United States v. Gregory Randolph Berry ( 2012 )

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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 12-11150
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:01-cr-00426-ASG-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
GREGORY RANDOLPH BERRY,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(November 14, 2012)
Before TJOFLAT, HULL and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Gregory R. Berry, a federal prisoner convicted of a crack cocaine offense,
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appeals the district court’s denial of his 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) motion for a
sentence reduction based on Amendment 750 to the Sentencing Guidelines, which
revised the crack cocaine quantity tables in U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1. See U.S.S.G. App.
C, amend. 750 (Nov. 2011). After review, we affirm.1
Under § 3582(c)(2), a district court may reduce the prison sentence of a
“defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a
sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing
Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 994(o).” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2); see also
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(1). The grounds upon which a district court may reduce a
defendant’s sentence pursuant to § 3582(c)(2) are quite narrow. United States v.
Armstrong, 347 F.3d 905, 909 (11th Cir. 2003). The Sentencing Commission
must have amended the Sentencing Guidelines, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 994(o),
that guidelines amendment must have lowered the defendant’s sentencing range,
and it must also be one that is listed in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(c). See 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(2); U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(1) & cmt. n.1(A); see also Armstrong, 347
F.3d at 909.
Furthermore, “[w]here a retroactively applicable guideline amendment
1
“We review de novo a district court’s conclusions about the scope of its legal authority
under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).” United States v. Jones, 548 F.3d 1366, 1368 (11th Cir. 2008).
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reduces a defendant’s base offense level, but does not alter the sentencing range
upon which his or her sentence was based, § 3582(c)(2) does not authorize a
reduction in sentence.” United States v. Moore, 541 F.3d 1323, 1330 (11th Cir.
2008); see also U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(2)(B). In other words, a reduction is not
authorized if the amendment does not actually lower a defendant’s applicable
guidelines range “because of the operation of another guideline or statutory
provision,” such as a statutory mandatory minimum prison term. U.S.S.G.
§ 1B1.10 cmt. n.1(A). For this reason, when a defendant’s guidelines sentence of
life was based on the statutory mandatory minimum in 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A),
Amendment 750 does not lower that guidelines sentence, and the defendant is not
eligible for a § 3582(c)(2) sentence reduction. See United States v. Glover, 686
F.3d 1203, 1207-08 (11th Cir. 2012).
Here, the district court did not err in denying Berry’s § 3582(c)(2) motion.
Berry was convicted and sentenced back in 2002. Berry’s offense level of 37 and
initial guidelines range of 360 months to life imprisonment were not based on
§ 2D1.1’s drug quantity tables, but on Berry’s status as a career offender, pursuant
to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b). More importantly, because Berry had two prior felony
drug convictions, Berry was subject to a statutory mandatory minimum life
sentence under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) (2009), and thus his guidelines sentence
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became life imprisonment.2 Amendment 750 had no effect on Berry’s initial
guidelines range of 360 to life imprisonment or Berry’s guidelines sentence of life
imprisonment, and the district court did not have the authority to grant Berry’s
§ 3582(c)(2) motion. See Glover, 686 F.3d at 1207-08.
Berry argues that he is eligible for a § 3582(c)(2) reduction based on the
FSA, which became effective on August 3, 2010. The FSA lowered the statutory
mandatory minimum penalties for crack cocaine offenses in 21 U.S.C. § 841(b).
See Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-220 § 2(a), 124 Stat. 2372
(2010). The problem for Berry is the FSA is not a guidelines amendment by the
Sentencing Commission, but rather a statutory change by Congress, and thus it
does not serve as a basis for a § 3582(c)(2) sentence reduction in Berry’s case.
Even assuming arguendo that Berry, as he asserts, could bring his FSA
claim in a § 3582(c)(2) motion, Berry’s FSA claim still fails because he was
convicted and sentenced in 2002, and the FSA does not apply retroactively to his
2002 sentences. The general savings clause in 1 U.S.C. § 109 provides that “[t]he
repeal of any statute shall not have the effect to release or extinguish any
2
Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b), the district court assigned Berry an offense level of 37
based on a statutory maximum life sentence. Berry’s offense level 37 and criminal history
category of VI yielded a guidelines range of 360 months to life imprisonment. However, by
operation of U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(c)(2), Berry’s guidelines sentence was life because that was also
his statutory mandatory minimum sentence.
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penalty . . . incurred under such statute, unless the repealing Act shall so expressly
provide, and such statute shall be treated as still remaining in force for the purpose
of sustaining any proper action or prosecution for the enforcement of such penalty
. . . .” 1 U.S.C. § 109. See United States v. Gomes, 621 F.3d 1343, 1346 (11th
Cir. 2010) (discussing 1 U.S.C. § 109), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 1833 (2011).
Nothing in the FSA extinguishes the statutory mandatory minimum sentence or
penalty already imposed in Berry’s case before the FSA’s enactment. We agree
with every other circuit to address the issue that there is “no evidence that
Congress intended [the FSA] to apply to defendants who had been sentenced prior
to the August 3, 2010 date of the Act’s enactment.” United States v. Baptist, 646
F.3d 1225, 1229 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing decisions from every Circuit, including
Gomes, except the D.C. Circuit and the Federal Circuit), cert. denied, 132 S. Ct.
1053 (2012); United States v. Bigesby, 685 F.3d 1060, 1066 (D.C. Cir. 2012)
(subsequently agreeing the FSA does not apply to sentences imposed prior to
August 3, 2010); United States v. Fields, ___ F.3d ___, No. 09-3137, 2012 WL
5457682 , at *3-4 (D.C. Cir. Nov. 9, 2012) (same).
Berry cites Dorsey v. United States, in which the Supreme Court held that
the FSA’s lower mandatory minimums apply to a defendant who committed his
offense before, but was sentenced after, the FSA’s enactment. Dorsey, 567 U.S.
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___, 132 S. Ct. 2321, 2326 (2012). But, Dorsey did not suggest that the FSA’s
new mandatory minimums should apply to defendants, like Berry, who were
sentenced long before the FSA’s effective date.3 To the contrary, the Supreme
Court in Dorsey noted that the disparities between these two kinds of defendants
“reflect[ ] a line-drawing effort, [that] will exist whenever Congress enacts a new
law changing sentences,” and that “in federal sentencing the ordinary practice is to
apply new penalties to defendants not yet sentenced, while withholding that
change from defendants already sentenced.” Id. at 2335. The Supreme Court in
Dorsey carefully confined its application of the FSA to pre-Act offenders who
were sentenced after the Act’s effective date. See United States v. Robinson, ___
F.3d ___, No. 12-1391, 2012 WL 3990741, at *2 (7th Cir. Sept. 7, 2012) (“The
Supreme Court in Dorsey held only that ‘Congress intended the Fair Sentencing
Act’s new, lower mandatory minimums to apply to the post-Act sentencing of pre-
3
After the FSA, a § 841(a) defendant with one or more prior convictions for a felony drug
offenses is subject to a mandatory minimum ten-year sentence and a maximum of life
imprisonment if his offense involved 28 grams or more of crack cocaine. See 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(b)(1)(B)(iii). If Berry were resentenced under the FSA, his statutory maximum sentence
would remain life and, thus, his offense level under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b) would remain 37. Even
if Berry’s new statutory mandatory minimum were ten years under the FSA, his sentencing
guidelines range under U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1 would be 360 to life. See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(c).
Further, after the FSA, a § 841(a) defendant still faces a mandatory minimum life
sentence if he has two prior felony drug convictions and his current offense involved 280 grams
or more of crack cocaine. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii). Berry was convicted of distributing
50 grams or more of crack cocaine, and the sentencing court found that his offense involved
161.7 grams of crack cocaine, less than the 280-gram amount now needed for a mandatory
minimum life sentence under the FSA.
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Act offenders.’” (quoting Dorsey, 132 S. Ct. at 2335)).
For all these reasons, the district court properly denied Berry’s § 3582(c)(2)
motion for a sentence reduction.
AFFIRMED.
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