Cannabis Action Network, Inc. v. City of Gainesville , 231 F.3d 761 ( 2000 )

CANNABIS ACTION NETWORK, INC., Kevin Aplin, Plaintiffs-Appellants-Cross-Appellees,
v.
CITY OF GAINESVILLE, Defendant-Appellee-Cross-Appellant.
Cannabis Action Network, Inc., Kevin Aplin, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
City of Gainesville, Defendant-Appellant.
Nos. 99-2022, 99-2216.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
Oct. 24, 2000.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida. (No. 95-10172-1-CV-
MMP), Maurice M. Paul, Judge.
Before EDMONDSON, DUBINA and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
DUBINA, Circuit Judge:
These consolidated appeals involve facial challenges to a Gainesville, Florida, street closing
ordinance and a sound ordinance. Plaintiff Cannabis Action Network's ("CAN") appeal on the merits has
been consolidated with the Defendant City of Gainesville's (the "City") procedure-based appeal which argues
that CAN's substantive appeal is untimely. We affirm the district court's judgment as to the procedural issue
and reverse its determination of the merits.
BACKGROUND
CAN represents a group of self-described "political activists who seek to challenge the laws of the
United States and the individual states prohibiting the possession and distribution of marijuana," based on
the belief that "cannabis has a variety of medicinal, industrial, and food uses which should be brought to the
attention of the public." CAN regularly conducts political rallies in public parks around the country to
educate the public and protest the current state of the law. Since 1989, CAN has conducted an annual rally
in the Downtown Plaza in Gainesville.
On October 11, 1995, CAN applied for three permits from the City which were necessary for the
annual rally: (1) an Event Permit, (2) a Street Closing Permit, and (3) a Sound Amplification Permit. The
city manager denied these applications on November 3, 1995.
Soon after, Marcellina Michel-Trapaga1 and CAN (collectively "Plaintiffs") filed a complaint in
federal district court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief. Plaintiffs alleged that Section 18-17 of the
Gainesville Code, which authorizes the city manager to promulgate rules for the use of the City's parks, the
Street Closing Permit Ordinance, which requires a permit in order to gather in the City's parks, and the Sound
Amplification Permit Ordinance, which requires a permit for the use of sound amplification, violate their First
Amendment rights. The plaintiffs also claimed that the City's Special Events Policy, which had been
promulgated pursuant to Section 18-17 violated their First Amendment rights. Plaintiffs amended their
complaint on December 5, 1995, to add Kevin Aplin as a plaintiff. After a hearing on the preliminary
injunction, the district court judge enjoined the City from enforcing its Special Event Policy finding a
substantial likelihood that the policy violated the First Amendment.
The City then filed a motion for clarification to determine whether the preliminary injunction required
the City to issue a Street Closing Permit and a Sound Permit along with the Event Permit. In response, the
district court entered a supplemental order requiring the City to issue all three permits. As a result, CAN held
its annual rally on December 9, 1995. Approximately one year later, Plaintiffs filed a second amended
complaint seeking a declaratory judgment that the permit ordinances, the delegation of rule-making authority
ordinance, and the Special Event Policy (as amended) were unconstitutional.
On April 24, 1997, CAN filed a motion for summary judgment asking the district court to declare
the challenged ordinances and the Special Event Policy unconstitutional. In response, the City conceded that
Section 23-42 of the Gainesville Code ("Street Closing Ordinance")2 and the City's Special Event Policy,
promulgated under Section 18-17, were unconstitutional, but disputed the remainder of the claims. On
January 26, 1998, the district court granted CAN's motion in part, declaring the original version of the Street
Closing Ordinance unconstitutional and reaffirming the preliminary injunction which held the Special Event
Policy unconstitutional. The district court also ruled, in pertinent part, that the amended version of the Street
Closing Ordinance was facially constitutional and that Section15-4 of the Gainesville Code ("Sound
1
Ms. Michel-Trapanga has since settled her suit with the city and is not a party to these appeals. CAN
and Kevin Aplin, who was added as a plaintiff after the filing of the original complaint, filed the present
substantive appeal.
2
The City subsequently amended the Street Closing Ordinance, and Plaintiffs challenged the amended
ordinance.
Ordinance") was not susceptible to a facial challenge.3
On June 3, 1998, the district court entered a Final Judgment in favor of CAN and the various
individual plaintiffs on the facial unconstitutionality of the original version of the Street Closing Ordinance.
However, the written judgment failed to mention that the district court had affirmed the enforceability of both
the Sound Ordinance and the revised version of the Street Closing Ordinance. On June 10, 1998, the City
filed a timely motion to amend the Final Judgment to accurately reflect the court's January 26, 1998, Partial
Summary Judgment Order. On the same day, not realizing that the City had a motion pending relating to the
judgment rendered against CAN, CAN and Aplin filed their notices of appeal.4 As a result of the City's
pending motion, the district court dismissed CAN's appeal as untimely.
In response to the City's motion, CAN agreed that the Final Judgment should be amended and further
argued that, although the individual plaintiffs did not join the April 24, 1997, motion for summary judgment,
the district court could grant a judgment in their favor, as to the Street Closing Ordinance and the Event
Policy, because when a court finds an ordinance to be facially unconstitutional upon the challenge of any one
party, the ordinance is necessarily unconstitutional as to all others. On September 9, 1998, the district court
granted the City's motion to amend the judgment, but declined to grant summary judgment in favor of the
individual plaintiffs. Instead, the district court directed the City to show cause why it should not grant
summary judgment in favor of the individual plaintiffs. The clerk's office was delinquent in entering the
amended judgment5 directed by the court's September 9 order. Believing that the case was still active as to
both CAN and the individual plaintiffs, CAN failed to renew its notice of appeal after the September 9 order.
After reviewing the memoranda filed regarding the status of the individual plaintiffs' claims, the
district court entered an order dated November 17, 1998, granting summary judgment in favor of the
remaining defendants and ruling that the amended Street Closing Ordinance was constitutional. However,
the order failed to address the constitutionality of the Sound Ordinance and the Event Policy which had also
3
The district court rejected Plaintiffs' challenge to Section 18-17, the delegation of rule-making
authority to the city manager. This ordinance will not be discussed in this appeal because Plaintiffs
abandoned their challenge to this ordinance.
4
The city originally filed a cross appeal to CAN and Aplin's substantive appeal, but the city
subsequently abandoned the cross appeal.
5
As of at least, December 10, 1998, the clerk's office had not entered the September 9 amended
judgment. See Doc. 117 at 2.
been challenged by the individual plaintiffs. Because of this omission, the individual plaintiffs moved for
clarification of the order, which the district court ultimately granted, in conjunction with its finding that the
individual plaintiffs were entitled to summary judgment on the issues involving the Gainesville Ordinances
§ 18-17, § 15-14, and the amended version of § 23-42. See Doc. 217 at 6.
In October of 1998, CAN filed a motion to extend the time for filing a notice of appeal under Federal
Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(5) ("Rule 4(a)(5)"). Identifying the history of the proceedings as
"convoluted," and finding that CAN's failure to file a timely notice of appeal was "excusable neglect," the
district court granted the motion to extend time. Accordingly, CAN was permitted to file a notice of appeal
out of time and to join Kevin Aplin's timely appeal. The City now appeals the district court's grant of an
extension of time to CAN to file its notice of appeal. As previously noted, the City's procedure-based appeal
has been consolidated with CAN and Kevin Aplin's appeal on the merits.6
There are three issues before us on appeal. As a preliminary matter, we must decide whether the
district court abused its discretion in extending CAN's time to file a notice of appeal. If we find that CAN's
appeal is properly before us, we must then determine whether Gainesville's Sound Ordinance (§ 15-4) and
Street Closing Ordinance (§ 23-42) are unconstitutional prior restraints on free speech because they fail to
include each procedural safeguard outlined in Freedman v. Maryland, 380 U.S. 51, 85 S.Ct. 734, 13 L.Ed.2d
649 (1965).7
6
The proceedings from that point took a separate track with respect to the remaining Plaintiffs. On
May 3, 1999, the City filed a motion to amend the judgment entered in favor of CAN which struck down
the original version of the Street Closing Ordinance. The district court entered an order stating that it
would be inclined to identify those issues on which CAN failed to prevail if the case were remanded by
this court for that purpose. Soon after, the City filed a motion for remand with this court. We granted
that motion and remanded the case for the limited purpose of correcting "certain clerical errors in the final
judgment." See Order 99-2022, Nov. 18, 1999.
7
Although the permit ordinance discussed in Coalition for the Abolition of Marijuana Prohibition
(CAMP) v. City of Atlanta, 219 F.3d 1301 (11th Cir.2000) is similar to the permit ordinances before us in
this case, CAMP's challenge to the "time, place and manner" restrictions contained in the Atlanta
ordinance is distinct from CAN's Freedman-based challenge to Gainesville's ordinances. In their original
suit, the CAMP plaintiffs did bring a Freedman-based challenge to the Atlanta Outdoor Festival
Ordinance 1994, Atlanta City Code § 138-208, and indeed, the district court held that the procedural
safeguards contained therein were inadequate. See id. at 1308.
The City of Atlanta subsequently amended the procedural safeguards portion of the
Festival Ordinance. The new version of Atlanta City Code § 138-207 provides that an applicant
shall receive notice of a permit denial "no later than 30 days prior to the proposed date of the
event." Sections 138-207 and 138-208 further provide for a de novo administrative appeal to the
Mayor within 10 days of the denial. Finally, Section 138-208 provides that a denial by the
Mayor:
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We review a district court's grant of an extension of time under Rule 4(a)(5) for abuse of discretion.
See Advanced Estimating System, Inc. v. Riney, 130 F.3d 996, 997 (11th Cir.1997). We review grants of
summary judgment de novo, applying the same legal standards as the district court. See Cutcliffe v. Cochran,
117 F.3d 1353, 1355 (11th Cir.1997).
DISCUSSION
A. Rule 4(a)(5)
The City appeals the district court's grant of an extension of time to CAN to file its notice of appeal.
CAN concedes that its first notice of appeal was untimely. However, CAN argues that the district court's
extension was proper under Rule 4(a)(5) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure ("Rule 4(a)(5)"), which
provides that a district court, upon a showing of excusable neglect or good cause, may extend the time for
filing a notice of appeal. CAN argues that the district court properly granted the extension of time because
of the substantial ambiguities in the post-judgment proceedings at the district level. The City counters that
CAN's argument relies on a lack of awareness and on a misunderstanding of the law, both of which do not
support a finding of excusable neglect.
The Committee Notes for Rule 4(a)(5) clarify that a motion for an extension of time which is filed
before expiration of the original 30-day period is evaluated under the "good cause" standard, whereas a
motion for an extension of time filed after the expiration of the original 30-day period is evaluated under the
"excusable neglect" standard. See Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(5) advisory committee's notes; accord Advanced
Estimating System, Inc. v. Riney, 77 F.3d 1322, 1323 (11th Cir.1996). Thus, in this case, because CAN filed
its motion outside of the original 30-day period, we must apply the excusable neglect standard.
When applying the excusable neglect standard in the context of the Federal Rules of Appellate
Procedure, this court adheres to the standard originally set forth in Pioneer Investment Services Co. v.
shall be the final decision of the City in the matter, and shall be subject to review by the
Superior Court of Fulton County by a petition setting forth an appeal and naming the City
of Atlanta as the defending party. The City shall expedite its response to such petition so
as to allow the provision of judicial determination of the matter no later than ten (10)
days prior to the date of the festival.
The CAMP plaintiffs did not renew their Freedman-based challenge with regard to the amended
version of the ordinance. See id. Accordingly, this court never considered the constitutionality of
the procedural safeguards contained in either the 1994 or the 2000 version of the Atlanta Festival
Ordinance.
Brunswick Associates Ltd. Partnership, 507 U.S. 380, 113 S.Ct. 1489, 123 L.Ed.2d 74 (1993). See Advanced
Estimating Sys., 77 F.3d at 1324. Pioneer's excusable neglect standard mandates that:
courts should "tak[e] account of all relevant circumstances surrounding the party's omission,"
including "the danger of prejudice to the [nonmovant], the length of the delay and its potential impact
on judicial proceedings, the reason for the delay, including whether it was within the reasonable
control of the movant, and whether the movant acted in good faith."
77 F.3d at 1325 (quoting, Pioneer, 507 U.S. at 395, 113 S.Ct. at 1498).
An examination of the four Pioneer factors reveals that the district court in this case did not abuse
its discretion. First, the City has not been prejudiced by CAN's tardiness because the City knew from CAN's
premature filing of its notice of appeal that CAN intended to appeal. Furthermore, because Kevin Aplin's
notice of appeal was timely, this court would hear the constitutional issues arising out of the case and the City
would be forced to defend the same even if CAN was not permitted to participate. Second, the effect on the
judicial process resulting from CAN's tardiness in filing its notice of appeal is de minimus, particularly in light
of the many years these parties have been involved in this litigation. See City of Chanute v. Williams Natural
Gas Co., 31 F.3d 1041, 1046-47 (10th Cir.1994) (noting that a 31-day delay was "a very short time" in the
context of a "protracted litigation battle"). In fact, CAN's late notice has had no effect on this court's review
of the merits of the case because this court must decide the same questions as presented in the timely appeal
of CAN's co-Plaintiff, Kevin Aplin.
Third, CAN has a legitimate reason for its delay in filing its notice. As highlighted by the district
court, the post-judgment history of this case has been confusing. Originally, CAN attempted to file its notice
of appeal on June 3, 1998, but because the City filed a motion to amend, this initial notice was rendered
premature, and therefore, ineffective. The district court's September 9, 1998, ruling on the City's motion to
amend included language which required the City to "show cause ... why summary judgment should not also
be awarded against the remaining plaintiffs." See Doc. 205 at 3. Based on the district court's express
reservation to consider additional relief, CAN developed the good faith belief that the district court's
September 9 order did not completely dispose of the pending Rule 59 motion. That belief was incorrect
because the district court's order reserved judgment only with regard to the individual plaintiffs and did not
affect the finality of the judgment against CAN.8
The district court found it "understandable that CAN thought that the court considered that question
8
CAN argues that its mistake did not become apparent until after its 30-day period for filing its notice
of appeal had expired.
(whether the court should grant summary judgment to the individual plaintiffs) to be part and parcel of the
motion to amend the judgment." See Doc. 217 at 6. The district court goes on to explain that CAN's
erroneous view was also subscribed to by the clerk's office, which failed to enter the amended judgment
against CAN, "probably also believing that the order of September 9, 1998, did not fully intend to dispose
of the pending motion to amend."9 See Doc. 217 at 6. Accordingly, CAN's tardiness results from
circumstances which were beyond its reasonable control and not from mere lack of awareness or
misunderstanding of the law. See Advanced Estimating System, Inc., 130 F.3d at 998. Finally, as noted by
the district court, CAN has been diligent and unwavering in its attempt to pursue an appeal. There is no
indication that CAN's delay resulted from mere negligence or bad faith.
Unlike Advanced Estimating System, this case concerns a mistake of fact, not law: CAN was
mistaken as to whether the September 9 ruling was a final judgment. In context, the mistake is
understandable. This is not a case where an attorney simply misunderstood the rules. To the contrary, the
orders of the district court were unclear, making it difficult for CAN to apply the rules of procedure. After
a careful analysis, the district court determined that CAN's attorneys had good reason to misconstrue the
ambiguous situation. This court is not invited to reevaluate the district court's finding of excusable neglect.
What matters is that the district court applied the correct law, and its conclusion does not constitute an abuse
of discretion. Accordingly, we affirm the district court's grant of an extension of time for CAN to file its
notice of appeal under Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(5) and hold that we have jurisdiction over CAN's substantive
appeal.
B. Substantive Appeal
This case involves First Amendment protected speech in "the archetype of a traditional public forum."
Frisby v. Schultz, 487 U.S. 474, 480, 108 S.Ct. 2495, 2500, 101 L.Ed.2d 420 (1988). The two challenged
ordinances do not completely suppress all First Amendment activity, but they sharply confine the scope of
the speech activity by effectively limiting the number of people who can listen and participate. Accordingly,
we must first determine, with respect to the Sound Ordinance, if the restriction on the use of amplified sound
9
The confusing nature of this case continued after the September 9 order. For example, when
Summary Judgment was ultimately entered in favor of the individual Plaintiffs on November 17, 1998,
the Order did not specify those issues on which the Plaintiffs failed to prevail. Accordingly, the
post-judgment fog did not begin to clear until issuance of the December 8, 1998, order. Moreover, the
confusion still persists on some fronts, illustrated by the fact that this court has had to remand the case to
the district court to correct another technical error in the language. See Order, Filed Nov. 18, 1999.
constitutes a prior restraint on speech. We need not determine if the Street Closing Ordinance is a prior
restraint because both parties, as well as the district court, properly agree that it is. Second, we will examine
both ordinances to determine if they contain the procedural safeguards required of prior restraints on speech.
1. Prior Restraint
The Supreme Court has held that any statute or ordinance which vests local officials with
discretionary power to issue a permit that is required as a prerequisite to the use of public places for First
Amendment activities is a prior restraint on speech. See Kunz v. New York, 340 U.S. 290, 293-94, 71 S.Ct.
312, 314-15, 95 L.Ed. 280 (1951). A prior restraint, unlike other restrictions on speech, is subject to a facial
challenge. See Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 793, 109 S.Ct. 2746, 2755, 105 L.Ed.2d 661(1989) ("Our cases permitting facial challenges to regulations that allegedly grant officials unconstrained
authority to regulate speech have generally involved licensing schemes that 'vest[ ] unbridled discretion in
a government official over whether to permit or deny expressive activity.' ") (quoting Lakewood v. Plain
Dealer Publ'g Co., 486 U.S. 750, 755, 108 S.Ct. 2138, 2143, 100 L.Ed.2d 771 (1988)). Facial challenges are
permitted on the rationale that when a prior restraint allegedly contains a risk of delay or arbitrary censorship,
"every application of the statute create[s] an impermissible risk of suppression of ideas." United States v.
Frandsen, 212 F.3d 1231, 1236 (11th Cir.2000) (quoting Nightclubs, Inc. v. City of Paducah, 202 F.3d 884,
889 (6th Cir.2000)).
CAN brings a facial challenge to the constitutionality of Section 15-4 of the Gainesville Code, the
Sound Ordinance. Section 15-4 vests the city manager with the discretion to exempt special events from the
general prohibition on the use of amplified sound contained in Section 15-3.10 The exception in Section 15-4,
entitled "Special Permits" reads:
Applications for a special permit for relief from the maximum sound level limits designated in this
chapter ... may be made in writing to the city manager or designee, or his/her duly authorized
representative. Any permit granted by the city manager or designee hereunder must be in writing and
10
Section 15-3 provides:
(a) General Prohibition. It shall be unlawful and a violation of this chapter to make,
cause or allow the making of any sound that exceeds the limits set forth in this chapter,
causes a noise disturbance, or is plainly audible as defined in section 15-2 ...
(3) Radios, televisions, electronic audio equipment, musical instruments or similar devices. No
person shall operate, play, or permit the operation of any ... sound amplifier that produces,
reproduces or amplifies sound in such a manner as to create a noise disturbance or be plainly
audible across a real property boundary. However this subsection shall not apply to any use or
activity for which a special permit has been issued pursuant to section 15-4.
shall contain all conditions upon which the permit shall be effective. The city manager or designee,
or his/her duly authorized representative, is authorized to grant the relief as applied for under the
following conditions:
(1) Authority to prescribe special requirements. The city manager or designee may prescribe any
reasonable conditions or requirements he/she deems necessary to minimize noise disturbances upon
the community or surrounding neighborhood, including use of mufflers, screen or other
sound-attenuating devices.
...
(3) Other Permits. Special permits for nonentertainment special purposes, other than for emergency
work ... may be issued under the following conditions:
...
(c) The special permit may be issued only for hours between 7:00 a.m. and 11:00 p.m. the same day on
week days, and
(d) Special permits may be issued for no longer than one week....
Gainesville Code § 15-4. The district court found that the Sound Ordinance was not subject to a facial
challenge because "in their challenge to § 15-4, the plaintiffs do not suggest that city officials enjoy unfettered
discretion to deny speech altogether, just that the city could refuse to allow amplification of sound."11 The
district court distinguished the Sound Ordinance from other kinds of restraints on the grounds that the
Ordinance does not flatly deny the speaker the right to speak in public. Rather, the Sound Ordinance denies
the speaker the right to amplify his speech so that it may be heard by many others.
In support of its finding, the district court cites Ward v. Rock Against Racism for the proposition that
a sound regulation whose goals are to "insure appropriate sound quality balanced with respect for nearby
residential neighbors" is not a prior restraint on speech. See Doc. 146 at 18 (quoting Ward, 491 U.S. at 794,
109 S.Ct. at 2755). The district court's reliance on Ward, however, fails to recognize a fundamental
difference between this case and Ward: the Ward Court never confronted an outright denial of sound
amplification. To the contrary, Ward turned on the issue of who had the right to control the mix and level
of the amplified sound.12 See 491 U.S. at 792, 109 S.Ct at 2754. Moreover, despite offering dicta which
11
As a factual matter, it is without question that CAN's complaint alleges that the city manager has
"complete and unfettered discretion" to grant or deny permits for political rallies.
12
Rock Against Racism objected to the city's control over the mix and level of sound because, in its
view, "the city [was] seeking to assert artistic control over performers at the bandshell by enforcing a
bureaucratically determined, value-laden concept of good sound." 491 U.S. at 792, 109 S.Ct. at 2754(emphasis added). Thus, Rock Against Racism's argument turned on the notion that the sound was an
integral part of the content, reasoning that control over sound equals control over content. The Supreme
Court rejected that rationale.
questioned the propriety of a facial challenge to a sound amplification ordinance, the Ward Court ultimately
decided the case on the merits of the facial challenge. See id. at 794, 109 S.Ct. at 2755 ("We need not decide,
however, whether the 'extraordinary doctrine' that permits facial challenges to some regulations of expression
should be extended to the circumstances of this case, for respondent's facial challenge fails on its merits.")
(internal citation omitted). Thus, the Supreme Court did not determine that a facial challenge was
inappropriate. Instead, the Court held that vesting the right to control sound amplification in the hands of the
government did not amount to a prior restraint on speech. See id.This case is distinct from Ward because it involves not merely the right to limit and control noise
level and mix of sound, but the ability of the government, here the City of Gainesville, to deny the use of
sound amplification equipment in toto:
The grant of discretion that respondent seeks to challenge here is of an entirely different, and lesser,
order of magnitude [than other facial challenge cases], because respondent does not suggest that city
officials enjoy unfettered discretion to deny bandshell permits altogether. Rather, respondent
contends only that the city, by exercising what is concededly its right to regulate amplified sound,
could choose to provide inadequate sound for performers based on the content of their speech. Since
respondent does not claim that city officials enjoy unguided discretion to deny the right to speak
altogether, it is open to question whether respondent's claim falls within the narrow class of
permissible facial challenges to allegedly unconstrained grants of regulatory authority.
Id. at 793-94, 109 S.Ct. at 2755. In the present case, CAN does, in fact, claim that city officials enjoy
unbridled discretion to deny use of all amplification equipment and that this discretion can effectively ban
speech itself. In this sense, Gainesville's ordinance appears to "authorize[ ] suppression of speech in advance
of its expression," through a general ban on the use of sound amplification equipment unless a special permit
is obtained. Id. at 795 n. 5, 109 S.Ct. at 2756 n. 5 ("The relevant question [in determining the presence of
a prior restraint] is whether the challenged regulation authorizes the suppression of speech in advance of its
expression ...").
Though decided long before Ward and even before Freedman, the Supreme Court's opinion in Saia
v. New York, 334 U.S. 558, 68 S.Ct. 1148, 92 L.Ed. 1574 (1948), is closely analogous to this case.13 The
ordinance in Saia forbade the use of all sound amplification devices except with the permission of the Chief
of Police.14 See 334 U.S. at 558, 68 S.Ct. at 1149. The challenge to the statute came from a Jehovah's
13
Though not mentioned in Ward, Saia has been regularly cited with approval, most recently in
FW/PBS, Inc. v. Dallas, 493 U.S. 215, 226, 110 S.Ct. 596, 605, 107 L.Ed.2d 603 (1990).
14
The ordinance provided in pertinent part:
Section 2. Radio devices, etc.—It shall be unlawful for any person to maintain and
Witness, Saia, who obtained permission from the Chief of Police to use sound equipment, mounted atop his
car, to amplify lectures on religious subjects given in a public park on Sundays. See id. at 559, 68 S.Ct. at
1149. Upon expiration of his first permit, the Chief of Police denied Saia a second permit. See id. Saia
appealed and the Supreme Court held:
[Section] 3 of this ordinance is unconstitutional on its face, for it establishes a previous restraint on
the right of free speech in violation of the First Amendment which is protected by the Fourteenth
Amendment against State action. To use a loud-speaker or amplifier one has to get a permit from the
Chief of Police. There are no standards prescribed for the exercise of his discretion. The statute is
not narrowly drawn to regulate the hours or places of use of loud-speakers, or the volume of sound
(the decibels) to which they must be adjusted.
334 U.S. at 559-60, 68 S.Ct at 1149. The Supreme Court likened the sound ordinance to other ordinances
previously struck down as prior restraints on speech, such as a license requirement to distribute religious
material, a license requirement to distribute literature, and a license requirement for public assembly in public
parks or in the streets because all four had the same defect the right to be heard is placed in the uncontrolled
discretion of the Chief of Police. See id. (citing Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 60 S.Ct. 900, 84
L.Ed. 1213 (1940); Lovell v. Griffin, 303 U.S. 444, 58 S.Ct. 666, 82 L.Ed. 949 (1938); and Hague v. C.I.O.,
307 U.S. 496, 59 S.Ct. 954, 83 L.Ed. 1423 (1939)).
The Saia Court stated emphatically that "[l]oud-speakers are today indispensable instruments of
effective public speech." 334 U.S. at 561, 68 S.Ct. at 1150. Treating a licensing requirement for the use of
sound amplification as a prior restraint, the Court held that noise can be regulated through narrowly drawn
statutes which limit decibel levels and/or the hours and place of public discussion, but insisted that "[w]hen
a city allows an official to ban [loud speakers] in his uncontrolled discretion, it sanctions a device for
suppression of free communication of ideas." Id. at 562, 68 S.Ct. at 1150-51. Moreover, the Court expressly
rejected nuisance or annoyance as a justification for restricting free speech through a denial of sound
operate in any building, or on any premises or on any automobile, motor truck or other
motor vehicle, any radio device, mechanical device, or loud speaker or any device of any
kind whereby the sound therefrom is cast directly upon the streets and public places and
where such device is maintained for advertising purposes or for the purpose of attracting
the attention of the passing public, or which is so placed and operated that the sounds
coming therefrom can be heard to the annoyance or inconvenience of travelers upon any
street or public places or of persons in neighboring premises.
Section 3. Exception.—Public dissemination, through radio, loudspeakers, of items of
news and matters of public concern and athletic activities shall not be deemed a violation
of this section provided that the same be done under permission obtained from the Chief
of Police.
334 U.S. at 558 n.1, 68 S.Ct. at 1149.
amplification. See id. at 561-62, 68 S.Ct. at 1150-51. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court erred
in this case when it found that the Sound Ordinance is not subject to facial challenge. The Sound Ordinance
is a prior restraint on speech and as such, must meet the procedural safeguards set forth in the Freedman line
of cases. See FW/PBS, 493 U.S. at 225-26, 110 S.Ct. at 605; Freedman, 380 U.S. at 58-59, 85 S.Ct. at 739.
2. Procedural Safeguards
In Freedman v. Maryland, the Supreme Court enumerated certain constitutional concerns and the
corresponding procedural safeguards necessary to ensure the protection of the First Amendment speech rights
when faced with a system of prior restraints. Cases dealing with prior restraints have identified two evils
which must be guarded against. See , FW/PBS, 493 U.S. at 225-26, 110 S.Ct. at 604-05; 380 U.S. at 57-58,
85 S.Ct. at 738. First, a scheme that places unbridled discretion in the hands of a government official or
agency threatens unconstitutional censorship. See FW/PBS, 493 U.S. at 225-26, 110 S.Ct. at 604-05. Second,
a prior restraint that fails to place limits on the time within which the decision-maker must issue the license
creates the possibility that constitutionally protected speech will be suppressed. See id. at 226, 110 S.Ct. at
605. Freedman sets forth three procedural safeguards: (1) upon denial of the right to speak, the censor must
bear the burden of initiating judicial proceedings, as well as the burden of proof once in court; (2) any
restraint prior to judicial review can be imposed only for a specified and brief time period during which the
status quo is maintained; and (3) there must be the assurance of prompt judicial review in the event that the
speech is erroneously denied. 380 U.S. at 58-59, 85 S.Ct. at 739. In FW/PBS, a majority of the Court agreed
that, at the very least, the latter two of these safeguards are "essential," while a three judge plurality held that
the first procedural safeguard may not be required in certain limited circumstances. See 493 U.S. at 229-30,
110 S.Ct. at 606-07; see also, Ward v. County of Orange, 217 F.3d 1350 (11th Cir.2000) ("[T]he [FW/PBS]
plurality concluded a [business] licensing scheme must provide the second and third safeguards required by
Freedman."); Redner v. Dean, 29 F.3d 1495, 1500 (11th Cir.1994) ("In FW/PBS, therefore, six Justices
agreed that a [business] licensing ordinance, such as the one in question here, must contain, at a minimum,
the latter two procedural safeguards from Freedman: specified brief time limits on the decisionmaker and
prompt judicial review."). Having determined that both the Sound Ordinance and the Street Closing
Ordinance are prior restraints on speech, we must evaluate each ordinance for the presence of at least two,
if not all three, of the Freedman procedural safeguards.
a. Sound Ordinance
Examining the Sound Ordinance for compliance with Freedman's procedural safeguards, we need
not look closely at whether the ordinance meets the first and third safeguards, because the ordinance plainly
fails to meet the requirements of the second safeguard. The second Freedman requirement "that any restraint
prior to a judicial determination may only be for a specified brief period of time in order to preserve the status
quo means that 'the licensor must make the decision whether to issue the license within a specified and
reasonable time period during which the status quo is maintained.' " Frandsen, 212 F.3d at 1239 (quoting
FW/PBS, 493 U.S. at 228, 110 S.Ct. at 606). Even a cursory examination of the City's Sound Ordinance
reveals that it does not specify any time within which the city manager must issue or deny a Sound
Amplification Permit. Furthermore, the ordinance does not obligate the city manager to make a decision at
all, nor does it require the manager to notify the applicant of the decision. Thus, as was the case in FW/PBS,
the ordinance leaves open the possibility of "indefinite postponement of the issuance of a license." 493 U.S.
at 227, 110 S.Ct. at 606. Lacking this essential procedural safeguard, the Sound Ordinance can not withstand
a facial challenge. Accordingly, the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the City as to the
Sound Ordinance must be reversed.15
b. Street Closing Ordinance
Unlike the Sound Ordinance, examination of the Street Closing Ordinance requires us to evaluate
the two "essential" procedural safeguards and to determine whether the remaining procedural safeguard
should be required in this instance. Although the City has amended the Street Closing Ordinance since CAN
first brought this challenge,16 CAN insists that the new ordinance still stops short of meeting the first and third
15
We note additionally that the Sound Ordinance does not set forth any standards to govern the basis
upon which the city manager should issue or deny a permit. The manager is authorized, but not required,
to issue sound amplification permits. There are no guidelines or standards to limit his decision-making
discretion. The ordinance says only that the goal of the manager's decision is "to minimize noise
disturbances upon the community or surrounding neighborhood." In this sense, the ordinance approaches
a censorship scheme, as it appears to provide the city manager with unbridled discretion to issue or deny a
permit.
16
At the outset of this case, the City conceded that the original version of the Street Closing
Ordinance, Section 23-42, was subject to facial challenge and that it was unconstitutional in its original
form. The City has since amended the ordinance, and in doing so, corrected some of the original
constitutional infirmities. For example, the new ordinance requires final action by the city manager
within five days of submission of an application and under appropriate circumstances, that time may be
shortened to two days. Accordingly, CAN no longer asserts a challenge to the time-limit aspect of the
ordinance.
Freedman procedural safeguards.17 CAN concedes that Section 23-42 satisfies the second procedural
safeguards listed in Freedman and identified as "essential" in FW/PBS, because the ordinance requires a
decision by the city manager within a brief, specified period of time.
The other "essential" procedural safeguard identified by the FW/PBS plurality is the guarantee of
"prompt judicial review." See FW/PBS, 493 U.S. at 228, 110 S.Ct. at 606. The Supreme Court has not
explained exactly what it meant by "prompt judicial determination" in Freedman, nor what it meant by
"prompt judicial review" in FW/PBS.18 Consequently, there is great confusion and disagreement among the
17
Currently, § 23-42 provides in pertinent part:
(a) Permit Required. It shall be unlawful for persons to assemble or congregate in
crowds in such numbers as to block the use of any sidewalk or street of the city without a
permit from the city manager or designee, issued pursuant to this section
...
(c) Granting or denial of permit.
(1) Granting of permit; time; considerations. The city manager or designee shall grant the
requested permit within five business days of receipt of the application ... if the event or activity
for which it is requested:
a. Will not unreasonably interfere with the flow of vehicular or pedestrian traffic, such as when
alternative routes for such traffic are unavailable or impractical;
b. Will not unreasonably deny access to any properties or areas of the city by either vehicular or
pedestrian traffic;
c. Will not cause imminent danger or health hazard to any person and will not damage any public or
private property; and
d. Will not create an unreasonable demand upon the city's emergency services personnel and
equipment, so as to cause potential deficiencies in such services.
...
(2) If the city manager or designee finds the planned event or activity violates any of the above
conditions, he or she shall inform the applicant that the permit will not be granted and request the
city attorney apply to the circuit court for Alachua County for an order enjoining the applicant
and other interested persons from conducting the planned event or activity.
Gainesville Code Sec. 23-42.
18
The Supreme Court has indicated that a prior restraint, if it is to meet Freedman' s requirements,
must provide specifically for judicial review of administrative decisions to limit speech. See Southeastern
Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad, 420 U.S. 546, 561-62, 95 S.Ct. 1239, 1248, 43 L.Ed.2d 448 (1975). The
scheme held to be inadequate judicial review in Southeastern consisted of non-statutory judicial access to
the courts when a constitutional violation has been alleged. In Southeastern, the city rejected an
application to use its auditorium. See id. at 561, 95 S.Ct. at 1248. Within a few days of the denial, a
federal district court held hearings on a motion for preliminary injunction. See id. At that time, the court
denied the preliminary injunction but, five months later, conducted a full hearing on the merits of the
federal Courts of Appeal regarding what exactly Freedman and its progeny require to fulfill Freedman's third
procedural safeguard.19 This circuit officially weighed-in on a portion of the circuit split when we determined
that Freedman and its progeny require only prompt judicial access where the ordinance was a business
licensing scheme. See Boss Capital, Inc. v. City of Casselberry, 187 F.3d 1251, 1256-57 (11th Cir.1999).
Importantly, we limited ourselves in Boss Capital to the specific facts before us and declined to answer the
unposed question of whether Freedman' s requirement of "prompt judicial review" demanded explicit
provision for prompt judicial determination in challenges not involving business licensing schemes. See id.
at 1256-57. For the reasons explained below, we need not answer that difficult question today.
As to Freedman' s remaining procedural safeguard, CAN argues that the Street Closing Ordinance
fails to require the City to initiate judicial proceedings. The City counters, arguing that FW/PBS provides
for an exception to the Freedman requirement that the censor bear the burden of going to court and the burden
of proof once in court. The FW/PBS plurality created a specific exception to this procedural safeguard for
business licensing schemes. See 493 U.S. at 229-30, 110 S.Ct. at 606-07. This exception derives from two
rationales. First, under a licensing scheme, the licensor merely "reviews the general qualifications of each
license applicant, a ministerial action that is not presumptively invalid," and does not "exercise discretion by
passing judgment on the content of any protected speech." Id. at 229, 110 S.Ct. at 607. Second, a licensing
scheme creates different financial incentives and puts "much more at stake" for the applicant than a
censorship scheme: "Because the license is the key to the applicant's obtaining and maintaining a business,
action for injunction. See id. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court held that the procedural safeguards were
lacking because "[t]he board's system did not provide a procedure for prompt judicial review." Id. Some
courts have considered the holding in Southeastern to be a requirement that the statute, regulation or
ordinance explicitly provide for prompt judicial review of the decision to suppress expressive activity.
See Redner, 29 F.3d at 1502 n. 9. Yet, other courts have since distinguished Southeastern on its facts to
hold that non-statutory judicial access, usually access through a state's common law writ of certiorari, is
sufficient. See id.19
Much of the confusion flows from the Supreme Court's plurality opinion in FW/PBS, Inc. v. City of
Dallas, 493 U.S. 215, 110 S.Ct. 596, 107 L.Ed.2d 603 (1990):
Justice O'Connor's plurality opinion in that case says that "there must be the possibility of
prompt judicial review in the event that [a] license is erroneously denied." See id. at 228,
110 S.Ct. 596. Later she says that the Dallas ordinance violates the First Amendment
because "[i]t also fails to provide an avenue for prompt judicial review ..." Id. at 228, 110
S.Ct. 596. In concurrence, Justice Brennan does not explicitly disagree with the plurality
opinion on this issue, but he characterizes the right to prompt judicial review differently,
referring to it as the right to "a prompt judicial determination." Id. at 239, 110 S.Ct. 596(Brennan, J. concurring) (citing Freedman, 380 U.S. at 58-59, 85 S.Ct. 734).
Boss Capital, 187 F.3d 1251, 1255 (11th Cir.1999) (citations amended or omitted).
there is every incentive for the applicant to pursue a license denial through court." Id. at 229-30, 110 S.Ct.
at 607. Relying on both of these differences, the FW/PBS plurality shifted the burden of going to court, as
well as the burden of proof once in court, to the petitioner where the regulatory scheme is a business licensing
scheme. See id; see also Ward v. County of Orange, 217 F.3d at 1354 ("Once again, it is important to stress
the differences between censorship schemes, and [business] licensing schemes'[t]he dangers of censorship
are less threatening when it comes to [business] licensing schemes.") (quoting Boss Capital, 187 F.3d at
1256).
Careful analysis reveals that the regulation in this case displays aspects of both a censorship scheme
and a licensing scheme as defined by the Supreme Court, and as a result, the regulation does not fall neatly
into either category. Like the schemes in FW/PBS and Boss Capital, the City's permit scheme is content
neutral. However, up to this point, all of the licensing scheme cases, including FW/PBS, Boss Capital, and
Ward v. County of Orange, involved business licenses. In contrast, this case involves a non-profit, public
interest group seeking a one-time permit to engage in non-profit, political activities, rather than a commercial
enterprise seeking a license to engage in for-profit, continuous commercial activities. Accordingly, this case
lacks the second distinguishing characteristic of a business licensing scheme—CAN has no financial incentive
to challenge the City's denial of a Street Closing Permit. In this sense, the permit sought by CAN is sharply
distinct from the business licenses examined in FW/PBS, Boss Capital and Ward v. County of Orange.20
Finding that this case does not fall into either of the categories heretofore delineated by the Supreme
Court, we return to the original language in Freedman and in the Supreme Court's subsequent opinions to
better understand the rationale behind this burden-shifting procedural safeguard. The Freedman court
expressed its concern that without all three procedural safeguards:
it may prove too burdensome to seek review of the censor's determination. Particularly in the case
of motion pictures, it may take very little to deter exhibition in a given locality. The exhibitor's stake
20
We recognize that it would be splitting hairs to try to base our distinction between the statutes on
the use of the word "license" versus the use of the word "permit," as those words are often used
interchangeably. See e.g.,Forsyth County, Georgia v. Nationalist Movement, 505 U.S. 123, 130-31, 112
S.Ct. 2395, 2401, 120 L.Ed.2d 101 (1992) (describing a challenge to a "permit fee" and applying the law
that the "licensing authority" must be guided by "narrow, objective, and definite standards");
Shuttlesworth, 394 U.S. at 151, 89 S.Ct. at 935 ("an ordinance which, like this one, makes the peaceful
enjoyment of freedoms ... contingent upon the uncontrolled will of an official-as by requiring a permit or
license which may be granted or withheld in the discretion of such official-is an unconstitutional
censorship or prior restraint upon the enjoyment of those freedoms") (quoting Staub v. City of Baxley, 355
U.S. 313, 322, 78 S.Ct. 277, 282, 2 L.Ed.2d 302 (1958)) (emphasis added). Thus, our distinction, in this
instance, rests not on the semantics of a given statute, but on the inherent differences between the facts of
this case and cases involving business licensing statutes such as those in FW/PBS and Boss Capital.
in any one picture may be insufficient to warrant a protracted and onerous course of litigation.
380 U.S. at 59, 85 S.Ct. at 739. In FW/PBS, although distinguishing Freedman, the Court again recognized
that absent a requirement that the censor bear the burden of going into court and the burden of proof, the party
seeking to speak was "likely to be deterred from challenging the decision to suppress the speech, and
therefore, the censor's decision to suppress was tantamount to complete suppression of the speech." 493 U.S.
at 229, 110 S.Ct. at 607.
The power of deterrence identified in those two cases is even greater in this case, where the permit
being sought is not a business license. To the contrary, the permit here is basically a parade permit; it is a
permit which the speakers must obtain before they can make use of a quintessential public forum to engage
in core political speech. See R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota, 505 U.S. 377, 422, 112 S.Ct. 2538, 2564,
120 L.Ed.2d 305 (1992) ("Our First Amendment decisions have created a rough hierarchy in the
constitutional protection of speech. Core political speech occupies the highest, most protected position;
commercial speech and nonobscene, sexually explicit speech are regarded as a sort of second-class
expression; obscenity and fighting words receive the least protection of all.") (Stevens, White and
Blackmun, JJ. concurring); Burson v. Freeman, 504 U.S. 191, 196, 112 S.Ct. 1846, 1850, 119 L.Ed.2d 5(1992) ("[Q]uintessential public forums ... include those places 'which by long tradition or by government
fiat have been devoted to assembly and debate,' such as parks, streets, and sidewalks.") (quoting Perry
Education Assn. v. Perry Local Educators Assn., 460 U.S. 37, 45, 103 S.Ct. 948, 955, 74 L.Ed.2d 794(1983)). Because the Street Closing Permit is not a business permit, most speakers in CAN's position lack
financial incentive to challenge the City's Street Closing Ordinance and are likely to be heavily deterred from
initiating litigation.
Moreover, the argument for relaxing the procedural safeguards is not as strong in this case as it was
in FW/PBS. As we recognized in Boss Capital, the pre-FW/PBS cases predominantly involved censorship,21
21
Freedman, and many of the Supreme Court decisions it spawned, concerned censorship of sexually
explicit material. See Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc., 445 U.S. 308, 311, 100 S.Ct. 1156, 1158,
63 L.Ed.2d 413 (1980) (concerning obscene films); McKinney v. Alabama, 424 U.S. 669, 674, 96 S.Ct.
1189, 1193, 47 L.Ed.2d 387 (1976) (considering state censorship authority); Southeastern Promotions,
420 U.S. 546, 550-552, 95 S.Ct. 1239, 1242-43, 43 L.Ed.2d 448 (concerning production of a musical in a
municipal theater in violation of nudity and obscenity ordinances); United States v. Thirty-Seven (37)
Photographs, 402 U.S. 363, 365-66, 91 S.Ct. 1400, 1402-03, 28 L.Ed.2d 822 (1971) (concerning the
seizure of 37 photographs deemed to be "obscene" by customs agents); Blount v. Rizzi, 400 U.S. 410,
412, 91 S.Ct. 423, 426, 27 L.Ed.2d 498 (1971) (questioning the constitutionality of a statute which halted
the use of the mails and of postal money orders for commerce in allegedly obscene materials); Freedman,
380 U.S. at 52 n. 2, 85 S.Ct. 734, 736, 13 L.Ed.2d 649 (considering the constitutionality of a statute
and FW/PBS was the first case to confront a licensing ordinance for adult entertainment establishments. See
187 F.3d at 1256. In FW/PBS, only a plurality of the Court was willing to relax Freedman' s third procedural
safeguard in the less protected context of a sexually oriented licensing scheme. See 493 U.S. at 228, 110 S.Ct.
at 606. In the case before us, the censored party lacks the business incentive to pursue review through the
courts, and the speech at issue is core political speech in a public forum. Thus, once again, "[w]e believe this
is a situation for 'treating unlike things differently according to their differences.' " Boss Capital, 187 F.3d
at 1256 (quoting Lyes v. City of Riviera Beach, 166 F.3d 1332, 1342 (11th Cir.1999)). The right to speak
sought by CAN in this instance deserves greater protection than that outlined by the plurality in FW/PBS.
Accordingly, we decline to relieve the City of the requirement that its Street Closing Ordinance meet
Freedman' s first procedural safeguard.
The City's Street Closing Ordinance provides that if the city manager or designee denies the applicant
a Street Closing Permit he shall request the city attorney to initiate an enforcement action in the county's
circuit court. See Gainesville Ord. § 23-42(c)(2). This provision, while it implies placement of the burden
upon the City to initiate judicial proceedings, in effect, leaves the question of access to the unfettered
discretion of the city attorney. The shift of discretion from the city manager, who made the decision, over
to the city attorney makes little difference the provision still lacks a guarantee that the City will satisfy its
burden of initiating judicial proceedings. As a result, the City's Street Closing Ordinance fails to fulfill the
first procedural safeguard enumerated in Freedman v. Maryland. Without this safeguard, the Street Closing
Ordinance is an unconstitutional prior restraint on speech. Accordingly, we must reverse the district court's
grant of summary judgment in favor of the City as to the Street Closing Ordinance.
CONCLUSION
We hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in granting CAN leave to file its notice of
appeal out of time under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(5). As to the substantive appeal, we
reverse the district court's finding that the Sound Ordinance is not subject to facial challenge and hold that
the Sound Ordinance is subject to a facial challenge. Lacking Freedman 's second procedural safeguard, we
hold the Sound Ordinance constitutes an unconstitutional prior restraint on speech. Finally, we reverse the
district court's finding that the Street Closing Ordinance fulfills each of Freedman 's procedural safeguards
on the basis that it fails to ensure that the City will bear its burden of initiating litigation upon the denial of
directed at films which are "obscene," or which tend to "debase or corrupt morals or to incite crimes.").
a Street Closing Permit.
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part.