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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 17-13873
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 3:16-cv-00447-TJC-JRK
RONALD SEARCY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
PRISON REHAB INDUSTRIES & ENT, INC.,
CEO, Past and Present Presidents,
in their individual and their official capacity,
MR. R. YAX,
"Former" Plant Management,
in their individual and in their official capacity,
MR. S. WALKER,
Present Freezer Supervisor,
in their individual and in their official capacity,
SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
S. B. ROSSITER,
Assistant Warden DOC,
in their individual and in their official capacity,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(August 10, 2018)
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Before WILSON, ROSENBAUM, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
This case on appeal concerns the district court’s dismissal of pro se Florida
prisoner Ronald Searcy’s second amended civil-rights complaint. Searcy claims
that the district court erred in (1) dismissing his action without first requiring a
magistrate judge to review his second amended complaint; and (2) dismissing his
42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims asserting violations of due process and equal protection,
for failure to state a claim. 1 After careful consideration, we affirm the district
court’s dismissal of Searcy’s second amended complaint.
I.
Searcy filed the pending action against Prison Rehab Industries & ENT, Inc.
(“PRIDE”), its chief executive officer and past presidents, and seven Florida
Department of Corrections (“FDOC”) and PRIDE officials. In his original
complaint, Searcy alleged several constitutional and statutory violations in
connection with his placement in administrative confinement after an altercation
with other inmates that occurred in mid-2015, and his subsequent transfer from his
PRIDE work assignment at “cold storage” to a different position within the prison
1
By failing to mention them in his brief, Searcy has forfeited the following claims that
were present in his second amended complaint: (1) his contract and conspiracy claims under 42
U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1985, (2) his Eighth Amendment claim of cruel and unusual punishment,
and (3) his supervisory liability claims. See Timson v. Sampson,
518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir.
2008) (per curiam).
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dormitory. Searcy alleged that he was exonerated of “false charges” stemming
from the altercation but that he did not receive his work assignment back even
though several of the other inmates involved in the fight did.
Before any of the defendants could file a response, a magistrate judge
screened Searcy’s complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A and ordered him to
file an amended pleading because he had failed to set forth his claims adequately.
In the order, the magistrate judge supplied Searcy with instructions to aid him in
his redrafting of his complaint.
Searcy then filed an amended complaint against the same defendants. A
magistrate judge again screened the amended complaint in accordance with 28
U.S.C. § 1915A, finding the claims to be substantially similar to those in the
original complaint. Once again, the magistrate judge determined that Searcy’s
complaint failed to adequately set forth claims for relief. Therefore, the magistrate
judge ordered Searcy to file a second amended complaint. To assist Searcy, the
magistrate judge again provided instructions on how to properly set forth
allegations in accordance with Rule 8(a)(2), Fed. R. Civ. P.
Searcy then filed his second amended complaint against the same defendants
in the district court. The second amended complaint again alleged that following a
fight with other inmates, Searcy was accused of violating FDOC regulations and
placed on administrative confinement. It also alleged, after Searcy was exonerated
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of all charges, he was transferred to a dormitory houseman position and removed
from his work assignment with PRIDE in “cold storage,” while the other three
inmates involved in the altercation returned to their positions. As is pertinent here,
Searcy claimed that several of the defendants discriminated against him on the
basis of his race, in violation of the Equal Protection Clause. Searcy also claimed
that defendants violated his due-process rights.
Before any review by a magistrate judge, the district judge conducted a
screening of Searcy’s action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). Upon doing so, the
district court construed Searcy’s complaint as having raised claims under 42
U.S.C. § 1983. The district judge ultimately dismissed the second amended
complaint without prejudice for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1) and Rule 12(b)(6), Fed. R. Civ. P.
Searcy now appeals. As we have noted, Searcy claims that the district court
erred in (1) dismissing his action without first requiring a magistrate judge to
review his second amended complaint and (2) dismissing his 42 U.S.C. § 1983
claims asserting violations of due process and equal protection, for failure to state a
claim.
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II.
We begin with Searcy’s claim that the district judge was required to submit
Searcy’s second amended complaint to the magistrate judge for review before
dismissing the complaint. We find no merit to that claim.
Under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A), a district court may designate a magistrate
judge to hear and determine any pretrial matter, except a dispositive motion,
including a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted. Nevertheless, a magistrate judge may issue a report and recommendation
to the district court concerning dispositive motions. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B).
Searcy has failed to show that the district court erred in dismissing the
second amended complaint without first requiring a magistrate judge to issue a
report and recommendation. He has provided no authority showing that he has the
right to have any issues determined by a magistrate judge prior to the district
court’s ruling, and we are not aware of any such authority.
Nor, as Searcy contends, does the district court’s review of Searcy’s second
amended complaint prior to receiving a report and recommendation from a
magistrate judge in any way impede Searcy’s right to due process of law. First, the
text of § 636(b)(1)(A) states as follows: “[A] judge may designate a magistrate
judge to hear and determine any pretrial matter pending before the court . . . .” 28
U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A) (2018) (emphasis added). That statutory section does not
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say that the district court must designate pretrial matters to the magistrate judge.
So the statute does not entitle Searcy to a magistrate judge’s review of his
complaint before the district judge conducts his review. Second, the district
court’s decision to, in the first place, conduct its own § 1915A analysis and
subsequent dismissal of Searcy’s complaint did not infringe upon any protections
offered to Searcy by the Constitution or by statute. The district court itself issued
an order dismissing the case, which, as we explain below, contained a proper
analysis of Searcy’s claims. And since the district court dismissed Searcy’s second
amended complaint without prejudice, nothing prevented him from filing a third
amended complaint instead of appealing.
III.
We now turn to Searcy’s arguments that the district court erred in dismissing
his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims asserting violations of due process and equal
protection, for failure to state a claim. A district court must review a prisoner’s
civil complaint against a governmental entity or an officer or employee of a
governmental entity “before docketing, if feasible or, in any event, as soon as
practicable after docketing.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a); Jones v. Bock,
549 U.S. 199,
202 (2007). The court shall dismiss the complaint or any portion thereof that fails
to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
Id. § 1915A(b)(1).
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We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of a complaint for failure to
state a claim under § 1915A(b)(1) using the same standards that govern dismissals
under Rule 12(b)(6), Fed. R. Civ. P. Leal v. Ga. Dep’t of Corr.,
254 F.3d 1276,
1279 (11th Cir. 2001) (per curiam).
When reviewing a dismissal for failure to state a claim, we accept all factual
allegations in the complaint as true and view them in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff. Starship Enters. of Atlanta, Inc. v. Coweta Cty.,
708 F.3d 1243, 1252
(11th Cir. 2013). But we need not accept legal conclusions couched as factual
allegations. Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). A court evaluating the
sufficiency of a complaint should therefore (1) eliminate all allegations that are
merely legal conclusions and (2) assume the veracity of the well-pleaded factual
allegations and determine whether they “plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief.”
Id. at 680-81. When conducting this analysis, although a court should liberally
construe pro se pleadings, it is not required to “rewrite an otherwise deficient
pleading in order to sustain an action.” Campbell v. Air Jamaica Ltd.,
760 F.3d
1165, 1168-69 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting GJR Invs., Inc. v. Cty. of Escambia, Fla.,
132 F.3d 1359, 1369 (11th Cir. 1998)) (internal quotations omitted).
With these principles in mind, we address Searcy’s equal-protection and
due-process claims in turn. To prevail on an equal-protection claim, a plaintiff
must demonstrate that (1) he is similarly situated with other persons who receive
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more favorable treatment, and (2) the defendants acted with discriminatory intent
based on some constitutionally protected interest, such as race. Jones v. Ray,
279
F.3d 944, 946-47 (11th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (citing Damiano v. Fla. Parole &
Prob. Comm’n,
785 F.2d 929, 932-33 (11th Cir. 1986) (per curiam)).
While an equal protection claim may exist if Searcy was terminated for an
impermissible reason, Searcy has failed to allege such an impermissible reason in
his second amended complaint. Although Searcy asserted that the defendants
reassigned him due to his race, he provided no additional information about the
other inmates who allegedly returned to their original work assignments. Most
importantly, Searcy did not include any information about their race or
qualifications. For this reason, Searcy failed to allege how he was similarly
situated to the other inmates who allegedly received more favorable treatment.
Searcy also failed to make any plausible factual allegations that the defendants’
refusal to return Searcy to his “cold storage” assignment was based on his race.
Under these circumstances, we find that the district court did not err when it
dismissed Searcy’s equal-protection claim for failure to state a claim.
We now turn to Searcy’s due-process claim. The Fourteenth Amendment’s
Due Process Clause provides two types of protection: substantive due process and
procedural due process. McKinney v. Pate,
20 F.3d 1550, 1555 (11th Cir. 1994)
(en banc). The substantive-due-process guarantee protects rights that are
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fundamental, that is, rights that are “implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.”
Palko v. Connecticut,
302 U.S. 319, 325 (1937). As to a procedural-due-process
violation under § 1983, a plaintiff has the burden of alleging that, as a result of
some state action, the plaintiff was deprived of a constitutionally protected interest,
and the state did not afford the plaintiff adequate process to challenge the
deprivation.
Pate, 20 F.3d at 1557.
It appears that Searcy attempts to assert a substantive-due-process claim
based on his work reassignment following the altercation with other inmates. A
prison inmate, however, does not have a constitutionally protected property interest
in a particular prison job assignment and does not have an expectation of keeping a
certain job. See Adams v. James,
784 F.2d 1077, 1079-80 (11th Cir. 1986).
Inmate Job assignments and reassignments are “the prerogative of prison
administrators” so, a routine reassignment of an inmate to a different job does not
support a federal claim.
Id. at 1079. We have indicated, however, that the “lack of
entitlement to a particular privilege does not free prison administrators to grant or
withhold the privilege for impermissible reasons.”
Id. at 1080. The doctrine of
“unconstitutional conditions” prohibits terminating an inmate’s benefits “if the
termination is based on motivations that other constitutional provisions proscribe.”
Id.
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The district court correctly dismissed Searcy’s claim for failure to state a
claim because Searcy does not have a constitutionally protected interest in
retaining his job in “cold storage.” Searcy also failed to set forth any factual
allegations beyond mere labels and conclusions that would entitle him to relief.
Consequently, he has not alleged a substantive-due-process violation. Finally,
Searcy did not allege that the defendants terminated his work assignment in “cold
storage” for any other constitutionally-protected reason.2
Finally, it does not appear that Searcy sought to bring a procedural-due-
process claim below, and we fail to see how the second amended complaint
adequately sets forth such a claim. The allegations of the second amended
complaint, along with the attachments thereto, demonstrate that Searcy was
afforded the opportunity to seek an administrative remedy. Searcy detailed his
attempts to seek relief through the FDOC’s administrative-grievance procedure,
including appeals of administrative decisions. Accordingly, he was not deprived of
his procedural-due-process rights.
Furthermore, to the extent Searcy claims that the district court infringed on
his procedural-due-process rights, we disagree. As noted above, he district court
complied with its obligation to allow Searcy to amend his complaint prior to
dismissing the case, as a magistrate judge ordered him to do so twice and expressly
2
For instance, Searcy did not allege that he was reassigned for exercising his First
Amendment right to free speech. See generally,
Adams, 784 F.2d at 1080-81.
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pointed out the deficiencies in his claims in the orders to amend. The district court
also dismissed Searcy’s complaint without prejudice, affording Searcy an
additional opportunity to amend and refile his complaint.
For the reasons discussed above, the district court properly dismissed
Searcy’s action. Accordingly, we affirm.
AFFIRMED.
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