United States v. Courtney Garner ( 2016 )

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 14-15745
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 8:14-cr-00040-EAK-EAJ-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
COURTNEY GARNER,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
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(February 18, 2016)
Before JORDAN, JULIE CARNES, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM:
Courtney Garner appeals his conviction and his 180-month sentence,
imposed after Garner pleaded guilty to one count of possession of a firearm by a
convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e)(1). Garner’s
sentence was enhanced under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18
U.S.C. § 924(e), based in pertinent part on his two prior Florida convictions for
fleeing or attempting to elude, in violation of Fla. Stat. § 316.1935. We affirm
Garner’s conviction and vacate Garner’s sentence and remand for resentencing.
Garner first challenges the constitutionality of his conviction under section
922(g)(1). Garner contends that 18 U.S.C. 922(g)(1) is facially unconstitutional
because regulation of the mere possession of a gun exceeds Congress’s powers
under the Commerce Clause. Garner also argues that section 922(g)(1) is
unconstitutional as applied to him because his intrastate possession of a gun
manufactured out-of-state had no substantial effect on interstate commerce. As
Garner concedes, however, his arguments are foreclosed squarely by this Court’s
binding precedent. See, e.g., United States v. McAllister, 77 F.3d 387, 390 (11th
Cir. 1996). Thus, we affirm Garner’s conviction.
About his sentence, Garner argues -- based on the Supreme Court’s recent
decision in Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015) -- that the district court
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erred in enhancing his sentence under the ACCA. Because Garner raised no
objection to the constitutionality of the ACCA’s residual clause in the district
court, we review only for plain error. See United States v. Aguillard, 217 F.3d
1319, 1320 (11th Cir. 2000).
Under the law of the circuit in existence when Garner was sentenced, a
felony conviction under Fla. Stat. § 316.1935(2) qualified as a “violent felony”
under the ACCA’s residual clause. See United States v. Petite, 703 F.3d 1290,
1301 (11th Cir. 2013). In Johnson, however, the Supreme Court struck down, as
unconstitutionally vague, the residual clause of the ACCA. 135 S. Ct. at 2257-58.
Thus, after Johnson, Garner’s convictions for fleeing or attempting to elude
may serve as predicate offenses under the ACCA only if they qualify as violent
felonies under a different ACCA provision. But Fla. Stat. § 316.1935 does not
have “as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force
against the person of another,” are not “burglary, arson, or extortion,” and does not
involve the “use of explosives.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i)-(ii); see also Sykes v.
United States, 131 S. Ct. 2267, 2273 (2011) (concluding, under the categorical
approach, that an Indiana conviction for “[r]esisting law enforcement through
felonious vehicle flight” failed to qualify under either the ACCA’s elements clause
or enumerated offenses clause), overruled on other grounds by Johnson, 135 S. Ct.
at 2551; Petite, 703 F.3d at 1293.
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We conclude -- and the government concedes -- that Garner’s Florida
convictions for fleeing or attempting to elude no longer qualify as violent felonies
under the ACCA. As a result, Garner’s remaining two qualifying predicate
convictions for serious drug offenses are insufficient to sustain Garner’s ACCA
status. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) (requiring three predicate convictions for a violent
felony or serious drug offense to trigger ACCA enhancement).
In the light of our decision in United States v. Jones, 743 F.3d 826 (11th Cir.
2014), and in the light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson, the district
court’s application of an ACCA enhancement to Garner’s sentence constituted
plain error. We vacate Garner’s sentence and remand for resentencing. *
CONVICTION AFFIRMED; SENTENCE VACATED AND REMANDED.
*
On appeal, Garner raises two other challenges to his sentence, neither of which demonstrates
reversible error. First, Garner contends -- based on the Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson --
that the residual clause of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2) must be struck down as unconstitutionally
vague. Without the residual clause, Garner argues that his conviction for fleeing or attempting to
elude constitutes no “crime of violence” under section 4B1.2(a)(2) and, thus, he no longer
qualifies as a career offender under the guidelines. We reject this argument as foreclosed by this
Court’s precedent. See United States v. Matchett, 802 F.3d 1185, 1194 (11th Cir. 2015)
(concluding that the vagueness doctrine does not apply to the advisory sentencing guidelines).
We also reject Garner’s argument that the district court erred in applying a four-level
enhancement under section 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). The undisputed evidence demonstrates that Garner
was in possession of a gun that was found in close proximity to sealed baggies of marijuana and
other drug paraphernalia. Thus, the preponderance of the evidence supports a finding that
Garner was involved in the sale of marijuana and that the gun in Garner’s possession had the
potential to facilitate his drug sales. For background see United States v. Carillo-Ayala, 713
F.3d 82, 92 (11th Cir. 2013).
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