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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 12-15376
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:11-cv-00558-WSD
CHET HERYTEK,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
MOMENTIVE PERFORMANCE MATERIALS USA, INC.,
Defendant,
JOHN DOE 1-5,
MOMENTIVE SPECIALTY CHEMICALS, INC.,
Defendants - Appellees.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
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(February 27, 2013)
Before TJOFLAT, CARNES, and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Chet Heretyk 1 was seriously injured when a gust of wind blew him off the
top of a trailer. He contends that Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc., parked the
trailer in a location where it was unusually exposed to the wind and negligently
failed to safeguard him against that danger.
I.
Heretyk worked as a truck driver for Enterprise Transportation Company. 2
On January 17, 2010 Enterprise sent Heretyk to Momentive’s manufacturing
facility in Forest Park, Georgia to pick up a tank wagon trailer that was loaded with
chemicals and told him to transport it to Indiana. When Heretyk arrived at
Momentive’s facility, he noticed that the trailer he was supposed to transport was
parked in a different place than the normal “staging area” where trailers were
usually parked in preparation for moving. Instead of being parked in an open area
next to the other trailers that were waiting to be picked up, the trailer was parked
parallel to a building. The rear of the trailer was sticking out past the edge of the
1
The spelling of Heretyk’s name is inconsistent in the record. We use the spelling that
he gave during his deposition.
2
Because Momentive moved for summary judgment, we present the facts in the light
most favorable to Heretyk. See Univ. of Ala. Bd. of Trs. v. New Life Art, Inc.,
683 F.3d 1266,
1271 (11th Cir. 2012) (stating that when reviewing a district court’s order on summary judgment,
we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party).
2
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building and protruding into an alleyway that ran perpendicular to the side of the
trailer.3
Heretyk approached the trailer to conduct a pre-trip inspection, as required
by federal regulations and Enterprise’s policy. As part of the inspection, he was
supposed to inspect the valves on top of the tank to make sure that they were all
closed. To do that, he had to climb a ladder that was attached to the trailer and
then walk along a narrow catwalk at the top of the trailer. Enterprise’s policy did
not require—and its drivers typically did not use—any personal protective
equipment during the pre-trip inspection except for shoes, a hard hat, safety
goggles, and gloves.
Heretyk was wearing only that safety equipment when he climbed on top the
trailer. As he walked from the front to the rear of the trailer along the catwalk
about 12–13 feet above the ground, Heretyk walked past the edge of the building
and a strong gust of wind came through the alleyway, causing him to lose his
balance and fall to the ground. He suffered serious injuries to his back, ribs, pelvis,
and feet from the fall. He has no memory of the fall or the early stages of his
recovery.
3
Momentive contends, and the district court found, that no evidence in the record
supported the inference that the trailer was protruding past the edge of the building and into the
alley. We disagree. Heretyk testified that: “[T]his trailer was out in the open by the corner of
the building. And one thing I didn’t notice was the part of the trailer was a little behind the
building.” There is also testimony that the trailer was parked parallel to a building with the rear
of the trailer near the alley at the edge of the building. From that evidence, a jury reasonably
could infer that the rear of the trailer was protruding past the edge of the building into the alley.
3
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Heretyk sued Momentive in Georgia state court, alleging that it was
negligent because it failed to safeguard him against the danger of falling caused by
the way the trailer was parked. Momentive removed the case to federal court and
moved for summary judgment, contending that it did not owe Heretyk a duty to
safeguard him from falling off the trailer. The district court granted Momentive’s
motion and this is Heretyk’s appeal.
II.
We review de novo a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment,
viewing the evidence and drawing all inferences in the light most favorable to the
non-moving party, who in this case is Heretyk. Univ. of Ala. Bd. of Trs. v. New
Life Art, Inc.,
683 F.3d 1266, 1271 (11th Cir. 2012). Summary judgment is
appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a). “[T]he burden on the moving party may be discharged by showing—that is,
pointing out to the district court—that there is an absence of evidence to support
the nonmoving party’s case.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317, 325,
106
S. Ct. 2548, 2554 (1986) (quotation marks omitted).
To prevail on his negligence claim, Heretyk must prove four elements: (1)
duty; (2) breach of duty; (3) causation; and (4) damages. Rasnick v. Krishna
Hospitality, Inc.,
713 S.E.2d 835, 837 (Ga. 2011). The district court granted
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summary judgment to Momentive because it concluded that Momentive had shown
that there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether it owed a duty to
safeguard Heretyk from falling off the trailer. Heretyk, however, contends that
Momentive owed him a duty because he was an invitee on premises that were
owned or occupied by Momentive. Momentive concedes that Heretyk was an
“invitee” on property under its control at the time he fell from the trailer.
Under Georgia law, “an owner or occupier of land . . . is liable in damages to
[an invitee] for injuries caused by his failure to exercise ordinary care in keeping
the premises and approaches safe.” Ga. Code Ann. § 51-3-1. An owner or
occupier of land, however, “is not an insurer of an invitee’s safety.” Gaydos v.
Grupe Real Estate Investors,
440 S.E.2d 545, 547 (Ga. Ct. App. 1994). As a result,
“an invitee must exercise ordinary care to avoid the consequences of any such
negligence on the part of an owner/occupier, and the failure to do so bars an
invitee’s recovery.”
Id. And an owner or occupier of land has no duty to warn an
invitee about dangerous conditions on the land unless the owner or occupier “ha[s]
actual or constructive knowledge of a dangerous condition and . . . [the invitee], in
the exercise of ordinary care, lack[s] knowledge of the dangerous condition.”
Whitley v. H & S Homes, LLC,
632 S.E.2d 728, 729 (Ga. Ct. App. 2006). The
rule requiring that the invitee lack knowledge of the dangerous condition exists
because “[t]he true basis for an owner’s liability is his superior knowledge of the
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existence of a condition that could subject his invitees to an unreasonable risk of
injury.”
Id. (quoting Garrett v. Hanes,
616 S.E.2d 202, 204 (Ga. Ct. App. 2005)).
Heretyk admits that at the time of the accident he knew that climbing to the
top of a trailer and walking along the catwalk was dangerous. In his deposition, he
acknowledged that “you could get killed if you fell off” the top of the trailer. He
also stated that there “always exists” a risk of injury when working at a height of
12–13 feet above the ground. The fact that Heretyk knew of that danger normally
would mean that Momentive had no duty to safeguard him against it. See Barnes
v. Morganton Baptist Ass’n,
703 S.E.2d 359, 361–62 (Ga. Ct. App. 2010) (holding
that a landowner owed no duty to safeguard against falling from a retaining wall
when an invitee knew that falling from the wall was dangerous).
Heretyk claims, however, that he did not know that part of the trailer was
protruding past the edge of the building, which exposed it to the wind. He
contends that the way the trailer was parked created a “unique hazard” of which
Momentive had “superior knowledge,” giving rise to a duty to safeguard under
Georgia law. See, e.g., Dickerson v. Guest Services Co. of Va.,
653 S.E.2d 699,
700 (Ga. 2007) (“[A] proprietor may be liable only if he had superior knowledge of
a condition that exposed an invitee to an unreasonable risk of harm.”) (emphasis
added and quotation marks omitted); Tyree v. Westin Peachtree, Inc.,
735 S.E.2d
127, 130 (Ga. Ct. App. 2012) (holding that summary judgment is inappropriate in a
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premises liability case when “[t]he evidence . . . raise[s] a factual question as to
whether [the defendant] had superior knowledge of the alleged defect”).
Momentive argues that Heretyk has not shown a genuine issue of material
fact as to whether it had superior knowledge of the added danger because of where
the trailer was parked. We agree. In his reply brief, Heretyk cites the following
evidence of Momentive’s knowledge of the danger: (1) a Momentive employee
parked the trailer; and (2) that employee had driven through the alley shortly
before Heretyk began the pre-trip inspection and knew it was windy. Viewed in
the light most favorable to Heretyk, that evidence suggests only that a Momentive
employee knew where the trailer was parked and knew that it was windy in the
alley near the trailer. There is no evidence that the employee observed that part of
the trailer was protruding into the alley and no evidence that the employee knew
that any part of the trailer was especially exposed to the windy conditions.
Accordingly, the evidence does not create a genuine issue of material fact about
whether Momentive through an employee had superior knowledge of the added
danger because of where the trailer was parked. There is also no evidence that
Momentive would have discovered that danger through the exercise of reasonable
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care. For that reason, Momentive had no duty to safeguard Heretyk against the
danger of falling off the trailer, and it was entitled to summary judgment. 4
Heretyk suggests that the contract between his employer and Momentive
created a duty to provide him with personal protection equipment when he was
conducting his pre-trip inspection. Under Georgia law, however, breach of a
contractual duty generally cannot give rise to a tort claim. See Walton Elec.
Membership Corp. v. Snyder,
508 S.E.2d 167, 168 (Ga. 1998). Although Georgia
courts have recognized certain limited exceptions to that rule, see
id. at 168–69,
Heretyk does not cite any authority, and we have not found any, that creates an
exception applicable to the facts of this case. In the absence of a genuine issue of
material fact about whether Momentive owed Heretyk a duty to safeguard him
from falling off the trailer, Momentive was entitled to summary judgment.
AFFIRMED.
4
Because we conclude that Momentive had no duty to safeguard Heretyk against the
danger of falling off the trailer, we do not address Momentive’s alternative argument that it is not
liable because Heretyk voluntarily assumed the risk. We also do not consider Heretyk’s
argument that the district court improperly excluded the deposition testimony of his proposed
expert witness on the standard of care. That evidence goes to breach of duty and would not
affect our conclusion that Momentive owed Heretyk no duty.
8
