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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-11034
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:18-cv-00011-HLM
DAVID S. BENNETT,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
GARY LANGFORD,
Sheriff,
JOHN CHERRY,
Captain,
Defendants-Appellees,
HUBERT STUCKEY,
Sergeant, et al.,
Defendants.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
________________________
(November 8, 2019)
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Before WILSON, BRANCH, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
David S. Bennett, a prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s
grant of summary judgment for Gary Langford and John Cherry, as well as several
other ancillary decisions made by the district court. The gist of Bennett’s claim,
which arises under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, is that Langford and Cherry implemented a
postcard-only mail policy in the prison in which Bennett resides, violating his
rights under the First Amendment.
Bennett raises four issues on appeal: 1 (1) the district court’s denial of his
motion for extension of time to complete discovery; (2) the district court’s denial
of three motions for leave to amend his complaint; (3) the district court’s denial of
his motion for summary judgment because of its untimely filing; and (4) the
district court’s grant of summary judgment to Langford and Cherry based on
qualified and Eleventh Amendment immunity. We address each in turn and affirm
on all grounds.
1
Bennett raises a fifth issue, regarding his motion for appointment of counsel. But we
need not rule on Bennett’s arguments here because the district court never considered them. Fed.
R. Civ. P. 72(a); see United States v. Brown,
441 F.3d 1330, 1352 (11th Cir. 2006) (concluding in
an appeal from a final criminal judgment that this Court lacked jurisdiction to review a magistrate
judge's non-dispositive order because the appellant “never appealed the ruling to the district
court”).
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I.
First, Bennett argues that the district court erred in denying his motion for an
extension of the discovery period. We review a district court’s discovery decisions
for an abuse of discretion. Burger King Corp. v. Weaver,
169 F.3d 1310, 1315
(11th Cir. 1999). The district court has wide discretion in determining the scope
and effect of discovery, including the placement of time and subject matter
restrictions. Avirgan v. Hull,
932 F.2d 1572, 1580-81 (11th Cir. 1991). A
discovery request is properly denied when “a significant amount of discovery has
been obtained, and it appears that further discovery would not be helpful in
resolving the issues.”
Id. at 1580.
We note at the outset that it’s not clear that we have jurisdiction to hear
Bennett’s claims on this issue. He failed to timely object to the magistrate judge’s
denial of his motion for extended discovery, and failure to “timely challenge a
magistrate [judge’s] nondispositive order before the district court” generally
constitutes a waiver of the right to appeal the issue to us. Smith v. Sch. Bd. of
Orange Cty.,
487 F.3d 1361, 1365 (11th Cir. 2007).
Nonetheless, even assuming arguendo that Bennett’s failure did not waive
the issue, we still conclude that the district court properly held that his motion for
an extension of time to complete discovery was untimely and unjustified. Bennett
gave no reason for his failure to make use of the period already granted or why he
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could not have pursued the new discovery sooner, which suggests that extending
the discovery period would have served no purpose. See
Avirgan, 932 F.2d at
1580. The lack of explanation or justification for Bennett’s motion, coupled with
our deferential standard of review, persuades us that the district court did not abuse
its discretion here. We affirm as to this issue.
II.
Bennett’s second argument is that the district court’s failure to allow him to
amend his complaint was in error. We review a district court’s denial of a motion
to amend a complaint for abuse of discretion and we review the underlying
questions of law de novo. Corsello v. Lincare, Inc.,
428 F.3d 1008, 1012 (11th Cir.
2005). Rule 15(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that a plaintiff
may amend his pleading only once “as a matter of course” within 21 days after
serving the defendant or within 21 days after service of a responsive pleading, if
one is required. After 21 days, he may only amend with the opposing party’s
written consent or the court’s leave. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15 (a)(2).
While leave to amend should be “freely” given “when justice so requires,”
the Supreme Court has stated that leave need not be granted if the amendment was
the product of undue delay, would result in undue prejudice, or the amendment was
futile. Foman v. Davis,
371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962); Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1). We
consider an amendment futile if the complaint as amended would still be subject to
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a proper dismissal or subject to summary judgment for the defendant. Cockrell v.
Sparks,
510 F.3d 1307, 1310 (11th Cir. 2007) (per curiam). Additionally, like
futility, the failure to serve the defendants pleadings and the addition of
inappropriate claims may result in the dismissal or eventual vacating of the case.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 18; see Varnes v. Glass Bottle Blowers Asso.,
674 F.2d 1365, 1368
(11th Cir. 1982) (vacating a judgment based on grounds asserted in an amended
complaint not served on defendants). In interpreting these filings and reviewing
these arguments, we liberally construe a pro se litigant’s pleadings. Tannenbaum
v. United States,
148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998).
We conclude that the district court did not err in denying Bennett’s three
amended complaints because they suffered from procedural and substantive errors
that rendered them futile. Bennett’s first proposed amendment, dated March 7,
2018, occurred after the magistrate judge warned him that he needed to serve
subsequent pleadings. He did not do so, preventing Langford and Cherry from
receiving notice of his new and additional claims. Accordingly, we conclude that
the magistrate judge properly denied it.
The second proposed amendment was properly rejected by the magistrate
judge for two separate, but interrelated, reasons. First, it ostensibly articulated a
Fourteenth Amendment due process claim based on the prison’s postcard-only
policy, but failed to demonstrate that Langford and Cherry directly participated in
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enforcing the policy or that their participation rose beyond negligence.
Accordingly, it failed to articulate a colorable Fourteenth Amendment claim,
thereby rendering the amendment futile. See
Cockrell, 510 F.3d at 1310. Second,
Bennett presented an excessive force claim that did not actually involve any of the
defendants in the case. On these two grounds, we conclude that the district court
properly denied the second proposed amendment.
The third proposed amendment—incorporated through Bennett’s motion for
reconsideration of his second motion for leave to amend—was properly denied by
the district court on the grounds that it was untimely and that it was ultimately
meritless. It is undisputed that Bennett did not request the district court reconsider
the magistrate judge’s denial of his second motion for leave to amend within 14
days, as was required under Rule 72(a). Because Bennett’s motion for
reconsideration was untimely made, we conclude that the district court properly
denied it, and we need not reach the merits of his motion.
We conclude that Bennett’s three proposed amendments were all properly
denied by the district court or by the magistrate judge and, accordingly, find no
abuse of discretion.
III.
Next, Bennett argues that the district court erred by failing to consider his
motion for summary judgment. District courts enjoy broad discretion in managing
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the cases before them, including whether to consider untimely motions for
summary judgment. Chudasama v. Mazda Motor Corp.,
123 F.3d 1353, 1366
(11th Cir. 1997); see Matia v. Carpet Transport, Inc.,
888 F.2d 118, 119 (11th Cir.
1989). However, parties are required to file motions for summary judgment no
later than 30 days after the expiration of the discovery period. See N.D. Ga. L.R.
56(D); Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 56(b). Although pro se litigant’s pleadings are liberally
construed, they nonetheless must conform to procedural rules. Albra v. Advan,
Inc.,
490 F.3d 826, 829 (11th Cir. 2007). We have allowed equitable tolling for
pleadings in instances where the defendant misleads the plaintiff and there was no
reasonable way of discovering the deceit. Justice v. United States,
6 F.3d 1474,
1479 (11th Cir. 1993). However, a lack of due diligence, including when the
plaintiff knew or reasonably could have known the limitations period was running
does not warrant equitable tolling.
Id.
Here, the district court did not err in concluding that Bennett’s motion for
summary judgment was untimely and therefore not considering it. Discovery
ended on November 22, 2018, which, pursuant to both federal and local procedural
rules, meant that motions for summary judgment had to be filed by December 22,
2018. Bennett did not file his motion until January 11, 2019. It is theoretically
plausible that the district court might have been considering Bennett’s motion for
extended discovery, which, had it granted the motion, would have extended the
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deadline to move for summary judgment. But the potentiality for a deadline
change does not excuse noncompliance with the original deadline, pro se party or
otherwise. See
Albra, 490 F.3d at 829;
Justice, 6 F.3d at 1479. Additionally,
Bennett did not raise any exceptional circumstances for his belated filing, which
further supports a finding of untimeliness.
Therefore, we conclude that the district court correctly determined Bennett’s
filing was late, and we affirm as to this issue.
IV.
Finally, Bennett argues that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment to Langford and Cherry on the grounds of qualified and Eleventh
Amendment immunity. We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary
judgment. LeBlanc v. Unifund CCR Partners,
601 F.3d 1185, 1189 (11th Cir.
2010). Summary judgment is appropriate when the evidence, viewed in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party, presents no genuine dispute as to any
material fact and compels judgment as a matter of law.
Id. Qualified immunity
protects government officials engaged in discretionary functions unless they
violate clearly established federal statutory or constitutional rights of which a
reasonable person would have known. Keating v. City of Miami,
598 F.3d 753,
762 (11th Cir. 2010). Once a defendant demonstrates he was within his
discretionary authority, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that qualified
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immunity should not apply because (1) the official violated a constitutional right,
and (2) that right was clearly established at the time of the incident. Garczynski v.
Bradshaw,
573 F.3d 1158, 1166 (11th Cir. 2009).
We also review de novo the grant of a motion to dismiss based upon a state’s
Eleventh Amendment immunity. In re Employ’t Discrimination Litig. Against
State of Ala.,
198 F.3d 1305, 1310 (11th Cir. 1999). Eleventh Amendment
immunity bars suits by private individuals against a state in federal court unless the
state has consented to be sued, has waived its immunity, or Congress has abrogated
the states' immunity. Bd. of Trs. of Univ. of Ala. v. Garrett,
531 U.S. 356, 363–64
(2001). “To receive Eleventh Amendment immunity, a defendant need not be
labeled a ‘state officer’ or ‘state official,’ but instead need only be acting as an
‘arm of the State.’” Manders v. Lee,
338 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir. 2003) (en
banc). We have held that in promulgating policies and procedures governing the
condition of confinement in a Georgia county jail, the sheriff does serve as an arm
of the state and is therefore entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. Purcell ex.
rel. Estate of Morgan v. Toombs Cty.,
400 F.3d 1313, 1325 (11th Cir. 2005).
Deputy sheriffs and those delegated the applicable portions of a sheriff’s authority
likewise are entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. See Lake v. Skelton,
840
F.3d 1334, 1344 (11th Cir. 2016) (holding that an operational support commander
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at a detention center operated by the Cobb County, Georgia sheriff’s department
was entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity).
Under the doctrine enunciated in Ex parte Young, however, a suit requesting
injunctive relief on a prospective basis for an ongoing constitutional violation
against a state official in his or her official capacity is not a suit against the state,
and, accordingly, does not violate the Eleventh Amendment. Grizzle v. Kemp,
634
F.3d 1314, 1319 (11th Cir. 2011).
Here, we have little difficulty in concluding that the district court did not err
in finding that Langford and Cherry were entitled to both qualified and Eleventh
Amendment immunity. As to qualified immunity, because Langford and Cherry
were acting within their discretionary authority, the burden shifted to Bennett to
show that their actions violated a clearly established constitutional right.
Garczynski, 573 F.3d at 1166. Bennett has failed to demonstrate, in Eleventh
Circuit, Supreme court, or Georgia Supreme Court caselaw, that the right he claims
was violated was clearly established. Indeed, our caselaw shows that we have
rejected this sort of claim in the past. As it concerns prison mail policies, we have
held that the impounding of incoming publications does not violate the First
Amendment. Prison Legal News v. Sec’y Fla. Dep’t of Corr.,
890 F.3d 954, 957,
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975-76 (11th Cir. 2018). Bennett points to no contrary authority.2 Therefore, we
determine that the district court correctly concluded that Bennett’s claimed First
Amendment right was not clearly established at the time of the alleged violation.
As to Eleventh Amendment immunity, Langford, as sheriff, and Cherry,
working under Langford’s delegated authority to create and implement policies
and procedures for the county jail, worked as “arm[s] of the state” and thus were
entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity.
Manders, 338 F.3d at 1308. Though
immunity under the Eleventh Amendment would not have protected Langford and
Cherry from Bennett’s request for injunctive relief had there been a constitutional
violation, as we held previously, there is no constitutional violation at issue here.
As a result, the district court correctly granted Langford and Cherry’s motion for
summary judgment on both grounds, and we affirm.
AFFIRMED.
2
Moreover, Bennett’s argument (made with clarity for the first time in his reply brief on
appeal) that the challenged rule constitutes an absolute ban on receipt of publications is waived.
He failed to raise that argument in his objection to the Magistrate Judge’s Report and
Recommendation. See United States v. Perkins,
787 F.3d 1329, 1344 n.3 (11th Cir. 2015).
Accordingly, we decline to address that aspect of the claim.
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