United States v. Steven Anderson , 517 F. App'x 772 ( 2013 )

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 12-14417
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:10-cr-20437-JEM-5
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
STEVEN ANDERSON,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
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(April 23, 2013)
Before WILSON, MARTIN and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Steven Anderson, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district
court’s denial of his motion for a sentence reduction pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5H1.4
and 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), and requests a judicial recommendation to the Bureau
of Prisons (BOP). Anderson also appeals the court’s denial of his motion for “jail
credits.” He lastly argues that the district court violated his First and Fifth
Amendment rights when it deprived him of the right to have the court review his
replies to the government’s responses.
In 2010, Anderson pleaded guilty to conspiring to commit bank fraud, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1349, and his base offense level was calculated under
U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(a)(1). The district court sentenced Anderson to 42 months’
imprisonment. In June 2012, Anderson filed a pro se motion, pursuant to 18
U.S.C. §§ 3621(b), 3624(c), and 3582(c)(2), requesting that the district court
recommend that the BOP consider placing him in pre-release custody for 12
months. Anderson indicated that his § 3582(c)(2) motion was based on § 5H1.4.
In July 2012, Anderson filed another pro se motion, pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
§ 3585(b), requesting that the court grant him “jail credits” because Anderson was
placed on restricted home detention prior to his trial and before he self-surrendered
to authorities following his sentencing. After the government responded, the
district court denied both motions and did not recommend to the BOP that
Anderson be placed in pre-release custody. Anderson then replied to the
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government’s responses. The court did not address Anderson’s reply briefs, and he
timely appealed.
I.
Anderson first argues that he requested that the BOP place him in home
confinement or a halfway house. Anderson maintains that he requested such
confinement for medical reasons under § 3582(c)(2) and § 5H1.4, because he
believed that § 5H1.4 was retroactive. Anderson also argues that his motion
requesting relief under § 5H1.4 was misconstrued as not retroactive, and that §
3582(c)(2) is used for relief when a guideline amendment is made retroactive. He
contends that the district court erred in determining that he was not eligible for a
judicial recommendation to the BOP that he serve the final months of his sentence
in home confinement under § 3582(c)(2).
In a § 3582(c)(2) proceeding, “we review de novo the district court’s legal
conclusions regarding the scope of its authority under the Sentencing Guidelines.”
United States v. Moore, 541 F.3d 1323, 1326 (11th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Under § 3582(c)(2), a district court may reduce the prison term of
a defendant who is sentenced within a guideline range that has subsequently been
lowered “if such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued
by the Sentencing Commission.” Only amendments that are listed under U.S.S.G.
§ 1B1.10(c) and that have the effect of lowering the sentencing range upon which a
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defendant’s sentence was based may be considered for reduction of a sentence
under § 3582(c)(2). United States v. Armstrong, 347 F.3d 905, 909 (11th Cir.
2003).
Under 18 U.S.C. § 3621(b), the BOP shall designate the place of a prisoner’s
imprisonment, and may designate any correctional facility that it determines
appropriate and suitable, considering: (1) the resources of the facility
contemplated; (2) the nature and circumstances of the offense; (3) the prisoner’s
history and characteristics; and (4) any statement by the sentencing court
concerning the purposes for which the sentence was determined to be warranted or
recommending a type of penal or correctional facility as appropriate. The BOP
also retains discretion to decide how to classify prisoners and choose the institution
in which to place them. See Cohen v. United States, 151 F.3d 1338, 1344 (11th
Cir. 1998).
Here, Anderson’s guideline range was based on § 2B1.1, not § 5H1.4. He
does not argue that § 2B1.1 has been amended or that any of the guidelines used to
calculate his sentence have been amended. Accordingly, any amendment to §
5H1.4 would not lower Anderson’s guideline range, and a reduction of his
sentence is not authorized by § 3582(c)(2). See Armstrong, 347 F.3d at 909.
Further, to the extent that Anderson requested that the district court order the BOP
to place him in home confinement, that request is outside the scope of §
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3582(c)(2). The BOP, not the district court, retained authority to choose the place
of Anderson’s incarceration. See id.; Cohen, 151 F.3d at 1344.
II.
Anderson next argues that the district court erred in denying his request for
sentence credits based on his pre-trial and pre-sentence home confinement.
Anderson references an excerpt from a dissenting opinion by Justice Stevens in
Reno v. Koray, 515 U.S. 50, 66, 115 S. Ct. 2021, 2029 (1995) (Stevens, J.,
dissenting), discussing whether an individual was officially detained within the
meaning of § 3585(b). Anderson also references United States v. Londoño-
Cardona, 759 F. Supp. 60, 61 (D.P.R. 1991), abrogated by United States v.
Zackular, 945 F.2d 423, 425 n.2 (1st Cir. 1991), in support of his claim that he
should be awarded “jail credits” due to his restricted home confinement. Anderson
notes that he was under house arrest, he wore an ankle monitor, and that he was
only allowed to leave his home if the court approved his week-in-advance notice.
The Attorney General, through the BOP, is authorized under § 3585(b) to
compute sentence-credit awards after sentencing. Dawson v. Scott, 50 F.3d 884,
889 (11th Cir. 1995). A district court is not authorized to do so. Id. Prisoners may
seek judicial review of the calculation only after exhausting their administrative
remedies. United States v. Alexander, 609 F.3d 1250, 1259–60 (11th Cir. 2010).
A defendant is entitled to credit the time that he has spent in official detention
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toward the service of a term of imprisonment. 18 U.S.C. § 3585(b). We have
held, however, that a defendant’s pre-trial home confinement does not constitute
official detention for the purposes of § 3585(b). Rodriguez v. Lamer, 60 F.3d 745,
748 (11th Cir. 1995).
In this case, the district court was not authorized to calculate a sentence-
credit award, as such authority is vested in the Attorney General, through the BOP.
See Dawson, 50 F.3d at 889. Moreover, even if the court could have granted
Anderson’s request, there is no indication that Anderson exhausted his
administrative remedies with the BOP. See Alexander, 609 F.3d at 1259–60.
Finally, even considering the merits of Anderson’s claim, pre-trial home
confinement does not constitute official detention within the meaning of § 3585(b),
and he would not be entitled to sentence credits. See Rodriguez, 60 F.3d at 748.
III.
Anderson lastly argues that the district court violated his First and Fifth
Amendment rights when it deprived him of the right to have the court review his
replies to the government’s briefs. Anderson notes that the court denied his motion
requesting house arrest and jail credits before it had the opportunity to consider his
reply briefs. Anderson argues that if the court had reviewed his replies, it would
have ruled in his favor.
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When a defendant fails to raise a due process claim before the district court,
we review only for plain error. United States v. Dorman, 488 F.3d 936, 942 (11th
Cir. 2007). To establish plain error, a defendant must show that there is: “(1) error,
(2) that is plain, and (3) that affect[s] substantial rights. . . . If all three conditions
are met, an appellate court may then exercise its discretion to notice a forfeited
error, but only if (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Swatzie, 228 F.3d 1278, 1281
(11th Cir. 2000) (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). “An
error is plain if it is obvious and clear under current law.” United States v.
Eckhardt, 466 F.3d 938, 948 (11th Cir. 2006). “An error that affects substantial
rights is one that affected the outcome of the district court proceedings.” United
States v. Henderson, 409 F.3d 1293, 1308 (11th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Due process generally requires reasonable notice and an
opportunity to be heard. See United States v. Cobia, 41 F.3d 1473, 1476 (11th Cir.
1995) (per curiam) (involving a due process claim raised on appeal by defendant
with regard to the adequacy of prior notice of a sentencing enhancement under 18
U.S.C. § 924(e)).
Here, because Anderson did not raise a due process claim below, our review
is for plain error. See Dorman, 488 F.3d at 942. Anderson cites no binding
authority establishing that the district court was required to consider his then-
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unfiled replies prior to issuing its order, and, thus, even if there was error, it was
not plain. See Eckhardt, 466 F.3d at 948.
Accordingly, upon review of the entire record on appeal, and after
consideration of the parties’ appellate briefs, we affirm.
AFFIRMED.
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