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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 18-12916
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:17-cr-00237-ELR-JKL-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
BILLY WAYNE MCCLINTOCK,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
________________________
(April 24, 2019)
Before TJOFLAT, WILLIAM PRYOR, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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A jury convicted Billy Wayne McClintock of conspiring to commit mail
fraud (one count) and of committing actual mail fraud (six counts). The
convictions were based on a bogus investment scheme. McClintock and his
coconspirator convinced people to invest in something they called “the Trust.”
The Trust allegedly was a European-based investment opportunity that gave
investors a 38% return. It turns out the Trust was a Ponzi scheme, and McClintock
and his coconspirator defrauded hundreds of investors out of millions of dollars.
McClintock raises two issues on appeal. First, he argues that the District
Court erred by denying his motion for a judgment of acquittal. In his motion,
McClintock argued that there was insufficient evidence to show that he acted with
criminal intent.1 Second, he argues that the District Court abused its discretion by
denying his motion for a mistrial, a motion that was based on improper witness
testimony. We reject both and affirm.
I.
First, we set out the standard of review. Then, we lay out the elements of
both offenses and consider whether there was enough evidence such that the jury
could have reasonably found the Government proved each element beyond a
reasonable doubt.
1
At trial, McClintock admitted that the Trust was bogus. He claimed that he didn’t know
it was bogus, and he tried to pin the criminal responsibility on his coconspirator, saying she was
the brains of the operations.
2
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“We review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the government and accepting all reasonable inferences
in favor of the verdict.” United States v. Mendez,
528 F.3d 811, 814 (11th
Cir. 2008) (per curiam) (citation omitted). We accept all reasonable inferences in
favor of the verdict if the evidence is direct or circumstantial. United States v.
Williams,
390 F.3d 1319, 1324 (11th Cir. 2004).
We will disturb a jury’s verdict only if no reasonable juror could have
concluded that the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. United States
v. Townsend,
630 F.3d 1003, 1009 (11th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). A jury may
reasonably find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, even if the evidence fails to
“exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.” United States
v. Cruz-Valdez,
773 F.2d 1541, 1545 (11th Cir. 1985) (en banc) (citation omitted).
Thus, the jury is free to choose among alternative, reasonable interpretations of the
evidence. See
id. (citation omitted).
Credibility questions are for the jury, and we assume that the jury resolved
them “in the way that supports [its] verdict.” See United States v. Garcia-
Bercovich,
582 F.3d 1234, 1238 (11th Cir. 2009). If a defendant takes the stand in
his own defense, the jury is free to reject his testimony; in fact, it may view his
false explanatory statements as substantive evidence of guilt. United States v.
Allison,
908 F.2d 1531, 1535 (11th Cir. 1990) (citation omitted). This is especially
3
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true when guilt turns on inherently subjective elements, such as a defendant’s
intent or knowledge. United States v. Mateos,
623 F.3d 1350, 1362 (11th Cir.
2010) (citation omitted).
We turn now to the elements of the offenses.
To convict a defendant of conspiring to commit mail fraud, “the government
must prove that (1) a conspiracy [to commit mail fraud] existed; (2) the defendant
knew of it; and (3) the defendant knowingly and voluntarily joined it.” See United
States v. Moran,
778 F.3d 942, 960 (11th Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). The
government must prove that the defendant knew about the conspiracy’s “essential
nature.”
Id. (citation omitted). Thus, a defendant may be found guilty even if he
plays a minor role only and even if he does not know all of the conspiracy’s
details. United States v. Perez-Tosta,
36 F.3d 1552, 1557 (11th Cir. 1994) (citation
omitted). That said, a “defendant must have ‘a deliberate, knowing, and specific
intent to join the conspiracy.’” United States v. Pielago,
135 F.3d 703, 720 (11th
Cir. 1998) (citation omitted). “Evidence that a defendant personally profited . . .
may provide circumstantial evidence of [his] intent to participate in that fraud.”
United States v. Bradley,
644 F.3d 1213, 1239 (11th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted).
To convict a defendant of mail fraud, the government must prove that the
defendant (1) intentionally participated in a scheme to defraud someone of money
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or property and (2) used the mail in furtherance of that scheme. United States v.
Hill,
643 F.3d 807, 858 (11th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted).
As we said above, McClintock’s subjective intent is the only element at
issue. Accepting all reasonable inferences in favor of the verdict, there was
sufficient evidence to support McClintock’s convictions. The Government showed
that McClintock signed up investors himself. He gave his coconspirator directions
and instructions about the Trust. He controlled the bank accounts where the
investors’ money was deposited, and he wrote checks to the investors. There was
no evidence that McClintock ever communicated with anyone in Europe about the
Trust during the scheme. Nor was there any evidence that he ever actually
invested any of the investors’ money. On top of all this, McClintock pocketed $1.5
million from the scheme. From this, the jury could have reasonably inferred that
McClintock knew that the Trust investment scheme was bogus. Finally, because
McClintock testified and the jury still convicted, his statements may also count as
substantive evidence of his guilt.
Allison, 908 F.2d at 1535.
II.
McClintock moved for a mistrial based on the testimony given by one of the
Government’s witnesses. The witness is a lawyer for the Securities and Exchange
Commission, and she investigated the Trust as part of her work at the SEC. The
Government asked the witness whether her investigation was ever resolved. Her
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answer was this: “We did file a complaint, yes. So at the end of our investigation
we determined that there had been fraud committed by . . . Mr. McClintock . . . .”
McClintock objected and argued the testimony invaded the ultimate issue for the
jury. In response, the Government said that its focus was the filing of the
complaint, and it said the witness didn’t need to get into the substantive nature of
the SEC’s findings. Thus, the District Court sustained the objection, told the jury
to disregard the testimony, and struck it from the record.
The issue surfaced again when the witness was cross examined. After
asking several questions about the difference between civil cases 2 and criminal
cases, McClintock asked this question: “So when you say that you made a finding
of fraud, . . . you’re talking specifically about your civil SEC case; right?” The
District Court gave the witness permission to answer, and this exchange took
place:
A: I think fraud is fraud, so regardless of what the burden is, when
I’m looking at whether a fraud occurred, I’m looking at whether
there was fraud, not what someone’s burden is in proving that
there is fraud.
Q: So when there’s fraud, there’s fraud. So what you’re actually
saying is if there’s fraud in a civil case, there’s fraud in a
criminal case?
A: I mean, I think fraud is fraud, yes.
2
The SEC has civil—not criminal—power.
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Then, McClintock moved for a mistrial. He argued that the Government had
elicited from the witness that she made a finding of fraud. The Court denied it.
Later, the Court gave the jury a curative instruction.3
We review the denial of a motion for a mistrial for an abuse of discretion.
See United States v. Grzybowicz,
747 F.3d 1296, 1311 (11th Cir. 2014). We
assume the jury followed the District Court’s curative instruction. See United
States v. Almanzar,
634 F.3d 1214, 1223 (11th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). Thus,
because the Court gave a curative instruction, we will reverse the District Court’s
denial of McClintock’s motion for a mistrial only if the objected-to testimony was
so prejudicial that it’s entirely incurable. United States v. Dodd,
111 F.3d 867, 870
(11th Cir. 1997) (per curiam) (citation omitted).4
The testimony from the SEC lawyer was not so prejudicial that it was
incurable. And as we explained above, there was plenty of evidence—without the
3
This was the instruction:
Ladies and gentlemen, before we continue let me just expound or elaborate on a
directive that I gave you earlier when I asked you to disregard a certain response
that came from this particular witness. I will tell you that notwithstanding the
testimony of this witness or anybody else, a finding by the SEC does not establish
guilt in a criminal case. Civil and criminal cases do involve separate burdens of
proof. I have charged you in this case on the burden of proof in a criminal trial
because that is the trial that we are dealing with here, but they do involve different
and distinct burdens of proof.
4
The Government argues that McClintock cannot contest this issue because of the
invited-error doctrine. Because McClintock loses on the merits, we need not consider the
invited-error issue.
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witness’s improper statement—that would have allowed the jury to infer that
McClintock knew about the fraud and knowingly joined in it.
McClintock cites Dunn v. United States,
307 F.2d 883 (5th Cir. 1962), 5 to
support his argument that the District Court abused its discretion by not declaring a
mistrial. In Dunn, a prosecutor argued in his opening statement that the case was
“replete with fraud” and “one of the most flagrant cases [it had] ever tried.”
Id. at
885. During closing argument, the prosecutor commented on the defendant’s
relationship with an alleged kick-back arrangement.
Id. The defendant objected
and moved for a mistrial.
Id. We found that, despite a curative instruction, the
District Court should have granted the motion.
Id. at 885–86. We noted that the
government’s initial comments were improper because counsel is prohibited from
(1) expressing a personal opinion about a case, (2) stating facts not in evidence,
and (3) making unwarranted inferences.
Id. at 885–86. We also noted that the
government’s statements in closing, which related to the veracity of a key witness,
were also undoubtedly prejudicial.
Id. at 886.
This case is distinguishable from Dunn. Here, the improper comment came
from a witness, not the prosecutor. And here, the witness’s comment was less
inflammatory than the government’s statement in Dunn.
5
In Bonner v. City of Prichard,
661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), this
Court adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down by the
close of business on September 30, 1981.
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In sum, there is no reasonable probability that, but for the alleged error, the
outcome of McClintock’s trial would have been different.
Grzybowicz, 747 F.3d at
1311 (noting that a defendant typically is entitled to a mistrial only if there’s a
“reasonable probability that, but for the alleged error, the outcome of the trial
would have been different” (citation omitted)). Thus, the District Court did not
abuse its discretion.
III.
The judgment of the District Court is
AFFIRMED.
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