International Cafe v. Hard Rock Cafe , 252 F.3d 1274 ( 2001 )

[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
------------------------------------------- MAY 31, 2001
No. 00-11742 THOMAS K. KAHN
CLERK
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D. C. Docket No. 99-01065 CV-ORL-19C
INTERNATIONAL CAFÉ, S.A.L.,
A Lebanon corporation,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
HARD ROCK CAFÉ INTERNATIONAL (U.S.A.), INC.,
a Florida corporation,
HRC CANADA, Inc., an Ontario corporation,
Defendants-Appellees.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
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(May 31, 2001)
Before EDMONDSON and RONEY, Circuit Judges, and DIMITROULEAS*,
District Judge.
_______________
C Honorable William P. Dimitrouleas, U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of
Florida, sitting by designation.
PER CURIAM:
This case requires us to determine whether a United States district court has
subject matter jurisdiction -- based on the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1051 et seq,
and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, 24 U.S.T. 21401
-- over a claim for unfair competition by a foreign Plaintiff against a United States
corporation for acts occurring mainly outside the United States. The district court
dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. We also conclude that no subject-
matter jurisdiction exists, and we therefore affirm.
Plaintiff International Café, S.A.L. is a Lebanese corporation that operates a
restaurant called Hard Rock Café in Beirut, Lebanon.
Defendants are Hard Rock Café International (U.S.A.), Inc. (“HRC”), a
Florida corporation that licenses Hard Rock Café restaurants worldwide and claims
control of the Hard Rock Café brand; HRC Canada, Inc. (“HRCC”), a Canadian
corporation that Plaintiff alleges is a wholly owned subsidiary controlled by HRC;
and Rank Canada, Inc., a Canadian corporation that guaranteed HRCC’s
obligations under a purchase agreement. Also pertinent to this appeal is Hard Rock
Café Limited (“HRC Limited”), which issued Hard Rock Café franchises to
individuals in countries other than the United States. HRCC purchased HRC
1
The United States and Lebanon are signatories to the Paris Convention.
2
Limited in 1996.
According to the complaint, in August, 1991, Nouhad Khalil obtained the
exclusive rights to use the Hard Rock Café name and logo in Lebanon with the
express authorization of HRC Limited. In Lebanon, Khalil registered the Hard
Rock Café name and logo, obtained a Certificate of Registration of a Commercial
Store and a Permit for Deposit of a Trademark, and received notification from the
Head of the Protection Ownership Administration. He also procured a 25-year
lease, built a restaurant and parking facility, and purchased original rock ‘n roll
memorabilia from around the world. In June 1996, Plaintiff2 and HRC Limited
formalized their agreement in writing, and Plaintiff’s Hard Rock Café restaurant
opened in November 1996.
Approximately one month later, HRC authorized another Hard Rock Café
franchise in Beirut, less than one mile from Plaintiff’s Hard Rock Café restaurant.3
During this same time, HRCC purchased HRC Limited. The purchase price for
HRC Limited included the licensing rights that HRC Limited possessed for the
Hard Rock Café name and marks worldwide.
2
In April, 1996, Khalil transferred his exclusive rights to Hard Rock Café to Plaintiff
International Café, S.A.L.
3
The franchise agreement was actually with Hard Rock Limited, which Plaintiff alleges is a
wholly-owned subsidiary of HRC.
3
Plaintiff alleges that, since HRCC’s purchase of HRC Limited and the
opening of the second Hard Rock Café restaurant in Beirut, HRC has attempted to
close down Plaintiff’s Hard Rock Café restaurant. HRC specifically refused to
distribute Hard Rock Café merchandise to Plaintiff, and HRC filed criminal and
civil charges against Khalil in Lebanon.4 Plaintiff claims that HRC receives
benefits from its Lebanon restaurant in the United States in the form of franchise
fees, royalties, and commissions from the sale of merchandise.
Plaintiff then filed suit in the Middle District of Florida alleging unfair
competition under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §1126, and breach of contract under
state law. Plaintiff claimed that he has the exclusive rights to use the Hard Rock
Café name and logos in Lebanon because he first registered and used the name and
logo there. Plaintiff also sought permanent injunctive relief and declaratory relief.
The district court granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss based on lack of subject-
matter jurisdiction. Plaintiff appeals.
The district court concluded that, although the Lanham Act implements the
Paris Convention, see 15 U.S.C. §§ 1126(b), (h) & (i), the Lanham Act and Paris
Convention create no additional substantive rights for parties and confers no
4
The criminal charges were dismissed, and the Lebanese Penal Court of Appeal affirmed.
The civil charges remained pending at the time the district court dismissed the case.
4
additional jurisdiction on the courts. The court also concluded that no jurisdiction
existed based on any other provision of the Lanham Act because Plaintiff had no
trademark rights in the United States. The district court alternatively concluded
that the complaint failed to state a claim. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).
We review a district court’s determination that it is without jurisdiction de
novo. Barnett v. Bailey, 956 F.2d 1036, 1039 (11th Cir. 1992). A facial attack on
the complaint requires the court to look and see if the plaintiff has sufficiently
alleged a basis of subject-matter jurisdiction. “[A] federal court may dismiss a
federal question claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction only if: (1) the alleged
claim under the Constitution or federal statutes clearly appears to be immaterial
and made solely for the purpose of obtaining jurisdiction; or (2) such a claim is
wholly insubstantial and frivolous." Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Alabama v.
Sanders, 138 F.3d 1347, 1352 (11th Cir. 1998) (quoting Bell v. Hood, 66 S.Ct.
773, 776 (1946)). We consider allegations in the complaint as true for the
purposes of the motion.
Plaintiff argues that Section 44 of the Lanham Act incorporates the
provisions governing unfair competition in the Paris Convention. The Paris
Convention ensures that “foreign nationals should be given the same treatment in
each of the member countries as that country makes available to its own citizens”
5
as to trademark and related rights. Vanity Fair Mills, Inc. v. T. Eaton Co., 234
F.2d 633, 640 (2nd Cir. 1956). The Convention also sought to create uniformity
by obligating each member nation “to assure to nationals of countries of the Union
an effective protection against unfair competition.” 53 Stat. 1780, art. 10(1).
Subject-matter jurisdiction may arise under an international treaty like the
Paris Convention if domestic law incorporates the treaty.5 See United States v.
Postal, 589 F.2d 862, 878 (5th Cir. 1979). Section 44 of the Lanham Act provides
that “[a]ny person whose country of origin is a party to the convention . . . shall be
entitled to benefits [under § 1126] to the extent necessary to give effect to any
provision of such convention. . .” 15 U.S.C. § 1126(b). Also, any person covered
by §1126(b) “shall be entitled to effective protection against unfair competition,
and the remedies . . . shall be available so far as they may be appropriate in
repressing acts of unfair competition.” 15 U.S.C. § 1126(h).
We agree that section 44 of the Lanham Act incorporated, to some degree,
5
A treaty can also be self-executing if it “directly accords enforceable rights to persons
without the benefit of Congressional implementation.” Haitian Refugee Ctr., Inc. v. Baker, 949
F.2d 1109, 1110 (11th Cir. 1991). The Paris Convention is not self-executing because, on its
face, the Convention provides that it will become effective only through domestic legislation.
See 53 Stat. 1780, art. 17 (“It is understood that at the time an instrument of ratification or
accession is deposited on behalf of a country, such country will be in a position under its
domestic law to give effect to the provisions of this Convention.”); see also Mannington Mills,
Inc. v. Congoleum Corp., 595 F.2d 1287, 1298 (3rd Cir. 1979); Ortman v. Standray Corp., 371
F.2d 154, 157 (7th Cir. 1967). But see Vanity Fair, 234 F.2d at 640 (noting, without discussion,
that plaintiff “would appear to be correct” in asserting that Paris Convention is self-executing).
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the Paris Convention. But we disagree that the Paris Convention creates
substantive rights beyond those independently provided in the Lanham Act. As
other courts of appeals have noted, the rights articulated in the Paris Convention do
not exceed the rights conferred by the Lanham Act. See Scotch Whisky Assoc. v.
Majestic Distilling Co., Inc., 958 F.2d 594, 597 (4th Cir. 1992); Vanity Fair, 234
F.2d at 644; see also L’Aiglon Apparel v. Lana Lobell, Inc., 214 F.2d 649, 652-54
(3rd Cir. 1954). Instead, we conclude that the Paris Convention, as incorporated
by the Lanham Act, only requires “national treatment.”
National treatment means that “foreign nationals should be given the same
treatment in each of the member countries as that country makes available to its
own citizens.” Vanity Fair, 234 F.2d at 640. So, section 44 of the Lanham Act
gives foreign nationals the same rights and protections provided to United States
citizens by the Lanham Act. As such, foreign nationals like Plaintiff may seek
protection in United States courts for violations of the Lanham Act. But the Paris
Convention, as incorporated by section 44 of the Lanham Act, creates no new
cause of action for unfair competition. Any cause of action based on unfair
competition must be grounded in the substantive provisions of the Lanham Act.
We will now consider whether jurisdiction exists under the substantive
provisions of the Lanham Act for unfair competition.
7
In Steele v. Bulova Watch Co., 73 S. Ct. 252 (1952), the Supreme Court
considered the extraterritorial application of a Lanham Act claim. The court
concluded that a United States company could sue a United States citizen for
trademark infringement occurring in Mexico under the Lanham Act. The Court
recognized that Congress may “project the impact of its laws beyond the territorial
boundaries of the United States,” id. at 254, but that such legislation “will not
extend beyond the boundaries of the United States unless a contrary legislative
intent appears.” Id. at 255. The Court concluded that the Lanham Act conferred
jurisdiction over extraterritorial disputes involving trademark infringement and
unfair competition when: 1) Defendant is a United States corporation; 2) the
foreign activity had substantial effects in the United States; and 3) exercising
jurisdiction would not interfere with the sovereignty of another nation.
The first element from Bulova is obviously present here: HRC is a United
States corporation. Congress has authority to regulate the conduct of United States
corporations conducting business abroad.
But Plaintiff’s complaint fails to allege sufficiently facts to support the two
other elements of the Bulova test. See Vanity Fair, 234 F.2d at 643 (“[T]he
absence of one of the [Bulova] factors might well be determinative and [] the
absence of both is certainly fatal.”). The Bulova court explained that “[u]nlawful
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effects in this country . . . are often decisive.” Id. at 288 (noting as unlawful effects
that “spurious [watches] filtered through the Mexican border into this country” and
that the defendant’s “competing goods could well reflect adversely on [the
plaintiff’s] trade reputation in markets cultivated by advertising here as well as
abroad” ). The only substantial effect in the United States alleged by Plaintiff is
financial gain by Defendant, like royalties and merchandise commission. But the
financial gain from royalties that HRC, the United States parent company, received
from the subsidiary abroad is insufficient in this case to establish the “substantial
effects” required by Bulova. Cf. Vanity Fair, 234 F.2d at 638, 642 (concluding
substantial effect on domestic commerce where defendant advertised product in
United States and sold product by mail to customers in United States).
Also, civil suits against Plaintiff about the validity of certain Hard Rock
Café trademarks remain pending in Lebanon. Thus, a ruling by a United States
court on allegations of unfair competition based on the use of Hard Rock Café
trademarks might interfere with an inconsistent ruling from the Lebanon courts.
Cf. Bulova, 73 S. Ct. at 257 (Mexican courts had already cancelled the U.S.
defendant’s trademark registration; so, “there can be no interference with the
sovereignty of another nation”).
We finally note that the Paris Convention, as incorporated by the Lanham
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Act, is premised on the idea that each nation’s law should only have territorial
application. “Thus, a foreign national of a member nation using his trade-mark in
commerce in the United States is accorded extensive protection here against
infringement.” Vanity Fair Mills, 234 F.2d at 640-41. The source of that
protection rests in domestic law, not the foreign state’s law. But here, Plaintiff is
not competing in nor using his trademark in the United States. All Plaintiff alleges
is that a United States company is infringing on its rights in a foreign country.
HRC’s use of its Hard Rock trademark in Lebanon is subject to Lebanese law.
Thus, the district court correctly dismissed Plaintiff’s complaint for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction.
AFFIRMED.
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