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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 19-11060
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 9:18-cv-80305-WPD
KENNETH WOLINER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
KRISTEN SUMMERS,
LOUISE WILHITE-ST. LAURENT, et al.,
Defendants,
MARTHA SOFRONSKY,
Defendant-Appellee.
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Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
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(December 18, 2019)
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Before WILSON, HULL, and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
This is an unlawful-recording case. The appellant Kenneth Woliner is a
formerly licensed medical doctor trained in holistic medicine. For about two years,
he treated S.S., a young woman diagnosed with Stage 3 Hodgkin Lymphoma who
ultimately passed away from her illness.
Sometime after S.S. passed away, S.S’s mother, Martha Sofronsky, went to
Woliner’s office to discuss S.S.’s autopsy report in a posthumous bereavement
session. She recorded her conversation with Woliner, allegedly without his
knowledge or consent. Florida Department of Health (DOH) officials then used
the recording in a proceeding to revoke Woliner’s medical license, proving there
that Woliner’s treatment of S.S. arose to medical malpractice.
After Woliner learned of the recording, he sued Sofronsky and DOH
officials for, among other things, violating Florida’s unlawful-recording statute
(Counts I-IV). The district court ultimately granted summary judgment for
Sofronsky and the DOH officials. Woliner now appeals the grant of summary
judgment for Sofronsky on Count I only.
After careful review, we hold that there are genuine disputes about the
circumstances surrounding Sofronsky’s recording. Since these disputes are
material to whether Woliner had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the private
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medical office where he was recorded, we reverse the grant of summary judgment
for Sofronsky on Count I and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I.
We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment and apply
the same standard used by the district court. Burton v. Tampa Hous. Auth.,
271
F.3d 1274, 1276 (11th Cir. 2001). Summary judgment is appropriate only “if the
movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex
Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). “Only disputes over facts that might
affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the
entry of summary judgment.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 248
(1986). We view all evidence and factual inferences in the light most favorable to
the non-moving party.
Burton, 271 F.3d at 1277.
Florida’s unlawful-recording act generally prohibits, among other things,
the recording of “oral communication[s]” without the consent of all participants to
the conversation. See Fla. Stat. § 934.03(1)(a)–(b). It also prohibits the use or
disclosure of a recorded oral communication if the individual using or disclosing
the recording knew or had reason to know that the recording was unlawful. See
Fla. Stat. § 934.03(1)(c)–(d). An “oral communication” is “any oral
communication uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that such
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communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying such
expectation and does not mean any public oral communication uttered at a public
meeting or any electronic communication.” Fla. Stat. § 934.02(2) (emphasis
added). 1
The Florida Supreme Court has interpreted this language to mean that a
statement is an “oral communication” only if the speaker had “a reasonable
expectation of privacy,” which includes “one’s actual subjective expectation of
privacy as well as whether society is prepared to recognize this expectation as
reasonable.” McDonough v. Fernandez-Rundle,
862 F.3d 1314, 1320 (11th Cir.
2017) (citing State v. Inciarrano,
473 So. 2d 1272, 1275 (Fla. 1985)), cert. denied,
584 U.S. __,
138 S. Ct. 2600 (2018). This is “substantially the same test used in a
Fourth Amendment right to privacy analysis.” Stevenson v. State,
667 So. 2d 410,
412 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996). We thus ask two questions to decide whether a
statement is an oral communication: (1) Did the non-consenting party have a
subjective expectation of privacy when making the statement? and (2) Was the
expectation of privacy one that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable? See
Inciarrano, 473 So. 2d at 1275.
1
Section 934.10 provides a civil remedy for the person whose oral communication was
unlawfully recorded. Fla. Stat. § 934.10. The statute also prohibits the disclosure of unlawfully
recorded communications in certain proceedings. Fla. Stat. § 934.06.
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Florida law suggests that these factors help guide whether an expectation of
privacy was objectively reasonable: (1) the location where the communication took
place; (2) the manner in which the communication was made; (3) the nature of the
communication; (4) the intent of the speaker asserting Chapter 934 protection at
the time the communication was made; (5) the purpose of the communication;
(6) the conduct of the speaker; (7) the number of people present; and (8) the
contents of the communication. Brugmann v. State,
117 So. 3d 39, 49 (Fla. 3d
DCA 2013) (Rothenberg, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc). Florida
courts also recognize that conversations “occurring inside an enclosed area or in a
secluded area are more likely to be protected . . . .” Cinci v. State,
642 So. 2d 572,
573 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994). And the Florida Supreme Court has held that a person,
in some cases, has a reasonable expectation of privacy inside a medical
examination room. See Jones v. State,
648 So. 2d 669, 677 (Fla. 1994).
Similarly, the United States Supreme Court has said that one should consider
“the intention of the Framers of the Fourth Amendment, the uses to which the
individual has put a location, and our societal understanding that certain areas
deserve the most scrupulous protection from government invasion.” O’Connor v.
Ortega,
480 U.S. 709, 715 (1987). A majority of the Court has also agreed that, in
some cases, a doctor has a reasonable expectation of privacy in his or her private
medical office. Id.; see also Minnesota v. Carter,
525 U.S. 83, 90–91 (1998)
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(citing Ortega for the proposition that “the Court has held that in some
circumstances a worker can claim Fourth Amendment protection over his own
workplace”).
II.
Woliner generally alleged two unlawful-recording theories. First, he
claimed that Sofronsky unlawfully recorded him during their bereavement session.
Second, Woliner alleged that Sofronsky and DOH officials had unlawfully
disclosed or used the unlawful recording in the license-revocation hearing.
At summary judgment, Sofronsky and DOH officials challenged both
theories. And yet, though the court granted total summary judgment for the
defendants, the court seemed to address only the second issue—it did not directly
tackle the baseline claim that Sofronsky unlawfully recorded Woliner.
Still, we read one aspect of the court’s order as justifying its grant of total
summary judgment for Sofronsky. The court reasoned, in analyzing the second
claim, that Woliner could not prove his case at trial because he did not have a
reasonable expectation that his conversation with Sofronsky would not be
recorded.2 This conclusion barred the second claim, as the defendants could not
2
The court did not distinguish between subjective expectation and objective reasonableness, but
we note that Sofronsky’s briefing did not dispute that Woliner at least subjectively expected that
she was not recording him. In any event, we believe, as explained below, that there are genuine
disputes of fact relevant to both the subjective and objective parts of the reasonable-expectation
inquiry.
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have used or disclosed an unlawful recording if the recording was lawful. And it
also inherently decided the first claim: If there was no expectation of privacy, then
the recording was lawful, and Sofronsky did not violate Fla. Stat. § 934.03. See
Inciarrano, 473 So. 2d at 1275. So even though the district court did not spell it
out, it ruled for Sofronsky on the first claim because it thought that there was no
genuine dispute over whether Woliner had a reasonable expectation of privacy.
Thus, the question for us is whether, taking the facts in the light most favorable to
Woliner, a reasonable factfinder could conclude that he had a reasonable
expectation of privacy. See
Burton, 271 F.3d at 1276–77. On this record, we
believe that answer is yes.
The record, viewed in the light most favorable to Woliner, would support
these findings. An obvious cornerstone of medical care is patient confidentiality.
To that end, Woliner took great care to ensure that his medical office complied
with typical confidentiality standards. He added a privacy sign-in sheet that made
it impossible for patients to see the names of earlier patients; a sliding glass
window dividing the waiting room from the front office area; privacy computer
screens; heavy soundproof doors; extra insulation between the walls; a private
checkout room; and a policy that employees keep their cell phones out of sight.
Woliner also solely owned the medical condominium where he examined his
patients, ensuring total control of the premises.
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Woliner, on occasion, allowed patients to record their examinations if the
exams involved complex information too difficult to write down. But this policy
came with restrictions. To validly record an exam, a patient had to pay a $5
recording fee. The patient would also need to inform Woliner of his or her desire
to record the exam. Woliner, at the beginning of the recording, would state the
names of all participants to the conversation and affirm that all participants
consented to the recording. Woliner typically made these recordings on a visible
office recording device. And Woliner never condoned recordings that did not
follow his typical recording procedure.
As far as anyone other than Sofronsky knew, S.S. and Sofronsky had
recorded S.S.’s examinations only three times before the allegedly unlawful
recording. Each time, they paid the $5 fee. The recording was made on Woliner’s
office computer, not a personal recording device. Woliner also obtained consent
for each recording from all parties present, including himself. The recording
device used was visible, and he began the recording by noting who was in the
room.
On the day of the allegedly unlawful recording, Sofronsky hid a recording
device in her purse. She entered Woliner’s medical condominium and recorded
conversations with three of Woliner’s employees in the condominium’s common
areas. Woliner then greeted Sofronsky and invited her back to his private office—
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a room with a soundproof door and closed curtains. Woliner spoke with Sofronsky
there for several hours about her daughter’s autopsy report. The sole purpose of
Woliner’s communication with Sofronsky was to help ease her grief; Woliner did
not charge her for the time and did not treat her as a patient. Sofronsky never
suggested that she was recording the conversation, never paid the $5 fee, and never
asked for Woliner’s consent. Woliner was thus unaware that Sofronsky was
recording their discussion.
On these facts, a factfinder could conclude that Woliner subjectively
believed that he had an expectation of privacy. Indeed, the record reflects that he
thought as much, that he never saw a listening device, that Sofronsky never asked
that he consent to being recorded, and that Sofronsky never complied with the
typical recording procedures. Three of his employees also swore that they never
saw Sofronsky with a listening device and never knew that she was recording.
This is enough to raise a genuine dispute about the circumstances material to the
subjective-expectation element.
Similarly, a factfinder could conclude on these facts that Woliner’s belief
was objectively reasonable. Woliner is a medical doctor, and the medical
profession hinges on confidentiality. Woliner thus took great pains to ensure that
conversations with his patients in his medical complex remained confidential,
installing heavy soundproofing, mandating confidentiality procedures for his staff,
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and obtaining sole ownership of the property. A factfinder could therefore
conclude that it was reasonable for him to generally expect privacy within his
medical condominium, and especially within his private medical office. See
Ortega, 480 U.S. at 715.
Moving to details of the allegedly unlawful recording, Sofronsky recorded
Woliner during a conversation in this private medical office—an office equipped
with soundproofing and closed curtains. See
Jones, 648 So. 2d at 677. Woliner
and Sofronsky were the only participants to the closed-door discussion. See
Cinci,
642 So. 2d at 573. The conversation involved a child’s autopsy report—highly
sensitive medical material for a parent. See
Brugmann, 117 So. 3d at 49. And the
purpose of the conversation was not to relay complex information about patient
treatment, but to assist Sofronsky with her grief. See
id.
To be sure, Woliner has let patients record him before. But this was not a
free-for-all policy; it came with specific guidelines. S.S. and her mother had
followed this procedure before. Yet, on this occasion, Sofronsky complied with
none of the typical recording procedures, leading Woliner to reasonably conclude
that he was not on tape. 3
3
Sofronsky testified that she and S.S. had recorded Woliner before on a private recording device
without following the office recording procedures. But the record also shows that Woliner did
not know that Sofronsky had made these private recordings and learned of them for the first time
at Sofronsky’s deposition. Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to Woliner, a
factfinder could find that S.S. and her mother made any unauthorized findings in secret, and so
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In sum, given the location, purpose, and nature of the communication, and
given that Sofronsky did not comply with typical recording procedure, a
factfinder—viewing the record in the light most favorable to Woliner—could
conclude that he had an objectively reasonable expectation of privacy in his private
medical office. See
id. 4
As a result, there remain genuine disputes of material fact relevant to
whether Woliner had a reasonable expectation of privacy—a conclusion key to
whether his statements are protected under Fla. Stat. § 934.03. For these reasons,
we REVERSE the district court’s grant of summary judgment for Sofronsky on
Count I and REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
no one could have expected that Sofronsky would record a conversation outside the office-
sanctioned recording policy.
4
Woliner also raises a bevy of supplemental arguments supporting reversal. Because we agree
that there remain genuine disputes of material fact, we need not reach these issues. Of course,
Woliner may raise these arguments in the district court and remains entitled to appeal after final
judgment.
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