Terrence Davidson v. Onika Maraj ( 2015 )


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  •              Case: 14-14811    Date Filed: 04/24/2015    Page: 1 of 19
    [DO NOT PUBLISH]
    IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
    ________________________
    No. 14-14811
    Non-Argument Calendar
    ________________________
    D.C. Docket No. 1:14-cv-00507-HLM
    TERRENCE DAVIDSON,
    Plaintiff - Appellant,
    versus
    ONIKA MARAJ,
    an individual,
    PINK PERSONALITY, LLC,
    a Delaware limited liability company,
    Defendants - Appellees.
    ________________________
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Northern District of Georgia
    ________________________
    (April 24, 2015)
    Before TJOFLAT, WILSON, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.
    PER CURIAM:
    Case: 14-14811    Date Filed: 04/24/2015   Page: 2 of 19
    An unknown wit once quipped, “Life is an endless struggle full of
    frustrations and challenges, but eventually you find a hairstylist you like.”
    According to hairstylist Terrence Davidson, though, his frustrations and challenges
    were just beginning once Onika Maraj, the artist more commonly known as Nicki
    Minaj, enlisted him as her stylist. In that role, Davidson designed many of the
    distinctive wigs for which Maraj is well known and that Maraj currently markets
    commercially. Davidson asserted various claims in the district court to recover
    what he feels he is owed for his role in Maraj’s successful business ventures. The
    district court dismissed all of those claims with prejudice. Davidson now appeals
    the district court’s dismissal of some of those claims—his quantum meruit, unjust
    enrichment, and promissory estoppel claims—as well as the district court’s failure
    to permit further amendment of his complaint. After carefully combing through
    the record, we now affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.
    I.
    A.
    Davidson weaves the following allegations into his First Amended
    Complaint. His business relationship with Maraj began in 2010 when she hired
    him to serve as her stylist. Between 2010 and 2013, Davidson designed a number
    of wigs for Maraj, including the “Pink Upper Bun Wig,” the “Fox Fur Wig,” the
    “Pink High Top Wig,” the “Super Bass Wig,” the “Half Blonde-Half Pink Wig,”
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    and the “VS Wig.” Davidson alleges that Maraj “understood and agreed” that she
    could use Davidson-designed wigs for only her personal use and during her public
    appearances.     He further maintains that from the outset of their business
    relationship, he also expected to be compensated—and that Maraj was aware of
    this expectation—if his wigs and wig designs were used for commercial purposes
    other than Maraj’s personal appearance. Despite this “mutual understanding and
    agreement,” Maraj allegedly launched a commercial wig line based on Davidson’s
    designs. But according to Davidson, any compensation he received from Maraj
    “was solely for his services to provide a personal hair style for a specific celebrity
    appearance by Maraj on a specific date.”
    Over the course of their business relationship, Davidson asserts that he
    discussed a variety of other business opportunities with Maraj and her agents.
    Specifically, Davidson contends that when he told Maraj’s agent Al Branch that
    Davidson had been offered a contract for a reality television show, Branch and
    Maraj told Davidson to “hold off” on that contract and instead promised that
    Davidson and Maraj would appear together on a reality show. Relying on this
    promise, Davidson declined the contract he had been offered. Davidson had at
    least one meeting with television executives to discuss the proposed television
    show involving him and Maraj.
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    Maraj also allegedly promised to pursue a joint venture with Davidson based
    on Davidson’s wig designs. Davidson avers that he no longer pursued his own wig
    venture based on Maraj’s promise. As Davidson recounts, in November 2011,
    agents for Davidson and Maraj received a “full business proposal” for the wig
    venture, including budget and profit-loss projections. According to Davidson, he
    was the one to inform Maraj about the proposal. Despite his attempts to follow up
    on the proposal, however, Davidson claims Maraj and Branch refused to do so. In
    January 2013, Davidson ceased working as Maraj’s hairstylist.
    Davidson later discovered that Maraj had launched her own commercial wig
    venture, selling wigs that mirrored some of the designs Davidson had prepared for
    Maraj. He also learned that some of his wig designs served as the templates for the
    bottle tops of Maraj’s fragrance line.
    B.
    Davidson filed his initial Complaint against Maraj and Pink Personality,
    LLC, on February 21, 2014. [ECF No. 1.] In that pleading, Davidson asserted
    claims for tortious interference with prospective business relations, breach of an
    implied contract, unjust enrichment and quantum meruit (as a single count),
    conversion and wrongful appropriation of personal property, and violation of
    Georgia’s Fair Business Practices Act. Maraj and Pink Personality, LLC, moved
    to dismiss the Complaint on May 16, 2014.
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    Davidson then filed his First Amended Complaint as a matter of course on
    June 5, 2014. This pleading, which is the operative complaint, asserts claims for
    “Quantum Meruit (Breach of Implied Contract)” in Count I, unjust enrichment in
    Count II, promissory estoppel in Count III, violation of Georgia’s Fair Business
    Practices Act in Count IV, trade dress infringement under the Lanham Act in
    Count V, violation of Georgia’s Deceptive Trade Practices Act in Count VI, and a
    claim for “litigation expenses” in Count VII.
    Maraj and Pink Personality, LLC, again moved to dismiss the action. The
    district court granted the defendants’ motion and dismissed all of Davidson’s
    claims. The court dismissed the quantum meruit and unjust enrichment claims
    after finding that the First Amended Complaint pleaded “facts that, if true, would
    tend to prove the existence of an express contract between Plaintiff and Defendant
    Maraj,” and recognized that the existence of such a contract barred a quantum
    meruit or unjust enrichment claim under Georgia law. On the other hand, the
    district court dismissed the promissory estoppel claim because it found the alleged
    promises to be “too indefinite and vague to be enforceable,” and it held Davidson’s
    reliance on them was unreasonable. The court also dismissed Davidson’s claims
    under the Lanham Act, Fair Business Practices Act, and Deceptive Trade Practices
    Act, but he does not challenge those dismissals on appeal. Similarly, Davidson
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    does not challenge the district court’s dismissal of Pink Personality, LLC, from the
    lawsuit.
    Davidson never filed a motion to amend his complaint a second time,
    although in his response to the motion to dismiss, he included a cursory request to
    be granted leave to amend if any of his claims were dismissed. The district court
    dismissed Davidson’s case with prejudice because Davidson had already amended
    his complaint once and because it determined that Davidson could not amend his
    complaint to assert any viable claims. Davidson now appeals the district court’s
    dismissal of his claims for quantum meruit, unjust enrichment, and promissory
    estoppel. He further appeals the district court’s denial of his request to amend his
    complaint.
    II.
    We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint under Rule
    12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. Laskar v. Peterson, 
    771 F.3d 1291
    , 1296 (11th
    Cir. 2014). At this stage, we accept the plaintiff’s allegations as true and construe
    them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Ray v. Spirit Airlines, Inc., 
    767 F.3d 1220
    , 1223 (11th Cir. 2014). To survive dismissal, “a complaint must plead
    ‘enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” 
    Id. (quoting Bell
    Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 
    550 U.S. 544
    , 570, 
    127 S. Ct. 1955
    , 1974 (2007)). A
    claim is plausible on its face if “the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the
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    court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
    misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 
    556 U.S. 662
    , 678, 
    129 S. Ct. 1937
    , 1949
    (2009).
    While generally the existence of affirmative defenses will not support
    dismissal, “a complaint may be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) when its own
    allegations indicate the existence of an affirmative defense, so long as the defense
    clearly appears on the face of the complaint.” Quiller v. Barclays Am./Credit, Inc.,
    
    727 F.2d 1067
    , 1069 (11th Cir. 1984). “The claim may be adequately stated . . .
    but in addition to the claim the complaint may include matters of avoidance that
    preclude the pleader’s ability to recover. When this occurs, the complaint has a
    built-in defense and is essentially self-defeating.” 
    Id. We review
    a district court’s decision not to grant leave to amend a pleading
    for an abuse of discretion. Tampa Bay Water v. HDR Eng’g, Inc., 
    731 F.3d 1171
    ,
    1178 (11th Cir. 2013).
    III.
    A.
    1.
    Under Georgia law, to state a claim for quantum meruit, a plaintiff must
    show “(1) the performance of valuable services; (2) accepted by the recipient or at
    his request; (3) the failure to compensate the provider would be unjust; and (4) the
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    provider expected compensation at the time services were rendered.” Amend v.
    485 Props., 
    627 S.E.2d 565
    , 567 (Ga. 2006). An unjust-enrichment claim arises
    when the plaintiff confers a benefit on the defendant for which the plaintiff should
    be equitably compensated. City of Atlanta v. Hotels.com, 
    710 S.E.2d 766
    , 771 (Ga.
    2011). The doctrine of unjust enrichment differs from that of quantum meruit in
    that unjust enrichment does not require plaintiff to show an expectation of
    compensation; quantum meruit, by comparison, “relies on an implied promise of
    compensation.” See Yoh v. Daniel, 
    497 S.E.2d 392
    , 394-95 (Ga. Ct. App. 1998).
    Neither theory of recovery is available when an express contract exists
    governing all the claimed rights and responsibilities of the parties. See Cochran v.
    Ogletree, 
    536 S.E.2d 194
    , 196-97 (Ga. Ct. App. 2000); Watson v. Sierra
    Contracting Corp., 
    485 S.E.2d 563
    , 570 (Ga. Ct. App. 1997); Lord Jeff Knitting
    Co., Inc. v. Lacy, 
    393 S.E.2d 55
    , 56 (Ga. Ct. App. 1990). When an implied-in-fact
    contract exists, a plaintiff may recover under the theory of quantum meruit but not
    unjust enrichment. See 
    Yoh, 497 S.E.2d at 394
    ; 
    Watson, 485 S.E.2d at 570
    .1 An
    express contract differs from an implied contract in that “[a]n express contract is
    1
    Maraj argues several times in her brief that the existence of a “contract” defeats a
    quantum meruit claim. To the extent that she is asserting that both express and implied-in-fact
    contracts preclude a quantum meruit claim, she misunderstands Georgia law because an implied-
    in-fact contract can form the basis for a quantum meruit claim. See 
    Watson, 485 S.E.2d at 570
    (“Quantum meruit is not available when there is an express contract; however, if the contract is
    void, is repudiated, or can only be implied, then quantum meruit will allow a recovery if the
    work or service was accepted and if it had value to the recipient.” (emphasis added)); 7 Ga. Jur.
    Contracts § 2:12 (2015).
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    one where the intention of the parties and the terms of the agreement are declared
    or expressed by the parties, in writing or orally, at the time it is entered into,”
    Thomas v. Lomax, 
    61 S.E.2d 790
    , 791 (Ga. Ct. App. 1950), while an implied
    contract “is one not created or evidenced by distinct and explicit language.”
    Classic Restorations, Inc. v. Bean, 
    272 S.E.2d 557
    , 562-63 (Ga. Ct. App. 1980)
    (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
    Here, the district court concluded that Davidson could “not sustain a claim
    for quantum meruit or unjust enrichment because the Amended Complaint pleads
    facts that, if true, would tend to prove the existence of an express contract between
    Plaintiff and Defendant Maraj.” The district court specifically relied on three
    allegations to reach this conclusion: Davidson’s designing of wigs and provision
    of them to Maraj; Maraj’s payment for the wigs; and the limiting of the use of the
    wigs to Maraj’s personal use. While we agree that this language, along with the
    rest of Davidson’s allegations describing an agreement and understanding, must be
    read as evincing some type of contract between Davidson and Maraj—thus
    precluding an unjust-enrichment claim—we do not agree that this language, on its
    face, necessarily describes an express contract. See 
    Quiller, 727 F.2d at 1069
    .
    The allegations of the First Amended Complaint, construed in Davidson’s
    favor, establish that in 2010, Davidson entered into a business relationship with
    Maraj to design and produce wigs for her. From Davidson’s point of view, the
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    relationship contemplated two outcomes: either Maraj would limit her use of
    Davidson’s wigs and designs to her personal use, for which she would pay one
    price, or Maraj would also use the wigs and designs commercially, for which she
    would pay another price that was apparently never negotiated. Maraj accepted the
    wig designs and paid the first price.        Maraj also has used the wig designs
    commercially, but she has not compensated Davidson for that use.
    The complaint alleges that Maraj “agreed” to and “understood” these general
    principles, but it does not clearly allege that Davidson and Maraj reached this
    understanding through agreed-upon “distinct and explicit language” at the time the
    relationship was formed. See 
    Bean, 272 S.E.2d at 562-63
    ; 
    Thomas, 61 S.E.2d at 791
    . While one may certainly infer that any agreement or understanding was
    explicit, that inference is not compelled. It is also reasonable to infer that the
    agreement was implicit—that Maraj accepted Davidson’s terms implicitly by
    accepting the wig designs from him. See, e.g., 7 Ga. Jur. Contracts § 2:1 (2015)
    (“Implied contracts are not evidenced by explicit language and arise from
    nonverbal conduct of the parties.” (footnotes omitted)); Restatement (Second) of
    Contracts § 4 & cmt. a, illus. 1-2 (1981) (accepting goods without explicitly
    agreeing to pay for them nonetheless implies an intent to be bound contractually to
    pay for them).
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    To be sure, evidence may eventually establish that the inference of an
    express contract is correct and Davidson’s claims will fail. But both inferences are
    reasonable, and at the motion-to-dismiss stage all reasonable inferences must be
    drawn in Davidson’s favor. See Randall v. Scott, 
    610 F.3d 701
    , 705 (11th Cir.
    2010). Because the inference of an express contract governing the commercial use
    of Davidson’s designs is not compelled by the allegations of the complaint, that
    inference cannot bar Davidson’s quantum meruit claim at this stage of the
    litigation. See 
    Quiller, 727 F.2d at 1069
    .
    Maraj brushes over Davidson’s allegations, making much of a purported
    concession in Davidson’s initial brief on appeal that an express contract existed
    between them “for the creation, design, and delivery of the wigs.” However,
    Davidson’s brief merely states that “the only potential express contract between
    Mr. Davidson and Defendants was for Maraj’s temporary use of the wigs that Mr.
    Davidson created at certain events,” and recalls that his claim does not concern
    that use, but rather seeks recovery of the separately expected compensation due to
    Maraj’s commercial use of the wigs. Thus, viewed in the light most favorable to
    Davidson, any conceded express contract for “personal” wig services is distinct
    from the implied contract for “commercial” wig services and does not fulfill the
    express-contract function with respect to the alleged commercial-wig business
    arrangement. See Lord Jeff Knitting 
    Co., 393 S.E.2d at 287
    (“[T]here can be no
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    recovery in quantum meruit where an express contract governs all the claimed
    rights and responsibilities of the parties.” (emphasis added)); Gilbert v.
    Edmondson, 
    388 S.E.2d 713
    , 714 (Ga. Ct. App. 1989) (“There cannot be an
    express and implied contract for the same thing existing at the same time between
    the same parties. It is only when the parties themselves do not expressly agree, that
    the law interposes and raises a promise.” (citation and internal quotation marks
    omitted)); Hardin v. Hunter, 
    331 S.E.2d 83
    , 85 (Ga. Ct. App. 1985) (“Quantum
    meruit is an available remedy ‘when there was no express stipulation as to the
    value of the services to be performed, and the compensation therefor necessarily
    depended upon an implied promise to pay.’” (citation omitted)); 7 Ga. Jr. Contracts
    § 2:5 (“The general rule that a contract will not be implied when an express
    contract exists is limited to matters addressed in the express contract.” (footnotes
    omitted)).    Here, the allegations do not compel the inference that an express
    contract existed governing Maraj’s responsibilities to Davidson if she employed
    his wig designs commercially. 2
    2
    Some of the confusion on this point can be attributed to the unique circumstances of this
    case. Quantum meruit permits recovery for the reasonable value of services rendered. See
    O.C.G.A. § 9-2-7; 
    Amend, 627 S.E.2d at 567
    . Here, the service rendered—the design of the
    wigs—is, in a sense, the same whether Maraj kept the wigs for her personal use or decided to
    market them commercially. However, Maraj has not pointed to any authority that prevents a
    savvy businessperson from recognizing the potential profitability of his creations and adjusting
    the price of his services based on the intended uses of his work. Of course, what the actual
    reasonable value of Davidson’s services under these circumstances is remains a matter of proof.
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    2.
    Maraj also contends that even if no express contract exists on the face of the
    complaint, Davidson’s quantum meruit claim must fail because (1) he did not plead
    that the failure to compensate him would be unjust, and (2) Georgia law precludes
    recovery under quantum meruit when the services rendered were not novel.
    Neither argument is persuasive here.
    To maintain a quantum meruit claim, a plaintiff must show, among other
    things, that “the failure to compensate the provider [of services] would be unjust.”
    
    Amend, 627 S.E.2d at 567
    . Davidson has alleged that Maraj understood that
    Davidson expected to be compensated for the commercial use of his designs, that
    Maraj “wrongfully misappropriated” those designs to launch commercial ventures,
    that Maraj recognized the commercial value of Davidson’s designs and has
    realized profits in excess of $1 million from those ventures, and that Maraj has not
    compensated him for the commercial use of his designs.
    If proven, these allegations sufficiently describe an unjust failure to
    compensate Davidson for the commercial use of his designs. In fact, Maraj has not
    explained why these allegations insufficiently describe an unjust failure to
    compensate, but instead suggests that the compensation paid to Davidson for the
    personal use of the designs was compensation enough for Davidson’s services.
    But whether the evidence may eventually demonstrate that Davidson was
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    adequately compensated for both his personal-use and commercial-use
    expectations, that defensive argument does not support the notion that Davidson
    insufficiently pled an unjust failure to compensate him for his services rendered
    with respect to the commercial use of his designs.
    Maraj also contends that because wig designs “are nothing more than a
    combination of colors and a hairstyle, the designs lack novelty under Georgia law,
    which deprives Mr. Davidson of the value necessary to support quantum meruit
    and unjust enrichment claims.” [Red Br. at 29.] Maraj cites two Georgia cases
    that stand for the proposition that non-novel ideas cannot give rise to property
    rights, cannot be used as consideration, and, therefore, cannot constitute conferred
    valuable benefits on which a quantum meruit claim is based. See Burgess v. Coca-
    Cola Co., 
    536 S.E.2d 764
    , 769 (Ga. Ct. App. 2000); Morton B. Katz & Assocs.,
    Ltd. v. Arnold, 
    333 S.E.2d 115
    , 117 (Ga. Ct. App. 1986).
    Assuming without deciding that Davidson’s wig designs are non-novel as a
    matter of Georgia law, these cases merely demonstrate that Davidson cannot
    maintain a quantum meruit claim for giving Maraj a non-novel idea. Nothing
    about these cases precludes recovering for the services rendered. Put another way,
    even if Davidson’s wig designs lack legal novelty, his quantum meruit claim need
    not fail as a matter of law. We do not read Davidson’s complaint as solely seeking
    recovery for the idea of the wigs, but also for the services he rendered in designing
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    and producing them, which, presumably, involved some expenditure of time and
    skill at the very least. In this sense, Davidson’s case is distinguishable from
    Burgess. Burgess provided nothing more than an unsolicited concept to the Coca-
    Cola Company. See 
    Burgess, 536 S.E.2d at 766
    , 767. Here, Davidson alleges,
    Maraj enlisted Davidson to design and construct distinctive wigs and impliedly
    promised to pay if they were used commerically. Quantum meruit provides an
    avenue of recovery for the provision of those services regardless of the novelty of
    the designs themselves.
    3.
    In sum, while we agree that Davidson’s First Amended Complaint clearly
    demonstrates on its face some type of contractual relationship, thus precluding an
    unjust-enrichment claim, the allegations construed in Davidson’s favor do not
    necessarily compel an inference than an express contract existed between
    Davidson and Maraj, particularly as it relates to commercial use of Davidson’s wig
    designs. Because Davidson has otherwise sufficiently pled a claim for quantum
    meruit, we reverse the district court’s dismissal of that claim but affirm its
    dismissal of the unjust-enrichment claim.
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    B.
    Georgia has codified the doctrine of promissory estoppel in statute. See
    O.C.G.A. § 13-3-44; Balmer v. Elan Corp., 
    599 S.E.2d 158
    , 162 (Ga. 2004). The
    elements of a promissory estoppel claim include the following:
    (1) the defendant made a promise or promises; (2) the
    defendant should have reasonably expected the plaintiffs
    to rely on such promise; (3) the plaintiffs relied on such
    promise to their detriment; and (4) an injustice can only
    be avoided by the enforcement of the promise, because as
    a result of the reliance, plaintiffs changed their position
    to their detriment by surrendering, forgoing, or rendering
    a valuable right.
    Mariner Healthcare, Inc. v. Foster, 
    634 S.E.2d 162
    , 168 (Ga. App. Ct. 2006)
    (citation omitted). “Promissory estoppel does not apply to a promise that is vague,
    indefinite, or of uncertain duration.” 
    Id. A promise
    enforceable by promissory
    estoppel “need not meet the formal requirements of a contract,” but “it must,
    nonetheless, have been communicated with sufficient particularity to enforce the
    commitment.” Mooney v. Mooney, 
    538 S.E.2d 864
    , 868 (Ga. Ct. App. 2000). In
    Georgia, promises merely to “work something out” about a future business venture
    are unenforceable through promissory estoppel. See 
    id. We identify
    two alleged promises from Davidson’s pleading: a promise by
    Maraj that she and Davidson “would appear on a reality show together,” and
    Maraj’s promise “to pursue a wig venture” with Davidson. As the district court
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    concluded, we find neither promise to be sufficiently definite to support an action
    for promissory estoppel under Georgia law.
    With respect to the reality show, Davidson does not allege any facts that take
    Maraj’s alleged promise from the realm of speculative possibility to enforceable
    obligation. For example, he does not claim that Maraj set out any timeline for
    developing a television show or that she suggested who could produce a program
    featuring them.         Although Davidson contends that he met with television
    executives to discuss such a project, he does not claim that Maraj organized or
    participated in those meetings in any way that could be construed as Maraj’s
    making of a more definitive commitment.
    Maraj’s alleged promise about a future wig business venture is similarly
    vague and indefinite. The First Amended Complaint contains no allegations of the
    specific or material terms of such a business venture. Although Davidson asserts
    that an unnamed hair company sent him a “full business proposal,” this proposal
    did not come from Maraj and cannot reasonably be viewed as part of her promise
    to him. 3 As a result, Maraj’s alleged promises were, as a matter of law, nothing
    more than offers to “work something out” about a future television show and wig
    venture, and the district court did not err in finding them too vague to be
    enforceable.
    3
    In fact, Davidson alleges that he was the one who informed Maraj about the proposal.
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    Davidson also argues on appeal that promissory-estoppel claims are too fact-
    intensive to be dismissed before discovery at the initial-pleading stage.         But
    Davidson’s argument misapprehends his burden at the motion-to-dismiss stage,
    which requires him to allege facts that, taken as true, state a plausible claim for
    relief. If he cannot do so, his claim cannot survive. Cf. Chudasama v. Mazda
    Motor Corp., 
    123 F.3d 1353
    , 1367 (11th Cir. 1997) (“Facial challenges to the legal
    sufficiency of a claim or defense, such as a motion to dismiss based on failure to
    state a claim for relief, should, however, be resolved before discovery begins. Such
    a dispute always presents a purely legal question; there are no issues of fact
    because the allegations contained in the pleading are presumed to be true.”
    (footnote omitted)). Here, Davidson has not met his burden, so his promissory-
    estoppel claim was properly dismissed.
    C.
    Finally, Davidson contends that the district court abused its discretion in
    dismissing his complaint with prejudice and without permitting him a second
    opportunity to amend his claims. But Davidson did not file a motion seeking leave
    to amend. Nor did he ever assert the substance of his proposed amendment before
    the district court. Rather, at the conclusion of his brief in opposition to the motion
    to dismiss, Davidson wrote simply that if “any of Plaintiff’s claims [were]
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    insufficiently pled against one or both Defendants, Plaintiff respectfully requests
    that he be granted leave to file a second amended complaint.”
    It has long been established in this Circuit that a district court does not abuse
    its discretion by denying a general and cursory request for leave to amend
    contained in an opposition brief. See Rosenberg v. Gould, 
    554 F.3d 962
    , 967 (11th
    Cir. 2009); Wagner v. Daewoo Heavy Indus. Am. Corp., 
    314 F.3d 541
    , 542 (11th
    Cir. 2002) (en banc); Posner v. Essex Ins. Co., Ltd., 
    178 F.3d 1209
    , 1222 (11th Cir.
    1999) (per curiam) (“Where a request for leave to file an amended complaint
    simply is imbedded within an opposition memorandum, the issue has not been
    raised properly.”). Under our case law, Davidson’s request for leave to amend was
    insufficient as a matter of law and the district court did not abuse its discretion in
    denying it.
    IV.
    In conclusion, we reverse the district court’s dismissal of Davidson’s
    quantum meruit claim and affirm the district court’s dismissal of all of his other
    claims as well as its denial of leave to amend. The case is remanded to the district
    court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
    AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED AND REMANDED IN
    PART.
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