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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 17-15186
________________________
Agency No. A204-650-556
FABIAN CAMILO MESA PELAEZ,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
________________________
(December 17, 2018)
Before MARTIN, JILL PRYOR, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
MARTIN, Circuit Judge:
Fabian Camilo Mesa Pelaez, a native and citizen of Colombia, petitions for
review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) order affirming the
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immigration judge’s (“IJ”) determination he is ineligible for adjustment of status.
After review, and with the benefit of oral argument, we grant his petition and
remand to the agency. On remand, the agency may consider whether it is
appropriate to exercise its discretion to grant Mr. Mesa’s application for
adjustment of status as a form of relief from removal.
I.
Mr. Mesa entered the United States on February 27, 2000 on a non-
immigrant visa. He continued working in this country after his visa expired and he
eventually moved to Florida, where he met and married a United States citizen in
2012. Mr. Mesa then filed an application to adjust to lawful permanent residence.
At the same time, his wife filed an I-130 Petition for Alien Relative on his behalf
to secure an immigrant visa—otherwise known as a green card.
The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”)
approved the petition. While processing the I-130 petition, however, USCIS
discovered an outstanding warrant for Mr. Mesa’s arrest in Connecticut. This
discovery resulted in his arrest by the Orlando Police Department and his
extradition to Connecticut, where he eventually secured a plea deal with the
assistance of counsel.
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On July 1, 2014, 1 Mr. Mesa pled guilty in Connecticut Superior Court to
sexual assault in the fourth degree in violation of Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-73a(a)(2).
This statute criminalizes some conduct as a misdemeanor punishable by less than a
year of imprisonment and some conduct as a felony punishable by more than a
year. See Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-73a(b). At his plea colloquy, Mr. Mesa admitted
to “subject[ing] another person to sexual contact without that person’s consent.”
The court sentenced him to 179 days.
The next day, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) served Mr.
Mesa with a Notice to Appear (“NTA”) charging him with removability under
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U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B) for overstaying his nonimmigrant visa. Mr. Mesa admitted
the factual allegations of the NTA, including the basis for removability, and filed
an I-485 Application to Adjust Status as a form of relief from removal. He put into
evidence copies of his Connecticut record of conviction and a transcript of his plea
colloquy for the sexual assault conviction.
After considering the record, the IJ found Mr. Mesa was not eligible for
adjustment of status. Because Mr. Mesa did not contest that his conviction for
sexual assault in the fourth degree was a crime involving moral turpitude, the only
question before the IJ was whether Mr. Mesa’s conviction qualified for the petty
1
The record does not reveal whether Mr. Mesa was aware of the arrest warrant prior to
his interview with USCIS in 2014.
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offense exception to crimes involving moral turpitude, such that he could still
apply for adjustment of status. The IJ found that although Mr. Mesa satisfied two
of the three petty-offense exception’s requirements, he could not satisfy the third:
namely, that he had been convicted of a misdemeanor offense, as opposed to a
felony. As part of this finding, the IJ determined Mr. Mesa’s plea colloquy
transcript and criminal information reflecting his plea could not narrow his
conviction to either felony or misdemeanor sexual assault in the fourth degree
under Connecticut law.
Mr. Mesa filed a motion to reconsider, which the IJ denied. On November
17, 2016, after withdrawing his motion for a waiver of inadmissibility, Mr. Mesa
once again asked the IJ to adjudicate his application to adjust status. This time, he
submitted into evidence a letter from his defense attorney as well as a printout
from the State of Connecticut Judicial Branch’s website. Both documents plainly
state Mr. Mesa was convicted of misdemeanor sexual assault. The letter reflects
the defense attorney’s “absolute certainty that the understanding of all parties was
that [Mr. Mesa] was pleading guilty to a misdemeanor and he did in fact plead
guilty to a misdemeanor.” The printout similarly notes that Mr. Mesa pled guilty
to “[m]isdemeanor” “Sex 4-Sex Contact W/O ConsentA.”
Applying the modified categorical approach, the IJ once again found Mr.
Mesa ineligible for adjustment of status. The IJ did not consider evidence of the
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printout and letter, because she found the documents insufficiently reliable.
Instead, the IJ adhered to her original view that Mr. Mesa’s plea colloquy transcript
and record of conviction were insufficient to demonstrate he was convicted of the
misdemeanor version of sexual assault in the fourth degree. Based on that
ambiguity, the IJ denied Mr. Mesa’s application for adjustment of status and
ordered him removed to Colombia.
On appeal to the BIA, Mr. Mesa argued the record established by a
“preponderance of the evidence” that he was convicted of a misdemeanor and not a
felony. He challenged the IJ’s finding that the transcript and record of conviction
were ambiguous as to which offense he was convicted of, and argued that even if
the record was ambiguous, the Supreme Court’s decision in Moncrieffe v. Holder,
569 U.S. 184,
133 S. Ct. 1678 (2013), required the agency to presume his
conviction was for the least of the acts criminalized—here, a misdemeanor offense.
The BIA was not convinced. In an order dismissing Mr. Mesa’s appeal, the
BIA agreed with the IJ that Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-73a was divisible into two
crimes: (1) misdemeanor sexual assault in the fourth degree, which would qualify
for the petty offense exception; and (2) felony sexual assault in the fourth degree,
which would not. Applying the modified categorical approach, the BIA limited its
consideration of the record evidence to the plea colloquy transcript and record of
conviction and found that their inconclusive nature meant Mr. Mesa “did not
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demonstrate that his conviction falls under the petty offense exception.” Mr. Mesa
timely petitioned for review.
II.
We review de novo the legal question of whether a petitioner’s conviction
constitutes a misdemeanor within the meaning of the petty offense exception under
8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(ii). See Cintron v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
882 F.3d 1380, 1383
(11th Cir. 2018).
III.
This case concerns a little-used safety valve in removal proceedings: the
petty offense exception. The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) permits
petitioners in removal proceedings to apply for relief from removal. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229a(c)(4)(A). This includes adjustment of status, a form of relief that requires
the petitioner to prove (1) he actually applied to adjust status; (2) he is eligible to
receive an immigrant visa and is admissible to the United States for permanent
residence; and (3) there is an immigrant visa immediately available at the time the
application is filed. Id. § 1255(a). Ordinarily, petitioners who have committed
crimes involving moral turpitude (“CIMTs”) are inadmissible to the United States
and therefore ineligible for adjustment of status. Id. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I). There
exists, however, a limited exception to this blanket ban, which we have termed the
“petty offense” exception.
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The petty offense exception is straightforward. If a petitioner has committed
only one offense, for which the maximum possible penalty “did not exceed
imprisonment for one year,” and was “not sentenced to a term of imprisonment in
excess of 6 months,” he or she has committed only a petty offense and remains
eligible for an immigrant visa and, consequently, adjustment of status. Id.
§ 1182(a)(2)(A)(ii)(II). Neither party to this appeal disputes that Mr. Mesa has
satisfied two of the three factors required to trigger the petty offense exception.2
He has only one conviction, sexual assault in the fourth degree, for which he
received a sentence of 179 days, a term less than six months.
The sole issued presented here is therefore whether Mr. Mesa has shown that
he was convicted of an offense for which the maximum sentence “did not exceed
imprisonment for one year.” Id. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(ii)(II). To answer this question,
we apply the categorical approach and its modified step. See Moncrieffe,
569 U.S.
at 190,
133 S. Ct. at 1684 (explaining courts “generally employ a ‘categorical
approach’ to determine whether the state offense is comparable to an offense listed
in the INA”); Gonzales v. Duenas-Alvarez,
549 U.S. 183, 187,
127 S. Ct. 815, 819
(2007) (explaining “some courts refer to this step of the Taylor inquiry as a
‘modified categorical approach’”).
2
Mr. Mesa does not dispute on appeal his conviction for sexual assault in the fourth
degree is a CIMT that renders him ineligible for adjustment of status absent the petty offense
exception.
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First established by the Supreme Court in 1990, see Taylor v. United States,
495 U.S. 575,
110 S. Ct. 2143 (1990), the categorical approach is a three-step
inquiry that assists a court in determining whether a petitioner or defendant’s
offense of conviction matches a federal generic offense. See United States v.
Estrella,
758 F.3d 1239, 1244–46 (11th Cir. 2014) (explaining the steps). Mr.
Mesa argues that under this approach, it is clear he was convicted of a
misdemeanor offense and therefore qualifies for the petty offense exception. We
agree and address each step in turn.
A.
To begin, we must determine whether Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-73a is
categorically overbroad. See Estrella, 758 F.3d at 1244–45 (explaining the “first
step” is to apply the traditional categorical approach inquiry and determine whether
the elements of the statute of conviction match the federal definition). We easily
conclude it is.
Section 53a-73a, including subsection (a)(2), of which Mr. Mesa was
convicted, contains both misdemeanor and felony sexual assault in the fourth
degree. Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-73a(b). If the victim of nonconsensual sexual
contact is under the age of sixteen, the defendant has committed felony punishable
by up to five years in prison. Id. §§ 53a-73a(b), 53a-35a(8). If, on the other hand,
the victim is over the age of sixteen, the offense is a misdemeanor punishable by
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not more than a year in prison. Id. §§ 53a-73a(a)(2), 53-36. It is therefore clear
that section 53a-73a includes both a qualifying offense for the petty offense
exception, the misdemeanor, and a disqualifying offense, the felony.
B.
Having determined Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-73a is categorically overbroad
with respect to the petty offense exception, we must next determine whether the
statute is divisible, such that the modified categorical approach applies. See
Estrella, 758 F.3d at 1245. We conclude it is.
“A divisible statute is one that ‘sets out one or more elements of the offense
in the alternative.’” Id. (quoting Descamps v. United States,
570 U.S. 254, 257,
133 S. Ct. 2276, 2281 (2013)). Here, the felony version of section 53a-73a
contains an additional element that its misdemeanor counterpart lacks—proof the
victim was under the age of sixteen. Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-73a(b); see also State
v. Velasco,
751 A.2d 800, 811 (Conn. 2000) (explaining that, “except in limited
circumstances, the determination of ultimate facts remains the exclusive function
of the jury” for sentencing enhancements); Crim. Jury Instruction Committee,
Conn. Judicial Branch Criminal Jury Instructions 7.1-12 (2018) (“Section 53a-
73a(b) provides an enhanced penalty if the victim is under 16 years of age. The
jury must find this fact proved beyond a reasonable doubt.”). The statute is
therefore divisible.
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C.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-73a’s divisible nature triggers the third, and last, step
of the categorical approach: the modified categorical approach. See Estrella, 758
F.3d at 1245 (“The Supreme Court has only approved using the modified
categorical approach when a prior conviction is for violating a so-called ‘divisible
statute.’” (quotation marks omitted)). Intended “solely[] as a tool to identify the
elements of the crime of conviction when a statute’s disjunctive phrasing renders
one (or more) of them opaque,” the modified categorical approach permits courts
to consult a limited universe of documents in a bid to narrow the petitioner’s
offense of conviction to either a qualifying or disqualifying offense. Mathis v.
United States,
136 S. Ct. 2243, 2253 (2016). These documents include transcripts
of the petitioner’s plea colloquy, copies of the plea agreement, and other records of
“comparable findings of fact adopted by the [petitioner] upon entering a guilty
plea.” Shepard v. United States,
544 U.S. 13, 20,
125 S. Ct. 1254, 1259–60
(2005).
We agree with Mr. Mesa that his Shepard documents—here, the record of
conviction reflecting his plea and the transcript of his plea colloquy—
unambiguously demonstrate he was convicted of misdemeanor sexual assault in
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the fourth degree.3 We therefore need not address the more complicated question
of what happens when a petitioner’s Shepard documents prove inconclusive and
the modified categorical tool fails to narrow the petitioner’s offense of conviction. 4
See Francisco v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
994 F.3d 1120, 1134 n.37 (11th Cir. 2018)
(leaving open the “issue of whether the Moncrieffe presumption applies in
determining an alien’s eligibility for cancellation of removal when the Shepard
documents are inconclusive as to which crime the alien committed in a divisible
statute”).
To convict a defendant of felony sexual assault in the fourth degree under
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-73a(b), a jury must find beyond a reasonable doubt that the
victim was under the age of sixteen. See Crim. Jury Instruction Committee, Conn.
Judicial Branch Criminal Jury Instructions 7.1-12 (2018). Here, however, the plea
3
As discussed earlier in this opinion, Mr. Mesa argued to the BIA on appeal that the
record evidence, including his plea colloquy transcript, established by a “preponderance of the
evidence” he was convicted of a misdemeanor and not a felony. He also repeatedly challenged
the IJ’s finding that his Shepard documents were ambiguous as to the nature of his conviction.
As a result, Mr. Mesa properly exhausted this argument before the BIA, and we retain
jurisdiction to decide the claim. See Avila v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
560 F.3d 1281, 1285 (11th Cir.
2009) (“This Court has jurisdiction to review a final order of removal only if the alien has first
exhausted his administrative remedies.”).
4
We note, however, that this issue has produced a split among our sister circuits, with the
Sixth and Tenth Circuits concluding post-Moncrieffe that a petitioner necessarily fails to
demonstrate eligibility for relief of removal on an ambiguous record of conviction, and the First
Circuit taking the opposite position. Compare Gutierrez v. Sessions,
887 F.3d 770, 779 (6th Cir.
2018); Lucio-Rayos v. Sessions,
875 F.3d 573, 583 (10th Cir. 2017) (issued by quorum) with
Sauceda v. Lynch,
819 F.3d 526, 531 (1st Cir. 2016). The Ninth Circuit appears poised to decide
the issue en banc soon. See Marinelarena v. Sessions,
869 F.3d 780 (9th Cir. 2017), reh’g en
banc granted by Marinelarena v. Sessions,
886 F.3d 737 (9th Cir. 2018).
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colloquy transcript is silent as to the victim’s age. The prosecutor’s statement of
the facts at the plea colloquy reflects only that Mr. Mesa “subjected another person
to sexual contact without that person’s consent.” This is plainly insufficient to
sustain a felony conviction under the statute as a matter of law. See Conn. Gen.
Stat. § 53a-73a(b). The plea colloquy’s silence as to the victim’s age therefore
narrows Mr. Mesa’s offense of conviction to misdemeanor sexual assault in the
fourth degree.
Because it is uncontested he satisfies the other two requirements, Mr. Mesa
has demonstrated his offense qualifies for the petty offense exception to
inadmissibility under
8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(ii). The BIA erred when it
determined otherwise and affirmed the IJ’s decision to deny his application for
adjustment of status.
IV.
The road to adjustment of status is a long and arduous one. Our conclusion
that Mr. Mesa has satisfied—via the petty offense exception—the requirement that
he be admissible to the United States only renders him eligible for adjustment of
status.
8 U.S.C. § 1255(a). Because the IJ determined Mr. Mesa satisfies the other
two requirements for adjustment of status, all that remains is for the Attorney
General to adjudicate his application. See Moncrieffe,
569 U.S. at 204, 133 S. Ct.
at 1692. We therefore remand for the agency to make that decision.
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PETITION GRANTED AND REMANDED.
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