[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 06-11886 SEPTEMBER 22, 2006
Non-Argument Calendar THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________ CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 05-00092-CR-FTM-29-SPC
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
WILLIAM ALLEN LANE,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
_________________________
(September 22, 2006)
Before CARNES, MARCUS and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
William Lane appeals his conviction for transporting child pornography, in
violation of
18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1) and (b)(1). On appeal, Lane argues that the
district court lacked jurisdiction over his case because his conduct could not be
proscribed consistent with the limits of the Commerce Clause. He asserts that his
distribution of child pornography over the internet was purely intrastate, and
Congress’s power to regulate the “use” of the “channels” of interstate commerce to
prevent immoral or injurious uses does not extend to the regulation of
“instrumentalities” of commerce. According to Lane, his internet conduct was
purely intrastate and involved use of an “instrumentality” of commerce, rather than
a “channel” of commerce. After careful review, we affirm.
Because Lane raises his Commerce Clause argument for the first time on
appeal, our review is for plain error. See United States v. Peters,
403 F.3d 1263,
1270-71 (11th Cir. 2005) (reviewing for plain error defendant’s challenge to his
conviction on the ground that
18 U.S.C. § 922(d)(1) exceeded Congress’s
Commerce Clause power). To demonstrate plain error, Lane “must show that: (1)
an error occurred; (2) the error was plain; (3) it affected his substantial rights; and
(4) it seriously affected the fairness of the judicial proceedings.” See United States
v. Gresham,
325 F.3d 1262, 1265 (11th Cir. 2003). An error is not plain unless it
is contrary to precedent directly resolving a legal issue. United States v.
Lejarde-Rada,
319 F.3d 1288, 1291 (11th Cir. 2003).
The relevant facts are straightforward. On August 31, 2005, Lane was
indicted for possessing child pornography (Count One), in violation of
18 U.S.C. §
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2252(a)(4)(B) and (b)(2), and transporting child pornography (Count Two), in
violation of
18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1) and (b)(2). In a written plea agreement, Lane
pled guilty to Count Two and the government dismissed Count One.
In the agreement, Lane also stipulated to a factual basis for his plea.
According to this stipulation, on or about August 26, 2005, Lane knowingly
transported child pornography in interstate commerce by sending, via his internet
service provider, America Online (AOL), which is located in Virginia, fourteen
images of child pornography, including images showing prepubescent males
engaged in fondling, fellatio, and anal intercourse. Lane, who lived in North Fort
Myers, sent the child pornography to Richard Franklin, who also lived in North
Fort Myers and who subsequently notified the authorities. Later that same day,
Lane told Franklin that he had pictures of children ranging from six to sixteen
years old, and that he had made two computer disks for Franklin, one containing
about 400 pictures and the other containing about 350 pictures. Lane subsequently
told Franklin not to download the images on his computer, but to keep them on the
disks. Lane also indicated that, in all, he had about 4,000 to 5,000 child
pornographic images. After his arrest, Lane told authorities that he had obtained
the images by searching an internet site maintained by Yahoo, which is located in
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California. The district court accepted Lane’s plea, and sentenced him to a 240-
month term of imprisonment. This appeal followed.
The U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power “[t]o regulate Commerce
with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes.”
U.S. Const. Art. I, § 8, Cl 3. The Supreme Court has identified the following three
broad categories of activity that Congress may regulate under the Commerce
power: (1) “the use of the channels of interstate commerce;” (2) “the
instrumentalities of interstate commerce, or persons or things in interstate
commerce;” and (3) “activities that substantially affect interstate commerce.”
United States v. Lopez,
514 U.S. 549, 558-559 (1995) (internal citations omitted).
As for Lane’s argument that his conduct was purely intrastate in nature, we
have held that “Congress clearly has the power to regulate the internet, as it does
other instrumentalities and channels of interstate commerce, and to prohibit its use
for harmful or immoral purposes regardless of whether those purposes would have
a primarily intrastate impact.” United States v. Hornaday,
392 F.3d 1306, 1311
(11th Cir. 2004), cert. denied,
125 S. Ct. 2951 (2005); see also United States v.
Ballinger,
395 F.3d 1218, 1225 (11th Cir.) (en banc) (“Plainly, congressional
power to regulate the channels and instrumentalities of commerce includes the
power to prohibit their use for harmful purposes, even if the targeted harm itself
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occurs outside the flow of commerce and is purely local in nature.”), cert. denied,
126 S. Ct. 368 (2005). Moreover, in order to effectuate a comprehensive scheme
to eliminate the market for child pornography, “it is within Congress’s authority to
regulate all intrastate possession of child pornography, not just that which has
traveled in interstate commerce or has been produced using materials that have
traveled in interstate commerce.” United States v. Maxwell,
446 F.3d 1210, 1217-
18 (11th Cir. 2006) (emphasis added) (applying Gonzalez v. Raich,
545 U.S. 1
(2005)).1
Pursuant to our controlling precedent on the subject, Congress possessed the
power to proscribe Lane’s distribution of child pornography over the internet, and,
accordingly, the district court’s exercise of jurisdiction over this case was not
plainly erroneous.
AFFIRMED.
1
We also observe that the factual stipulation belies Lane’s contention that his conduct
was purely intrastate in nature. Lane admitted both that he used AOL and that AOL was located in
Virginia. He further admitted that he used a Yahoo search engine and that Yahoo was located in
California. Cf. United States v. Drury,
396 F.3d 1303, 1312-13 (11th Cir.) (holding that routing of
cellular phone calls from Georgia, through Florida switching center, and then back to Georgia
satisfied interstate-nexus requirement), cert. denied,
126 S. Ct. 336 (2005).
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