 1207, 1220. Therefore, even assuming
Schiehl was qualified, the district court didn’t abuse its discretion
in finding his testimony on the second and third bases unreliable
and, thus, inadmissible.
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22-11179 Opinion of the Court 9
Failure to Warn Claim
“The doctrine of invited error is implicated when a party in-
duces or invites the district court into making an error.” United
States v. Stone,
139 F.3d 822, 838 (11th Cir. 1998). We generally
won’t review an error invited by a party.
Id.
Here, any error by the district court in granting summary
judgment was induced or invited by the Bodners. After the district
court announced its Daubert order, the Bodners told the district
court that the ruling “gut[ted] the[ir] case.” They admitted that,
with the expert testimony excluded, summary judgment was “in-
evitable and inescapable” and any argument to the contrary was
“frivolous or otherwise unsupportable.” “Based on . . . [this] con-
cession,” the district court granted summary judgment for For-
mula Boats.
Having conceded that summary judgment was inevitable
and inescapable after the Daubert order, we will not reverse the
district court for doing exactly what the Bodners said it had to do.
See Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm’n v. STME, LLC,
938 F.3d
1305, 1312 (11th Cir. 2019) (“We will not consider this argument
because whatever error, if any, the district court committed by not
considering the EEOC’s claims as to Massage Envy’s failure to re-
instate or rehire Lowe was invited by the EEOC.”).
AFFIRMED.
