Bryan v. Singletary ( 1998 )

United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
No. 96-3329.
Anthony Braden BRYAN, Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
Harry K. SINGLETARY, Jr., Secretary Florida Department of Corrections, Respondent-
Appellee.
May 11, 1998.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida. (No. 94-
30327/LAC), Lacey A. Collier, Judge.
Before ANDERSON, COX and CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Anthony Braden Bryan appeals the district court's denial of his petition for writ of habeas
corpus. Bryan asserts that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel at his capital penalty
phase because he failed to call any mental health experts to testify.1
1
We summarily reject Bryan's other claims. Bryan's argument—that his death sentence is
unreliable because neither the sentencing judge nor the Florida Supreme Court addressed the
aggravating and mitigating circumstances in a manner that reflected a "reasoned judgment"—is
wholly without merit and warrants no discussion. We also conclude that the following claims
asserted by Bryan are procedurally barred and that Bryan has not established cause and
prejudice: (1) his claim based upon Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320, 105 S.Ct. 2633, 86
L.Ed.2d 231 (1985); and (2) his claim that the aggravating factors in Florida's capital sentencing
statute are facially vague and overbroad, and that the jury was not given a narrowing instruction
to cure the vagueness.
The issue of the applicability of the Prison Litigation Reform Act ("PLRA"), 28
U.S.C. § 1915, to habeas corpus proceedings was raised by motion and carried with this
case. That issue has now been resolved. In Anderson v. Singletary, 111 F.3d 801 (11th
Cir.1997), we held that habeas corpus actions, such as this case, are not subject to the
provisions of the PLRA. Accordingly, appellant's motion seeking relief from PLRA is
granted.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On May 27, 1983, Bryan robbed a bank in Grand Bay, Alabama with a sawed-off shotgun.
He was not caught after the crime and spent the next three months as a fugitive from the law. In
June 1983, Bryan met Sharon Cooper ("Cooper") in Jacksonville, Florida and the two hitchhiked
to Mississippi. After obtaining a truck in Mississippi, the two drove back to Florida, stopping en
route to retrieve the sawed-off shotgun that Bryan had used in the bank robbery.
In Florida, Bryan obtained a cabin cruiser in order to travel back to Mississippi. The boat
became damaged and Bryan and Cooper stopped in Pascagoula, Mississippi to make repairs. Bryan
borrowed tools from George Wilson ("Wilson"), the victim, and unsuccessfully tried to repair the
boat. Needing transportation and money, Bryan robbed Wilson at gunpoint and tied him up for the
night. Bryan then took Wilson's keys and robbed the seafood wholesaler where Wilson worked as
a night watchman.
After returning from the seafood wholesaler, Bryan placed Wilson in the back of Wilson's
car. Bryan and Cooper then drove Wilson to Santa Rosa County where the three stayed in a motel.
Leaving the motel, Bryan drove Wilson to a secluded spot in the woods. He marched Wilson, with
his hands tied, at gunpoint to a spot beside a creek. Fearing for his life, Wilson pleaded that he not
be crippled. Bryan knocked Wilson over the head with the shotgun. As Wilson fell into the creek,
Bryan shot him in the face with the sawed-off shotgun. Bryan then pushed Wilson's car into a
nearby river.
In August 1983, Bryan and Cooper were arrested in Madison County, Florida for driving a
stolen car. Following her release, Cooper went to offices of the FBI to report that Bryan had robbed,
kidnapped, and murdered George Wilson. After being arrested by authorities, Bryan escaped from
the Santa Rosa County jail in July 1984. He was re-arrested in Colorado in October 1985. At trial
for the murder of George Wilson, Cooper was the state's chief witness. A jury convicted Bryan of
first-degree murder, robbery with a firearm, kidnapping with a firearm, and felony murder.
At the sentencing, Bryan called seven witnesses to testify on his behalf; including his
mother, grandmother, ex-wife, a co-worker, and people who knew Bryan when he was a fugitive
between July 1984 and October 1985. Bryan also introduced written reports prepared by four
separate mental health experts as well as the deposition of a psychiatrist. The jury returned an
advisory sentence of death. On May 16, 1986, Judge Wells accepted the jury's recommendation,
finding numerous aggravating factors and two mitigating factors, and sentenced Bryan to death in
Florida's electric chair.
The Florida Supreme Court denied Bryan's direct appeal, and the United States Supreme
Court denied Bryan's petition for certiorari. Bryan v. State, 533 So.2d 744 (Fla.1988), cert. denied,
490 U.S. 1028, 109 S.Ct. 1765, 104 L.Ed.2d 200 (1989). Bryan then filed a motion for
postconviction relief pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850 in state circuit court and
a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the Florida Supreme Court. After conducting an evidentiary
hearing on Bryan's penalty-phase ineffective assistance of counsel claim on August 29, 1991, the
circuit court denied all relief. The Florida Supreme Court affirmed the denial of post-conviction
relief and denied state habeas corpus relief. Bryan v. Dugger, 641 So.2d 61 (Fla.1994). Finally,
Bryan filed a petition in federal court on October, 19, 1994, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254.2 The
district court denied this petition on July 19, 1996. The district court then granted Bryan's October
10, 1996, application for certificate of probable cause.
DISCUSSION
2
Both parties concede that, under the law of this circuit, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act of 1996 does not apply to this case.
Bryan asserts that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel because his attorney did
not call any mental health experts to testify at the penalty phase of the state proceedings. See
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Although Bryan's
attorney intended to offer a defense based upon Bryan's mental state,3 and he stated at the outset of
the penalty phase that he intended to present the testimony of mental health experts, he did not call
Dr. Barbara Medzerian, Dr. Ellen Gentner, or Dr. James D. Larson to testify during the penalty
phase.4 Instead, Bryan's attorney submitted only the medical reports of four experts, primarily
addressing competency and sanity and not mitigation.
The three mental health experts appeared willing to testify at the trial, but were not called
by Bryan's attorney for different reasons. Dr. Medzerian appeared at the courthouse on the day of
the penalty phase and waited outside the courtroom, but was not called to testify because Bryan's
attorney did not realize she was there.5 Dr. Gentner claimed that she did not testify because she was
not contacted by Bryan's attorney. As a result, she was out of town the day of the penalty
proceeding.6 Finally, Dr. Larson appeared at the courthouse on the morning of the penalty phase,
but Bryan's attorney decided not to call him to testify because Dr. Larson warned Bryan's attorney
that his testimony may not be beneficial to Bryan's case.
3
In his testimony at the 1991 postconviction proceeding, Bryan's attorney testified that he was
pursuing a defense in the penalty phase based upon Bryan's mental state.
4
These three mental health experts had evaluated Bryan prior to the trial. Dr. Larson was
appointed by the court to do an evaluation as a confidential expert. Dr. Medzerian conducted a
psychological evaluation on Bryan in order to determine Bryan's competency to stand trial.
Following Dr. Medzerian's evaluation, Dr. Gentner was requested to determine the extent of a
possible organic brain syndrome.
5
Dr. Medzerian testified at the postconviction hearing that she was subpoenaed to appear at
the penalty phase. No subpoena is present in the record.
6
Dr. Gentner testified at the postconviction proceeding that, had she been asked by Bryan's
attorney, she would have testified.
Bryan also asserts that he did not receive effective assistance of counsel because his attorney
failed to effectively prepare the testimony of these mental health experts. Bryan's attorney did not
obtain records related to Bryan's history although experts had requested this information. He did
not meet with the experts before their testimony in order to familiarize them with the concept of
mitigating circumstances.
Bryan claims that the deficient performance of his counsel prejudiced him at the penalty
phase because the jury was not able to hear evidence regarding both statutory and nonstatutory
mitigating factors.7 Bryan asserts that the failure of his trial attorney to bring this medical testimony
to the penalty phase demonstrated deficient performance and was prejudicial to his case because
Bryan was not able to piece together for the jury his history and the evidence relating to his mental
health problems. With this testimony, Bryan claims that the jury would have been able to
understand the entire picture of his decline—how a loving family man and hardworking shrimp boat
captain could murder another man in such a cruel and terrible manner. Although the jury was given
mental health reports from these experts, the reports did not address the statutory and nonstatutory
mitigating factors at the penalty phase and spoke in language inaccessible to the lay person.
According to Bryan, the testimony of these three mental health experts, Doctors Medzerian, Larson,
and Gentner, provided the lynch pin that would have given the jury the insight necessary to
understand Bryan's fragile and tenuous mental condition.
A claim that a defendant's counsel was so defective as to require habeas corpus relief from
7
In the court's sentencing order, the trial judge found the existence of only two nonstatutory
mitigating factors: Bryan's law-abiding life after his escape from the Santa Rosa County jail and
his good work record prior to his fall from the mast of a shrimp boat. The court's sentencing
order states, "Although the Court has heard testimony about an accident several years prior to
this murder and that the defendant's aberrant behavior started about that time, there has been no
medical testimony to support the claim."
a conviction or death sentence has two components. First, the defendant must demonstrate that the
counsel's performance was deficient. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064. Second, the
defendant must show that the counsel's deficient performance prejudiced the defendant. Id. Both
showings are required in order for the defendant to make out a claim for ineffective assistance of
counsel under the Sixth Amendment. Because Bryan cannot satisfy the prejudice prong, we need
not address the performance prong.
In Strickland, the Supreme Court established the test for prejudice. The Court wrote:
The defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068; see also id. 466 U.S. at 695, 104 S.Ct. at 2069("[T]he question is whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the
sentencer—including an appellate court ... would have concluded that the balance of aggravating
and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.").
Bryan asserts that he was prejudiced by the fact that his attorney did not call Dr. Gentner,
a witness that his attorney had subpoenaed, to testify during the penalty phase.8 Bryan argues that
the testimony of Dr. Gentner would have established mitigating factors, namely, that Bryan was
8
Bryan also claims that he was prejudiced when his attorney failed to provide the live
testimony of Dr. James Larson. Dr. Larson told Bryan's attorney, minutes before he was
supposed to testify, that he did not believe his testimony would be helpful to Bryan. In his 1991
testimony at the postconviction proceeding, Bryan's attorney stated that he decided not to call
Larson because "[he] indicated that he would hurt us if he testified." Based upon this belief,
counsel even decided not to submit Larson's report to the jury. Larson's report indicates doubt
about Bryan's claims of hallucinations. The report also states that no information existed to
indicate that Bryan suffered from an impaired ability to appreciate the criminality of his actions.
Even if other reasonable lawyers would have made a different decision, no relief can be granted
unless it is shown that no reasonable lawyer in these circumstances would have done so. Rogers
v. Zant, 13 F.3d 384, 386 (11th Cir.1994). We conclude that Bryan's attorney made a reasonable
tactical decision not to call Dr. Larson to testify during the penalty phase of the proceedings.
suffering from extreme emotional disturbance (Fla.Stat. § 921.141(6)(b)), and that Bryan's capacity
to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law was substantially impaired (Fla.Stat. §
921.141(6)(f)). However, the evidence does not support Bryan's argument that Dr. Gentner would
have been helpful in establishing the existence of these mitigating factors. Dr. Gentner testified in
the post-conviction hearing that she was "uncomfortable ... saying extreme mental disturbance."
Although Dr. Gentner testified that "there would be impairment in [Bryan's] ability to conform that
conduct to the requirements of the law," she could not conclusively say from her testing that this
impairment would be substantial. When asked what Bryan's mental state might have been at the
time of the murder, Dr. Gentner remarked that she didn't "feel comfortable addressing that."
Bryan also asserts that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney
failed to have Dr. Medzerian testify before the jury during the penalty phase. He contends that Dr.
Medzerian could have identified the existence of both statutory and nonstatutory mitigation, such
as emotional disturbance, an abusive childhood, a solid work history, and a loving relationship with
his children and wife. With respect to statutory mitigation, however, Dr. Medzerian testified in 1991
that she could only testify as to one statutory factor—extreme emotional or mental disturbance. Dr.
Medzerian could not offer testimony as to any other statutory mitigating factor involving emotional
distress.
As to the nonstatutory mitigation, we conclude that other witnesses testifying for Bryan in
the penalty phase amply supplied this information to the jury. Bryan's attorney called seven
witnesses to testify on behalf of Bryan, including: his mother, ex-wife, grandmother, aunt, former
employer, and witnesses who were familiar with Bryan during the period in which he was a fugitive
from the Santa Rosa County jail. These witnesses testified about all aspects of Bryan's past and his
family history. His mother testified that she had been involved in a severe car accident while she
was pregnant with Bryan. She also testified that Bryan became unconscious when he drank, on a
dare, an entire bottle of vodka when he was a young child.9 Bryan's aunt testified that she had been
diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic and that there was some evidence of a family history of
mental disturbance.10 His ex-wife testified that Bryan had been a loving father and husband. She
also testified that his behavior had become erratic after a thirty-foot fall on a fishing boat in 1981.
His former boss testified that he had been a good worker. After reviewing the transcript of the
sentencing phase, we conclude that the jury was made sufficiently aware of the nonstatutory
mitigation that Dr. Medzerian testified to in her 1991 postconviction testimony.
It could even be argued that the closing arguments made by Bryan's attorney during the
penalty phase were more helpful to Bryan than the live testimony of these mental experts would
have been. Indeed, Bryan's attorney argued to the jury in 1986 that the doctors' reports conclusively
established the existence of both statutory factors involving mental health problems, (6)(b) and
(6)(f). By contrast, the doctors' testimony in 1991 at the postconviction hearing does not establish
that both of these mitigating factors were present. Dr. Gentner could not say with any assurance that
either statutory mitigating factor existed, and Dr. Medzerian could testify to the existence of only
one.
Because of Bryan's early insistence that he did not remember the events surrounding the
murder, Dr. Gentner's live testimony may have affirmatively hurt Bryan's chances at the penalty
9
Bryan's mother also testified that Bryan was rejected by his natural father and that he felt
alienated by his stepfather.
10
Bryan's aunt testified that she had been hospitalized for paranoid schizophrenia for a period
of three months. Her medical records were submitted to the jury. Bryan's aunt testified that her
son and daughter had also been diagnosed with schizophrenia and hospitalized. Medical reports
documenting her son's mental disturbance were submitted to the jury. Bryan's aunt also testified
that her sister, another aunt of Bryan's, was hospitalized with psychological problems.
phase. Following his arrest, Bryan told the mental examiners that he could not remember anything
about the murder or the surrounding circumstances. The examiners used this as part of their medical
diagnosis, concluding that Bryan suffered from an "organic brain syndrome." However, Bryan gave
detailed testimony at trial about the events that occurred on the day of the murder and surrounding
circumstances. In closing arguments to the jury during sentencing, the prosecutor argued that Bryan
had lied when he told the battery of doctors that he could not remember details of the murder. He
argued that any mental deficiency that the doctors found was based on Bryan's lies. In her
post-conviction testimony, Dr. Gentner added fuel to this argument by testifying that Bryan's
testimony at trial was the "complete opposite" of the statements Bryan had made to her and Dr.
Medzerian about the murder.
The live testimony of Dr. Medzerian would have exposed the doctor to cross-examination
regarding the characterization in her report that Bryan had "fake[d] bad."11 After one of the tests
taken by Bryan, Dr. Medzerian believed that Bryan had attempted to manipulate the test by making
himself appear to be more "pathological" than he would otherwise appear to be. During sentencing,
11
On two separate occasions, Dr. Medzerian conducted a total of three Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory ("MMPI") tests on Bryan. The first two tests were administered during a
competency evaluation conducted in order to determine Bryan's sanity at the time of the offense.
Following the first MMPI, Dr. Medzerian reported that the test registered an "invalid profile."
The next day, after receiving Bryan's assurance that he was able to read and understand the
questions, Dr. Medzerian administered a second MMPI test. In her first report, Dr. Medzerian
wrote that this second test resulted in a similar "invalid profile." She stated in her report that
"[t]he particular pattern of invalidity that was obtained is highly indicative of an attempt to "fake
bad', that is, to exaggerate one's symptoms and consequently appear more pathological than is
really the case." After this first evaluation of Bryan, and before he was actually brought to trial
for this offense, Bryan escaped from a county jail and remained a fugitive for over a year. Dr.
Medzerian evaluated Bryan's competency to stand trial again following his recapture. At this
evaluation, Bryan registered a valid MMPI test. In this report, Dr. Medzerian indicated that
Bryan's "significant memory losses ... could suggest an organic brain syndrome." Dr. Medzerian
also stated that any psychological problems possessed by Bryan would likely not "impair ... his
ability to distinguish right from wrong."
the state emphasized that Bryan had been less than honest with his assertion that he could not
remember the events of the murder. The ability to cross-examine the doctors and thus emphasize
Bryan's attempt to manipulate the doctors could have bolstered the state's position.
The testimony of Doctors Medzerian and Gentner may also have hurt Bryan because their
psychological profiles of Bryan did not match the circumstances of the crime. Dr. Gentner's
suggestion that Bryan's mental health problems would tend to make him impulsive, or lacking the
capacity to foresee the consequences of his conduct, does not fit with the facts of this case. In her
testimony at the post-conviction hearing, Dr. Gentner testified that Bryan had organic brain damage
with a low IQ. She also testified that "organic personality syndrome" manifests itself in "impulsive"
behavior with a diminished "planning ability."
This testimony does not, however, accurately describe the events surrounding the murder of
George Wilson. The facts of this case suggest that the murder was anything but "impulsive." While
on the run from police for a bank robbery, Bryan used a cabin cruiser to travel from Florida to
Mississippi. The boat's motor became damaged near Pascagoula, Mississippi and Bryan stopped
to make repairs. When he was unsuccessful in making these repairs, he robbed Wilson of his keys
and tied him up. Bryan then robbed Wilson's place of employment. Returning to Wilson's trailer,
Bryan put Wilson in the victim's own car and drove him to another county for an evening in a motel.
That next morning, Bryan drove Wilson around the countryside looking for a secluded spot. Bryan
parked the car, marched the bound man into the woods, and shot him at close range. Looking at the
facts of this case, it does not appear Bryan acted in an impulsive manner.
The facts of this case also do not indicate that Bryan suffered from a diminished capacity to
plan his activities. The murder of George Wilson was an orchestrated attempt to continue Bryan's
flight from the law because Bryan needed to further cover his tracks. As opposed to his victims at
the bank robbery (where Bryan wore a mask), George Wilson would have been able to directly
identify Bryan to the police. Further, the murder of Wilson was not an instantaneous decision but
a plot developed over the course of an entire evening that involved transporting the victim a
considerable distance and staying overnight in a motel.
Evidence also suggests that Bryan planned his activities following the crime, attempting to
create an alibi for himself and Sharon Cooper. Following the murder, he drove around looking for
a place to hide the car, and he finally dumped it in a river. He mailed the murder weapon, a
sawed-off shotgun, and some clothing to Biloxi, Mississippi. Later, Bryan attempted to have a
fellow inmate at the Springfield Medical Center assist him in concocting an alibi for the crime.
These are not the actions of an impulsive person, a person unable to plan, or a person suffering from
a substantially impaired ability to "appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his
conduct to the requirements of the law." Instead, they are the actions of a person calculating the
disposal of incriminating evidence and reconstructing the events of a murder.
Even if Bryan's attorney were able to present the live testimony of these experts, we
conclude that there is no reasonable probability that the fact finder would have reached a different
conclusion. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694-95, 104 S.Ct. at 2068-69; see also Mills v. Singletary,
63 F.3d 999, 1025-26 (11th Cir.1995). As we have previously recognized, the assistance of even
the best lawyering in some situations may not be enough to convince a jury to overlook the details
of a horrible murder, or a less brutal murder with substantial evidence of guilt. Clisby v. State of
Alabama, 26 F.3d 1054, 1057 (11th Cir.1994). In the face of strong aggravating circumstances, the
failure to present psychiatric testimony may not be prejudicial to the defendant, especially so in this
case where the substance of Bryan's health problems was in fact before the jury, and where the
conclusions of experts which Bryan now proffers are inconsistent with Bryan's actions in
implementing a complicated murder scheme and his elaborate attempts to cover his tracks.
In the instant case, the Florida Supreme Court found six aggravating circumstances: Bryan
had a prior conviction for a crime of violence, Fla. Stat. § 921.141(5)(b); the capital felony was
committed while Bryan was engaged in the commission of another felony, Fla. Stat. § 921.141(5)(d)
(robbery, kidnapping); the murder was committed in order to avoid arrest, Fla. Stat. §
921.141(5)(e); the capital felony was committed for pecuniary gain, Fla. Stat. § 921.141(5)(f); the
capital murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel, Fla. Stat. § 921.141(5)(h); and the capital
felony was a homicide that was committed in a cold, calculated, and premeditated manner without
any pretense of moral or legal justification, Fla. Stat. § 921.141(5)(I).12
The details of this crime are also especially heinous. Bryan kidnapped an elderly man at
gunpoint, tied him up, stuck him in the back of his own car, and drove him across county lines.
After spending the night at a motel, Bryan took Wilson out to a remote, wooded area. Bryan parked
the car and led Wilson, still tied-up, into the woods. Bryan took Wilson beside a stream. While
Wilson begged for his life, the defendant knocked him over the head with the butt of a shotgun.
Bryan then shot Wilson in the face as his body fell into the water.
In light of the aggravating and mitigating factors, and in light of the limited value of the
proffered expert testimony, Bryan's argument does not undermine our confidence in the
determination of the state trial court. Bryan did not show that he was prejudiced by the performance
of his counsel; we cannot find that he received ineffective assistance of counsel.13
12
The judge found two mitigating circumstances. Specifically, the court found that the
defendant had a good employment history as a shrimp boat captain, and that Bryan led a
law-abiding and peaceful life while he lived in Arizona after his escape from the Santa Rosa
County jail.
13
Bryan makes a separate claim based on Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 105 S.Ct. 1087, 84
L.Ed.2d 53 (1985). However, the substance of this claim is not different from Bryan's
The denial of relief is AFFIRMED.
ineffective assistance claim concerning the sentencing phase. Therefore, this Ake claim is
without merit for the reasons indicated in the text.