United States v. Maude Paulin , 329 F. App'x 232 ( 2009 )

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 08-13124 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
MAY 27, 2009
Non-Argument Calendar
THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________
CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 07-20263-CR-JAG
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
MAUDE PAULIN,
a.k.a. Maude Theodore,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
_________________________
(May 27, 2009)
Before DUBINA, CARNES and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges:
PER CURIAM:
Maude Paulin appeals her convictions for conspiracy to violate the
Thirteenth Amendment by forcing a person into involuntary servitude, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 241 (Count 1); obtaining forced labor, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
1589 (Count 2); and harboring an alien for private financial gain, in violation of 8
U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(iii) (Count 3). She makes three contentions. First, she
contends that her conviction on Count 2 violated the Ex Post Facto Clause of the
Constitution. Second, she contends that Count 1 was constructively amended at
trial, in violation of the Fifth Amendment. Third, she contends that the district
court erred in its jury instruction regarding Count 3.
I.
Paulin first contends that her conviction under the Trafficking Victims
Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA), 18 U.S.C. § 1589, violates the Ex Post Facto
Clause because the government relied on conduct that pre-dated the effective date
of the statute. Because Paulin raises this issue for the first time on appeal, we
review it only for plain error. See United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325,
1328–29 (11th Cir. 2005). The introduction of conduct that predates the effective
date of a statute does not constitute plain error where “there is no doubt that the
jury would have decided the case the same way” if the evidence had been limited
to post-enactment evidence. United States v. Cortez, 757 F.2d 1204, 1207 (11th
Cir. 1982).
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The Ex Post Facto Clause prohibits statutes that “punish as a crime an act
previously committed which was innocent when done.” United States v. De La
Mata, 266 F.3d 1275, 1286 (11th Cir. 2001). The TVPA, which makes it a crime
to obtain labor or services through physical or psychological coercion, was enacted
on October 28, 2000. See 18, U.S.C. 1589(a). Paulin argues that the government
presented a significant amount of evidence at trial that predated the TVPA or
reflected no time frame whatsoever. She further argues that the government failed
to distinguish pre-October 28, 2000 conduct from conduct that could support a
conviction under the TVPA. Therefore, she concludes that her conviction for
Count 2 must be reversed because there is a possibility that it was based
exclusively on her pre-October 28, 2000.
We disagree. The government introduced a wealth of evidence detailing
Paulin’s deplorable treatment of Simone Celestin, a girl who Paulin had brought to
the United States from Haiti when Celestin was fourteen years old in 1999. From
1999 to 2005, Celestin was forced to do Paulin’s bidding. Although Paulin had a
guest room at her house, she made Celestin sleep on a mattress on the living room
floor. Celestin was required to wake up at 5 a.m. to begin her chores, which
included cooking the family’s meals and spending the day cleaning the house on
her hands and knees. She was not allowed to sit with Paulin’s family to eat the
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meals that she prepared. Instead, she had to wait until after they had finished and
then go out to the back porch to eat whatever was left over. She was also forced to
bathe outside, using a bucket of cold water. When Celestin objected to her
treatment or otherwise “got fresh” with Paulin, Paulin beat her or threatened to
send her back to Haiti. Paulin did not enroll Celestin in school. Celestin was not
even allowed to leave the house unaccompanied or to make friends. Testimony
from several witnesses painted this deplorable picture of Celestin’s life, which she
endured for six years. Finally, in 2005 Celestin was rescued from Paulin’s control
and taken to the Florida Immigrant Advocacy Center, which arranged for her to
live in a shelter.
Even assuming that the government introduced evidence of Paulin’s conduct
that predated the TVPA, the evidence clearly established that Paulin’s abuse of
Celestin continued until 2005,over three years after the effective date of the TVPA.
Moreover, the indictment specified that Paulin was charged only for her conduct
after the effective date of the TVPA, and the jury had the indictment during their
deliberations. We have “no doubt that the jury would have decided the case the
same way” if the evidence had been limited to Celestin’s conduct after October 28,
2000—the effective date of the TVPA. Cortez, 757 F.2d at 1207.
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II.
Paulin next contends that her indictment on Count 1, for violation 18 U.S.C.
§ 241, was constructively amended to charge a conspiracy to violate the TVPA, 18
U.S.C. § 1589(a). Count 1 of the indictment charged Paulin with violating § 241
by conspiring to:
injure, oppress, threaten, and intimidate [Celestin] in the free exercise
and enjoyment of the right secured to her by the Constitution and the
laws of the United States, that is, the right to be free from slavery and
involuntary servitude, pursuant to the Thirteenth Amendment to the
Constitution.
A conviction under § 241 for conspiring to violate the Thirteenth Amendment
requires proof of physical or legal coercion, see United States v. Kozminski, 487
U.S. 931, 944, 108 S. Ct. 2751, 2760 (1988), while a conviction for violating §
1589(a) may be premised on psychological coercion. See 18 U.S.C. § 1589(a).
Constructively amending the grand jury’s indictment is reversible error per
se. United States v. Behety, 32 F.3d 503, 508 (11th Cir. 1994). “An amendment
of the indictment occurs when the charging terms of the indictment are altered,
either literally or in effect, by prosecutor or court after the grand jury has last
passed upon them.” United States v. Peel, 837 F.2d 975, 979 (11th Cir. 1988).
Paulin argues that the government constructively amended the indictment by
attempting throughout the trial to collapse the distinction between conspiracy
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relating to the Thirteenth Amendment and conspiracy to violate the TVPA, which
was not charged in the indictment.
Again, we disagree. The prosecution’s statements must be “viewed in
context” to determine whether they amounted to a constructive amendment of the
indictment. Behety, 32 F.3d at 508–09. This case involved an indictment for two
charges with overlapping elements, so the government’s case was necessarily
blended together somewhat. As Paulin concedes, however, the district court’s jury
instruction distinguished the elements required for each count and noted where
those elements overlapped. In particular, the district court specifically instructed
the jury that proof of physical or legal coercion was required for a violation of §
241, but was not required for a violation of § 1589(a). “Viewed in context,” the
government did not constructively amend the indictment against Paulin at trial. Id.
III.
Finally, Paulin contends that the district court erred in refusing her requested
jury instruction on Count 3 (harboring an alien for private financial gain, in
violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324). We review the district court’s refusal to give a
requested jury instruction only for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Morris,
20 F.3d 1111, 1114 (11th Cir. 1994). “In considering the failure of a district court
to give a requested instruction, the omission is error only if the requested
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instruction is correct, not adequately covered by the charge given, and involves a
point so important that failure to give the instruction seriously impaired the party's
ability to present an effective case.” Wood v. President and Trs. of Spring Hill
Coll., 978 F.2d 1214, 1222 (11th Cir.1992).
Paulin argues that the district court abused its discretion by not instructing
the jury, as she requested, that a conviction on Count 3 required the absence of any
motive for charity or affection. That argument fails because the absence of a
motive for charity or affection is not an element of the crime. Instead, § 1324
requires proof that the defendant brought Celestin to the United States “for the
purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain.” 8 U.S.C. 1324(a)(1).
Paulin was allowed to present a defense to that charge by arguing that she brought
Celestin to the United States so that she could have a better life and not for private
financial gain. The district court’s jury instruction was an accurate statement of the
law and did not “seriously impair[]” her ability to present her defense. Wood, 978
F.2d at 1222. The district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to give
Paulin’s requested instruction.
AFFIRMED.
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