Libertarian Party of Alabama v. John Harold Merrill ( 2021 )


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  • USCA11 Case: 20-13356       Date Filed: 11/19/2021    Page: 1 of 28
    [DO NOT PUBLISH]
    In the
    United States Court of Appeals
    For the Eleventh Circuit
    ____________________
    No. 20-13356
    ____________________
    LIBERTARIAN PARTY OF ALABAMA,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    versus
    JOHN HAROLD MERRILL,
    Secretary of State for the State of Alabama,
    Defendant-Appellee.
    ____________________
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Middle District of Alabama
    D.C. Docket No. 2:19-cv-00069-ECM-JTA
    ____________________
    USCA11 Case: 20-13356         Date Filed: 11/19/2021     Page: 2 of 28
    2                       Opinion of the Court                  20-13356
    Before JILL PRYOR, LUCK, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.
    LUCK, Circuit Judge:
    Alabama maintains a list containing the name and registra-
    tion information of every registered voter in the state. Each polit-
    ical party with ballot access gets a copy of the voter list for free.
    But political parties without ballot access have to pay for it. The
    issue before us is whether this distinction—between political par-
    ties with ballot access and those without it—unconstitutionally
    burdens the Libertarian Party of Alabama’s First and Fourteenth
    Amendment rights.
    We hold that it does not. The Libertarian Party has not met
    its burden to demonstrate that the distinction drawn by Alabama’s
    voter list law is discriminatory or severely burdens the Party’s con-
    stitutional rights. Rather, it’s rationally related to and furthers im-
    portant state interests in supporting political parties with a modi-
    cum of popular support and alleviating administrative burdens.
    Thus, after careful review and with the benefit of oral argument,
    we affirm the district court’s summary judgment for John Harold
    Merrill, the Alabama Secretary of State.
    FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
    The Alabama Voter List Law
    Under Alabama law, a political party isn’t entitled to a spot
    on the ballot just because it calls itself a political party. Instead, a
    political party must satisfy the state’s ballot access requirements.
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    20-13356                Opinion of the Court                           3
    There are two ways that a political party can earn a place on the
    ballot: petition and performance.
    Under the first way, a party receives ballot access if it sub-
    mits a petition with “a list of the signatures of at least three percent
    of the qualified electors who cast ballots for the office of Governor
    in the last general election for the state, county, city, district, or
    other political subdivision in which the political party seeks to qual-
    ify candidates for office.” Ala. Code § 17-6-22(a)(1). There are
    slightly over three-and-a-half million registered voters in Alabama,
    and turnout in the 2018 gubernatorial election was about fifty per-
    cent. Thus, a successful petition for statewide ballot access in 2020
    required signatures from 51,588 registered voters.
    Under the second way—performance—a political party
    qualifies for statewide ballot access if it received at least twenty per-
    cent of the vote cast for an officer in the most recent statewide elec-
    tion. Id. § 17-13-40. The Republican and Democratic parties, for
    example, both consistently maintain ballot access by getting at least
    twenty percent of the statewide vote each election.
    Now for the state’s voter list. Alabama keeps a “computer-
    ized statewide voter registration list” containing “the name and
    registration information of every legally registered voter in the
    state.” Id. § 17-4-33(a), (a)(9). This information includes “the
    name, address, . . . voting location,” and “voting history of each
    registered voter.” Id. § 17-4-33(a)(2), (4). The voter list is an im-
    portant tool for effectively locating voters, petitioning for ballot ac-
    cess, and campaigning for elected office.
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    4                       Opinion of the Court                  20-13356
    Several entities get the voter list free of charge. State legis-
    lators receive the voter list for free within 90 days of assuming of-
    fice, which helps them provide services to their constituents. Id.
    § 17-4-38(e). The Alabama Administrative Office of Courts is enti-
    tled to the list for free, which it uses to produce the state’s master
    jury list. Id. § 17-4-38(f). The chief elections officers from other
    states are also entitled to a free copy of the list, which helps the
    states identify voters who have left Alabama. Id. § 17-4-38(g). Ala-
    bama also sends the voter list to the Electronic Registration Infor-
    mation Center (a non-profit group) for free on a monthly basis.
    And, relevant to this appeal, each political party with ballot access
    gets an electronic copy of the voter list for free:
    Following each state and county election, the Secre-
    tary of State shall provide one electronic copy of the
    computerized voter list free of charge to each political
    party that satisfied the ballot access requirements for
    that election. The electronic copy of the computer-
    ized voter list shall be provided within 30 days of the
    certification of the election or upon the completion of
    the election vote history update following the elec-
    tion, whichever comes first. In addition, upon writ-
    ten request from the chair of a political party, the Sec-
    retary of State shall furnish up to two additional elec-
    tronic copies of the computerized voter file during
    each calendar year to each political party that satisfied
    the ballot access requirements during the last
    statewide election held prior to that calendar year.
    The electronic copies provided pursuant to this
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    20-13356                Opinion of the Court                         5
    section shall contain the full, editable data as it exists
    in the computerized voter list maintained by the Sec-
    retary of State.
    Id. § 17-4-33(a)(10).
    Entities that don’t fall within these categories—including
    political parties without ballot access—have to pay “for the produc-
    tion of” the voter list. Id. § 17-4-38(b). Because the secretary
    charges one penny per voter record, in 2020 it would have cost
    $35,912.76 to buy the records for every registered voter in the state.
    But purchasing the voter list isn’t all or nothing; one can buy a “sub-
    set” of the list for just the voters in a specific county or district.
    A person paying for the list out of pocket can request it from
    an online portal. Each request for a free copy of the list is processed
    by one of the six employees in the secretary’s elections division. It
    takes about fifty minutes to compile and email the voter list be-
    cause the file is “very large,” and while the employee’s computer is
    processing the file it generally can’t be used to perform other tasks.
    The Libertarian Party of Alabama
    In the 2000 general election, one of the Libertarian Party of
    Alabama’s candidates earned over twenty percent of the vote in a
    statewide race. As a result, the Party obtained statewide ballot ac-
    cess for the 2002 general election. But the Party failed to replicate
    this success in the 2002 general election and lost statewide ballot
    access. It has yet to regain statewide ballot access and its support
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    6                       Opinion of the Court                 20-13356
    in elections rarely exceeds single digits. Since 2002, only twenty-
    eight candidates have run in Alabama under the Party’s banner.
    In 2012, the Party’s then-chair estimated that the Party had
    between 250 and 300 members, “give or take a dozen.” By 2020,
    the Party had only 134 official members. No one in the Party is
    formally responsible for candidate recruitment or achieving ballot
    access. Its candidates are selected at an annual convention—usu-
    ally attended by about fifty party members—where there are never
    enough candidates in any given race to force a contested choice.
    The Party’s fundraising is “extremely limited,” even when com-
    pared to political parties in Alabama other than the Republican and
    Democratic parties. The Party currently has about $13,000 in its
    coffers, and its main expense is the annual convention.
    Although the Party hasn’t had statewide ballot access for
    two decades, it achieved ballot access in four local races in 2018
    and, with it, free access to the subset of the voter list in those dis-
    tricts and counties.
    The Party Sues for Free Voter List Access
    In January 2019, the Party sued the secretary in the Middle
    District of Alabama, bringing First and Fourteenth Amendment
    claims under 42 U.S.C. section 1983. The Party alleged that sec-
    tions 17-4-33 and 17-4-38 discriminated between major and minor
    political parties by giving a free copy of the voter list only to the
    major parties. (We will sometimes refer to sections 17-4-33 and 17-
    4-38, together, as the voter list law). This discrimination, the
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    20-13356                 Opinion of the Court                            7
    Libertarian Party alleged, violated its right to associate and advance
    its political beliefs and therefore violated the First Amendment and
    the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The
    Party sought declaratory relief and an injunction requiring the sec-
    retary to give it a free copy of the statewide voter list.
    Following discovery, the secretary moved for summary
    judgment, which the district court granted. The district court ap-
    plied the Anderson-Burdick balancing test, which governs chal-
    lenges to ballot access laws. See Anderson v. Celebrezze, 
    460 U.S. 780
     (1983); Burdick v. Takushi, 
    504 U.S. 428
     (1992). The district
    court concluded that sections 17-4-33(a)(10) and 17-4-38(b) didn’t
    impose a severe burden on the Party because it could receive the
    voter list for free if it had ballot access, which the Party had previ-
    ously achieved at the statewide level in 2000. Thus, strict scrutiny
    didn’t apply, the district court explained, and Alabama had to show
    only that using ballot access as the criterion for a free copy of the
    voter list rationally served important state interests. The secretary
    had identified in discovery twenty important state interests that
    justified giving the voter list for free to political parties that had bal-
    lot access (by virtue of satisfying the three-percent petition require-
    ment or the twenty-percent performance requirement). The dis-
    trict court grouped these interests into two categories: the state’s
    interest in supporting parties with a modicum of popular support
    and the state’s administrative interests.
    As to the state’s modicum-of-support interest, the district
    court said that even the Libertarian Party of Alabama agreed that
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    8                       Opinion of the Court                 20-13356
    the state didn’t have to give the voter list for free to every entity
    calling itself a political party. A line had to be drawn somewhere,
    the district court reasoned, and drawing the line for a free copy of
    the voter list at having ballot access was the same as the line to get
    access to the ballot. The district court explained that one of the
    important interests served by Alabama’s ballot access laws was en-
    suring that only political parties with a modicum of support get a
    spot on the ballot. This, in turn, minimized voter confusion and
    frustration of the democratic process. The district court concluded
    that, similar to the important state interests furthered by the state’s
    ballot access laws, the voter list law also furthered Alabama’s im-
    portant interests in supporting entities which perform important
    public functions, stabilizing the political system, and reducing
    fraud.
    As to the state’s administrative interests, the district court
    concluded that they too were rationally served by giving a free
    copy of the voter list to political parties with ballot access. The
    district court said that the state had an administrative burden to
    determine which entities get free access to the voter list. The state
    also had an administrative burden, the district court said, to pro-
    vide the voter list for free to anyone that qualified for it, which was
    a time-consuming task that imposed significant “demands on elec-
    tions staff.” The district court explained that relying on the state’s
    ballot access rules to determine who gets the voter list for free pro-
    vided a definite, objective, and constitutional standard, which
    spared election officials from having to spend a significant amount
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    20-13356                Opinion of the Court                          9
    of time figuring out which entities were and weren’t entitled to a
    free copy of the voter list.
    The district court concluded that, because Alabama’s deci-
    sion to provide the voter list for free to political parties with ballot
    access rationally served important state interests and didn’t impose
    a severe and unconstitutional burden on the Libertarian Party, the
    Anderson-Burdick balancing test weighed in the state’s favor and
    the voter list law didn’t violate the First and Fourteenth Amend-
    ments. The Party now appeals from the district court’s summary
    judgment.
    STANDARD OF REVIEW
    We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary
    judgment. Hardigree v. Lofton, 
    992 F.3d 1216
    , 1223 (11th Cir.
    2021). Summary judgment is appropriate where “there is no gen-
    uine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
    judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “All evidence
    and factual inferences are viewed in the light most favorable to the
    non-moving party, and all reasonable doubts about the facts are re-
    solved in favor of the non-moving party.” Hardigree, 992 F.3d at
    1223.
    DISCUSSION
    “In our Circuit, the balancing test of Anderson and Burdick
    controls challenges to ballot access requirements.” Indep. Party of
    Fla. v. Sec’y, State of Fla., 
    967 F.3d 1277
    , 1281 (11th Cir. 2020) (ci-
    tations and quotation marks omitted). “This test applies whether
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    10                      Opinion of the Court                  20-13356
    a plaintiff challenges a ballot-access requirement under the First
    Amendment or the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth
    Amendment.” 
    Id.
     But this isn’t a ballot access case. The Libertar-
    ian Party hasn’t challenged either of Alabama’s two ways of achiev-
    ing ballot access. It doesn’t argue that the three-percent signature
    requirement in section 17-6-22(a)(1) is unconstitutional. And it
    doesn’t argue that the twenty-percent performance requirement in
    section 17-13-40 is unconstitutional. The Party only challenges sec-
    tions 17-4-33(a)(10) and 17-4-38(b), which give each political party
    with ballot access a free copy of the voter list but require a political
    party without ballot access to pay for it.
    Whether the Anderson-Burdick test applies to a challenge to
    a voter list law is an issue of first impression for us. But we can
    resolve this appeal without resolving that question. This case has
    been litigated from the beginning under the assumption that the
    Anderson-Burdick test applies to the voter list law. Both the Party
    and the secretary argued to the district court, and to us on appeal,
    that the Anderson-Burdick test applies. The district court agreed
    and applied that test. We will do the same and assume that the
    Anderson-Burdick test applies to the Party’s challenge to Alabama’s
    voter list law. See United States v. Sineneng-Smith, 
    140 S. Ct. 1575
    ,
    1579 (2020) (explaining that under the party presentation principle,
    “we rely on the parties to frame the issues for decision”). We now
    apply that test.
    USCA11 Case: 20-13356       Date Filed: 11/19/2021     Page: 11 of 28
    20-13356               Opinion of the Court                        11
    The Anderson-Burdick Test
    Under the Anderson-Burdick test, “the level of scrutiny we
    apply to a ballot-access law depends on the severity of the burdens
    it imposes.” Indep. Party of Fla., 967 F.3d at 1281. Severe re-
    strictions on ballot access must be narrowly tailored to advance a
    compelling state interest. See Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New
    Party, 
    520 U.S. 351
    , 358 (1997). “But reasonable, nondiscrimina-
    tory restrictions are usually justified by a state’s important regula-
    tory interests in conducting orderly elections.” Indep. Party of Fla.,
    967 F.3d at 1281 (cleaned up). “However severe the burden, we
    must ensure it is warranted by relevant and legitimate state inter-
    ests sufficiently weighty to justify the limitation.” Id. at 1281–82
    (quotation marks omitted). We can only decide whether the chal-
    lenged law is constitutional after “weigh[ing] all these factors.”
    Swanson v. Worley, 
    490 F.3d 894
    , 903 (11th Cir. 2007).
    Our analysis follows these three steps. We first examine the
    burdens imposed by sections 17-4-33(a)(10) and 17-4-38(b) on the
    Libertarian Party’s constitutional rights. We then examine the
    state’s regulatory interests advanced by these statutes. Finally, we
    weigh the burdens on the Libertarian Party’s rights against the le-
    gitimate interests identified by the state.
    The burden on the Libertarian Party’s constitutional rights
    We begin by “consider[ing] the character and magnitude of
    the asserted injury to the rights protected by the First and Four-
    teenth Amendments that the plaintiff seeks to vindicate.”
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    12                      Opinion of the Court                  20-13356
    Anderson, 
    460 U.S. at 789
    . The Libertarian Party maintains that
    Alabama’s voter list law is discriminatory—“expressly” and in
    “practice”—and therefore subject to strict scrutiny because it
    “clearly discriminate[s] against minor parties . . . in favor of major
    parties by definition.” The Party also argues that denying it unfet-
    tered access to the voter registration list “severely burdens” its First
    and Fourteenth Amendment rights by impairing its ability to get
    ballot access signatures, educate voters, and campaign effectively.
    The key statutory text refutes the claim that the voter list
    law expressly discriminates against minor political parties. Section
    17-4-33(a)(10) doesn’t include the words “minor party,” “major
    party,” “Republican Party,” or “Democratic Party.” Rather, it pro-
    vides that the state will provide the voter list for free “to each po-
    litical party that satisfied the ballot access requirements for that
    election,” and “to each political party that satisfied the ballot access
    requirements during the last statewide election held prior to that
    calendar year.” Ala. Code § 17-4-33(a)(10) (emphases added). Be-
    cause “each” political party with ballot access is treated the same,
    section 17-4-33(a)(10) doesn’t expressly discriminate against minor
    parties. All political parties have an equal right to get a free copy
    of the list if they meet the standard provided by the voter list law—
    not just the Republican and Democratic parties.
    The voter list law is also not discriminatory in practice.
    True, the Republican and Democratic parties get ballot access
    every election, while the Libertarian Party of Alabama has lacked
    statewide ballot access since 2002. But disparate outcomes aren’t
    USCA11 Case: 20-13356       Date Filed: 11/19/2021     Page: 13 of 28
    20-13356               Opinion of the Court                        13
    necessarily the result of discrimination. “Discrimination,” in a gen-
    eral sense “is the failure to treat all persons equally when no rea-
    sonable distinction can be found between those favored and those
    not favored.” CSX Transp., Inc. v. Ala. Dep’t of Revenue, 
    562 U.S. 277
    , 286 (2011) (quotation marks omitted); see also Lofton v. Sec’y
    of Dep’t of Child. & Fam. Servs., 
    358 F.3d 804
    , 817–18 (11th Cir.
    2004) (“Equal protection . . . does not forbid legislative classifica-
    tions. It simply keeps governmental decisionmakers from treating
    differently persons who are in all relevant respects alike.” (citation
    and quotation marks omitted)). That the major parties consistently
    get ballot access—and therefore the voter list for free—is easily ex-
    plained by the popular support the major parties receive from vot-
    ers; the Libertarian Party of Alabama does not have the same de-
    gree of popular support. The voter list law isn’t discriminatory in
    practice just because there are differences between the major and
    minor political parties. Cf. Jenness v. Fortson, 
    403 U.S. 431
    , 442
    (1971) (“Sometimes the grossest discrimination can lie in treating
    things that are different as though they were exactly alike[.]”).
    In any event, in practice, minor political parties in Alabama,
    like the Republican and Democratic parties, have achieved ballot
    access in local races and at the statewide level. In 2018, four Liber-
    tarian Party candidates secured ballot access in local races and
    therefore received free access to the portion of the voter list corre-
    sponding to those races. Two other political parties—the Consti-
    tution Party and the Independence Party—achieved ballot access
    in local races in 2010 and 2014, satisfying the standard to get free
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    14                       Opinion of the Court                   20-13356
    access to the voter list for those districts. A third political party, the
    Freedom Party, got ballot access in two local races in 2006 but one
    of its candidates withdrew from the race. And in 2002, the Liber-
    tarian Party enjoyed statewide ballot access because one of its can-
    didates obtained over twenty percent of the vote in a statewide race
    in the 2000 general election.
    We also conclude, for two reasons, that the voter list law
    doesn’t severely burden the Party’s constitutional rights. First, in
    determining whether a ballot access law severely burdens a plain-
    tiff’s constitutional rights, the Supreme Court has asked whether
    the regulation “freeze[s] the political status quo.” Jenness, 
    403 U.S. at 438
    . We have said that a ballot access law does not “severely”
    burden a political party’s constitutional rights where it “does not
    pose an insurmountable barrier” to the party getting on the ballot.
    Stein v. Ala. Sec’y of State, 
    774 F.3d 689
    , 698–98 (11th Cir. 2014).
    Alabama’s voter list law does neither of these things: it does not
    freeze the political status quo, nor does it provide an insurmounta-
    ble barrier to ballot access.
    We know that the voter list law does not freeze the political
    status quo or pose an insurmountable barrier to ballot access be-
    cause minor parties have successfully obtained ballot access. As we
    have already explained, in 2018 four Libertarian Party candidates
    achieved ballot access in local races; three other minor political par-
    ties obtained ballot access in local races in 2006, 2010, and 2014; and
    the Libertarian Party had statewide ballot access during the 2002
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    20-13356                Opinion of the Court                        15
    general election. The minor parties’ success in gaining ballot access
    indicates that the barrier is not insurmountable. See 
    id. at 698
    .
    Second, we have held that Alabama’s ballot access petition
    law—requiring a candidate to get “signatures of at least three per-
    cent of qualified electors” who voted in the last gubernatorial elec-
    tion—is not a severe burden on the rights of independent or minor
    party candidates. Swanson, 
    490 F.3d at 896
    . Instead, we concluded
    that this ballot access law is “a reasonable, nondiscriminatory re-
    striction.” 
    Id. at 903
    . If the state’s nondiscriminatory restriction on
    ballot access doesn’t severely burden the Party’s rights, then a re-
    striction one step removed from ballot access that also uses the
    same criterion is also reasonable and nondiscriminatory.
    The state’s important regulatory interests
    We next turn to the “important regulatory interests” prof-
    fered by the secretary to justify Alabama’s voter list law. See An-
    derson, 
    460 U.S. at 788
    . The Libertarian Party argues that because
    the state’s claimed regulatory interests—supporting only political
    parties with a “modicum of support” and “administrative inter-
    ests”—are “baseless,” the district court erred by crediting them.
    We disagree.
    In examining the state’s regulatory justifications, we must
    “determine the legitimacy and strength of the state’s interests and
    consider the extent to which those interests make it necessary to
    burden the [plaintiff’s] rights.” Swanson, 
    490 F.3d at 903
     (cleaned
    up). But where, like here, the burden on the plaintiff’s rights isn’t
    USCA11 Case: 20-13356        Date Filed: 11/19/2021     Page: 16 of 28
    16                      Opinion of the Court                 20-13356
    severe, “the test is not whether the regulations are necessary”; it’s
    whether “they rationally serve important state interests.” 
    Id. at 912
    .
    As a threshold matter, the Party complains that the secretary
    “never explains the source” of the state interests justifying the de-
    cision to give a free copy of the voter list to political parties with
    ballot access. But we don’t “require elaborate, empirical verifica-
    tion of the weightiness of the [s]tate’s asserted justifications.” Tim-
    mons, 
    520 U.S. at 364
    ; see also Common Cause/Ga. v. Billups, 
    554 F.3d 1340
    , 1353 (11th Cir. 2009) (“Anderson does not require any
    evidentiary showing or burden of proof to be satisfied by the state
    government.”). Rather, the Anderson-Burdick test only asks a
    court to “identify and evaluate the interests put forward by the
    [s]tate as justifications for the burden imposed by its rule[.]” Com-
    mon Cause/Ga., 
    554 F.3d at 1352
     (quoting Crawford v. Marion
    Cnty. Election Bd., 
    553 U.S. 181
    , 190 (2008)). That is what the dis-
    trict court did based on the summary judgment record developed
    by the parties. That is what we will do too.
    As to the state’s interest in supporting political parties with
    a modicum of popular support, we have long recognized that this
    is an important state interest rationally served by ballot access laws.
    We previously considered a challenge to a Florida law requiring
    minor political parties seeking ballot access to submit a petition
    “signed by [three percent] of the state’s registered voters.” Liber-
    tarian Party of Fla. v. Florida, 
    710 F.2d 790
    , 792 (11th Cir. 1983).
    The Libertarian Party of Florida “concede[d]” that “the state ha[d]
    USCA11 Case: 20-13356        Date Filed: 11/19/2021      Page: 17 of 28
    20-13356                Opinion of the Court                         17
    an interest in regulating the election process and avoiding voter
    confusion.” 
    Id.
     We agreed with this concession. “That these, and
    the other interests asserted, are compelling,” we explained, “has
    been well established under decided cases.” 
    Id.
     (citing three Su-
    preme Court cases). We said that “a state has an important interest
    ‘in requiring some preliminary showing of a significant modicum
    of support before printing the name of a political organization’s
    candidate on the ballot—the interest, if no other, in avoiding con-
    fusion, deception, and even frustration of the democratic process
    at the general election.’” 
    Id. at 793
     (quoting Jenness, 
    403 U.S. at 442
    ).
    In Swanson, we concluded that Alabama’s ballot access pe-
    tition law rationally served the state’s important interest “in requir-
    ing independent candidates to show they had a significant modi-
    cum of support before printing their names on the ballot.” 
    490 F.3d at 911
     (citation omitted). “[R]equiring candidates to demonstrate
    a modicum of support,” we said, “discourages frivolous candida-
    cies” and “ensur[es] that only bona fide independent candidates
    with a measure of support gain ballot access,” preventing the ballot
    from being “clogg[ed].” 
    Id.
     We also concluded that “reasonable
    ballot access regulations promote important state interests in pre-
    serving political stability by ‘temper[ing] the destabilizing effects of
    party-splintering and excessive factionalism.’” 
    Id.
     (quoting Tim-
    mons, 
    520 U.S. at 367
    ). Thus, it is now “beyond dispute that Ala-
    bama has an important interest in requiring minor parties to
    USCA11 Case: 20-13356        Date Filed: 11/19/2021      Page: 18 of 28
    18                      Opinion of the Court                   20-13356
    demonstrate some ‘modicum of support’ before they are entitled
    to a spot on the ballot.” Stein, 774 F.3d at 700.
    Just like we did in the ballot access law context, we conclude
    that Alabama’s voter list law is rationally related to and furthers the
    state’s important interest in supporting political parties with a mod-
    icum of popular support. The voter list law furthers this important
    interest by ensuring that only political parties with ballot access—
    in other words, a modicum of support—get the voter list for free.
    This, in turn, “discourages frivolous candidacies,” ensures that
    “only bona fide” candidates “with a measure of support” get the
    list, and promotes the state’s important interest in “preserving po-
    litical stability” by tempering the destabilizing effects of party-splin-
    tering and excessive factionalism. See Swanson, 
    490 F.3d at 911
    .
    Because free access to the voter list depends on ballot access, it fol-
    lows that the voter list law serves the same important regulatory
    interests served by the state’s ballot access requirements.
    The district court also identified two other important state
    interests subsumed within the modicum-of-support category of in-
    terests: Alabama’s interest in “preventing access” to the voter list
    “by groups intent on fraud,” and its interest “in supporting political
    entities which perform important public functions” like “nominat-
    ing candidates, contesting elections, and putting forward a plat-
    form of proposed policies for consideration by voters.” As to fraud-
    deterrence, a state has an important regulatory interest in “deter-
    ring” election fraud. Crawford, 
    553 U.S. at 191
    ; see also Greater
    Birmingham Ministries v. Sec’y of State for State of Ala., 992 F.3d
    USCA11 Case: 20-13356        Date Filed: 11/19/2021      Page: 19 of 28
    20-13356                Opinion of the Court                         19
    1299, 1327 (11th Cir. 2021) (explaining that “combatting voter
    fraud” was a valid neutral justification for a voter ID law). The
    voter list law serves this important interest because the standard
    used to determine who gets a copy of it for free—ballot access—
    helps ensure that the list will go to groups who will use it for legit-
    imate political purposes.
    As to the State’s interest in supporting political entities that
    perform public functions, we conclude that a state has an im-
    portant interest in supporting political parties that perform valua-
    ble public functions like assisting in the conduct of elections, part-
    nering with the state in primaries, recruiting candidates for public
    office, registering voters, and encouraging public engagement. All
    of these functions help the state run efficient and reliable elections.
    And Alabama’s voter list law furthers this important interest by re-
    warding political parties that perform these functions.
    The Libertarian Party of Alabama maintains that we
    shouldn’t import the “modicum of support” interest from the bal-
    lot access cases into this case because doing so amounts to “circu-
    lar” reasoning. The voter list is “the most valuable tool to gain
    ballot access” and attain a modicum of popular support, the Party
    argues, and so the voter list law “makes it impossible” for minor
    parties to achieve statewide ballot access. But the results don’t bear
    this out. The Party’s success in the 2000 election, which earned it
    statewide ballot access in 2002, shows that it is not “impossible” for
    a minor party to get statewide ballot access without free access to
    the voter list. Likewise, the Party’s success in local races in 2018 (as
    USCA11 Case: 20-13356       Date Filed: 11/19/2021     Page: 20 of 28
    20                     Opinion of the Court                 20-13356
    well as the Freedom Party, Constitution Party, and Independence
    Party’s successes in local races in 2006, 2010, and 2014) shows that
    it is not “impossible” to get ballot access without free access to the
    voter list.
    The Party also argues that in Fulani v. Krivanek, 
    973 F.2d 1539
     (11th Cir. 1992), we “expressly condemned” tying an election-
    related fee “to the concept of a modicum of support.” This too is
    wrong. Fulani involved the intersection of two Florida election
    laws. Florida’s ballot access law required a minor-party candidate
    running for President to submit a petition signed by one percent of
    registered voters to get ballot access. 
    Id. at 1540
    . The minor party
    was also required to have the supervisor of elections from each
    county where signatures were collected certify the signatures, at a
    cost of ten cents per signature. 
    Id.
     Although the verification stat-
    ute allowed a candidate to obtain a fee waiver by showing an un-
    due financial burden, the statute forbade a “minor party” from get-
    ting the fee waiver. 
    Id.
     We held that this “discriminatory classifi-
    cation” was a “significant burden” on the plaintiff that “the state
    has failed to justify.” 
    Id. at 1547
    . We rejected Florida’s claim that
    it had an “interest of avoiding voter confusion by ensuring that a
    party has a significant modicum of support.” 
    Id.
     This was because
    “discriminating as to which financially burdened candidates may
    waive the verification fee is not necessary to demonstrating a mod-
    icum of support,” which was already met when a minor-party can-
    didate submitted a petition signed by one percent of registered vot-
    ers. 
    Id.
     We explained that “it is constitutionally impermissible for
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    20-13356                Opinion of the Court                         21
    a state to measure a party’s level of support by the state of its fi-
    nances.” 
    Id.
    Fulani doesn’t apply here for three reasons. First, that case
    involved a discriminatory statute that explicitly singled out minor
    political parties. But, as we explained above, Alabama’s voter list
    law does not single out minor political parties. Second, we con-
    cluded in Fulani that Florida’s certification law imposed “a signifi-
    cant burden” on the plaintiffs’ First and Fourteenth Amendment
    rights. 
    Id.
     Here, as we explained above, the voter list law doesn’t
    significantly burden the Libertarian Party’s rights. And third, the
    candidate in Fulani had secured “the requisite number of signa-
    tures” to obtain ballot access—one percent of registered voters—
    and therefore had already established a modicum of popular sup-
    port but was still subject to the discriminatory fee. 
    Id. at 1540
    . A
    state obviously can’t use the “modicum of support” interest to jus-
    tify a discriminatory regulation burdening a minor party that has
    already established a modicum of support. That’s not the situation
    here. Conditioning free voter list access on showing popular sup-
    port isn’t analogous to refusing to waive a certification fee for a
    candidate that’s already met the popular support requirements for
    ballot access.
    As to the state’s “administrative interests,” we conclude that
    they too are important regulatory justifications rationally served by
    the voter list law in two ways. First, providing the voter list for free
    to each political party with ballot access gives the state an objective
    standard that is easy to apply. When a political party requests a
    USCA11 Case: 20-13356        Date Filed: 11/19/2021      Page: 22 of 28
    22                      Opinion of the Court                  20-13356
    free copy of the voter list, the state has to confirm that the entity is
    eligible for a free copy. Linking eligibility to ballot access makes
    this a simple task. Under the voter list law, all the state has to do is
    check whether or not the political party has ballot access. This
    brightline standard is straightforward, leaves no room for guess-
    work, and relies on a criteria that we have already upheld as con-
    stitutional. See Swanson, 
    490 F.3d at 912
     (“Alabama has articulated
    important interests justifying its reasonable, nondiscriminatory bal-
    lot access restrictions. Accordingly, we conclude that Alabama’s
    election scheme, with a three-percent signature requirement and
    filing deadline on the primary election date, does not abridge plain-
    tiffs’ First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.”).
    Even the Party has conceded, before the district court and
    on appeal, that it’s “not claiming [that] every requestor must get”
    the voter list “for free.” If everyone doesn’t get the list for free,
    where’s the line? A line has to be drawn somewhere and any line
    will be “necessarily arbitrary.” See Libertarian Party, 
    710 F.2d at 793
    . We cannot say that the clear-cut line the state has drawn—
    the line of ballot access which we upheld in Swanson—is an irra-
    tional one.
    Second, limiting free access to the voter list only to political
    parties with ballot access rationally furthers the state’s administra-
    tive interests because it eases the logistical burdens on the secre-
    tary’s office. Giving the voter list for free only to political parties
    with ballot access cuts down on the number of requests the state
    gets for a free copy, which reduces how much time the state has to
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    20-13356                Opinion of the Court                         23
    spend on complying with those requests. The Party maintains that
    the state’s interest in reducing administrative hardship is “dramati-
    cally undercut” because it already provides the voter list to other
    groups for free. The “only extra time required to provide” the list
    “free of charge,” the Party claims, “would be the amount of time
    required to send” one more e-mail. But the summary judgment
    evidence says otherwise. The secretary explained that every single
    time the state gets a request for a free copy of the voter list, one of
    the six employees in the elections division of the secretary’s office
    has to export the list from a program called PowerProfile; import
    the data into Microsoft Access; export the data from Access to a
    text file; and then email the list to the party requesting it. This pro-
    cess takes about fifty minutes and, because of the demands of pro-
    cessing this very large file, prevents the employee’s computer from
    doing other tasks. That is the uncontested summary judgment ev-
    idence in this case. The voter list law rationally serves an important
    state administrative interest by reducing the burdens on the secre-
    tary that come with complying with a request for a free copy of the
    list.
    Weighing the Anderson-Burdick factors
    The third and final step of the Anderson-Burdick balancing
    test requires us to “weigh” the above “factors”—the character and
    magnitude of the asserted injury to the Libertarian Party’s consti-
    tutional rights weighed against the state’s regulatory justifica-
    tions—“to determine if the statute is constitutional.” Swanson, 
    490 F.3d at 902
    –03. When a state ballot access law imposes only
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    24                      Opinion of the Court                 20-13356
    “reasonable, nondiscriminatory restrictions” upon a plaintiff’s First
    and Fourteenth Amendment rights, a state’s “important regulatory
    interests will usually be enough to justify reasonable, nondiscrimi-
    natory restrictions.” Timmons, 
    520 U.S. at 358
     (cleaned up); Swan-
    son, 
    490 F.3d at 903
    . That is the case here. As we explained above,
    Alabama’s voter list law doesn’t severely burden the Party’s rights,
    and the secretary has offered important, nondiscriminatory reasons
    justifying the line the state has drawn—complying with the ballot
    access requirements—for a free copy of the voter list. Thus, “Ala-
    bama has articulated important interests justifying its reasonable,
    nondiscriminatory [voter list] access restrictions,” and the voter list
    law “does not abridge [the Party’s] First and Fourteenth Amend-
    ment rights.” See Swanson, 
    490 F.3d at 912
    .
    The Party argues that the district court erred by failing to
    consider, “in combination,” “all of Alabama’s onerous ballot access
    burdens on minor parties.” In other words, the Party maintains
    that the district court should have examined the “cumulative bur-
    dens” imposed on it by the state’s voter list law and the ballot ac-
    cess laws. This argument fails for two reasons.
    First, in its opposition to summary judgment, the Party
    didn’t argue that the district court should conduct a cumulative
    analysis. The Party likewise didn’t argue that, even if sections 17-
    4-33(a)(10) and 17-4-38(b) were constitutional in a vacuum, their
    combined effect with Alabama’s ballot access laws rendered them
    a severe burden on the Party’s First and Fourteenth Amendments
    rights. Because the Party failed to present this argument to the
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    20-13356                 Opinion of the Court                           25
    district court, it can’t raise it now for the first time. See, e.g., Access
    Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 
    385 F.3d 1324
    , 1331 (11th Cir. 2004)
    (refusing to consider issue “raised for the first time” on appeal).
    Second, unlike the plaintiffs in Swanson who challenged two
    election regulations (the three-percent signature requirement and
    the filing deadline for ballot access), here the Party challenged only
    a single election regulation in its complaint: Alabama’s voter list
    law. Having attacked only a single statutory scheme, the Party can-
    not argue now that the cumulative effect of other, unchallenged
    ballot access regulations renders the voter list law constitutionally
    infirm.
    Ultimately, the test we apply here—the test the parties have
    asked us to apply—“is one of ‘reasonableness, i.e., whether the stat-
    ute unreasonably encroaches on ballot access.’” Swanson, 
    490 F.3d at 904
     (quoting Libertarian Party, 
    710 F.2d at 793
    ). Alabama has
    passed the test. Because the Anderson-Burdick weighing comes
    out in the state’s favor, the voter list law does not violate the First
    Amendment or the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth
    Amendment.
    Socialist Workers Party Does Not Control
    Finally, the Party argues that the Supreme Court’s summary
    affirmance in Rockefeller v. Socialist Workers Party, 
    400 U.S. 806
    (1970) is “dispositive” and “binding” precedent that resolves this
    case. Not so. Socialist Workers Party involved different facts and
    a different state’s voter list law. Because that case didn’t involve
    USCA11 Case: 20-13356        Date Filed: 11/19/2021     Page: 26 of 28
    26                      Opinion of the Court                 20-13356
    the precise issue that we address here—whether a voter list law like
    Alabama’s violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments under
    the Anderson-Burdick balancing test—the Supreme Court’s sum-
    mary affirmance isn’t dispositive or binding.
    In Socialist Workers Party v. Rockefeller, a three-judge dis-
    trict court panel heard challenges to New York’s election laws
    brought by two “minority parties.” 
    314 F. Supp. 984
    , 986–88
    (S.D.N.Y. 1970). One law provided that a voter list would “be sent
    free of charge to those parties which polled more than 50,000 votes
    in the last gubernatorial election.” 
    Id. at 987
    . Political parties that
    didn’t meet this threshold had to pay for the list. 
    Id. at 995
    . This
    law was unconstitutional, the three-judge panel held, because it
    “den[ied] independent or minority parties which have succeeded in
    gaining a position on the ballot but which have not polled 50,000
    votes for governor in the last preceding gubernatorial election an
    equal opportunity to win the votes of the electorate.” 
    Id.
     (emphasis
    added). The Supreme Court summarily affirmed. Socialist Work-
    ers Party, 400 U.S. at 806.
    We aren’t bound by this summary affirmance. Although the
    “Supreme Court’s summary dispositions are of course entitled to
    full precedential respect,” Picou v. Gillum, 
    874 F.2d 1519
    , 1521 n.3
    (11th Cir. 1989), the “Court has cautioned that we must not
    overread its summary affirmances,” Jacobson v. Fla. Sec’y of State,
    
    974 F.3d 1236
    , 1267 (11th Cir. 2020). “[T]he precedential effect of
    a summary affirmance extends no further than the precise issues
    presented and necessarily decided by those actions. A summary
    USCA11 Case: 20-13356        Date Filed: 11/19/2021      Page: 27 of 28
    20-13356                Opinion of the Court                          27
    disposition affirms only the judgment of the court below, and no
    more may be read into [the Supreme Court’s] action than was es-
    sential to sustain that judgment.” 
    Id.
     (quoting Anderson, 
    460 U.S. at 784
    –85 n.5).
    The precise issue in Socialist Workers Party that the Su-
    preme Court summarily affirmed is different than the issue here.
    The voter list law in that case was unconstitutional because it de-
    nied minor political parties free access to the voter list even if they
    had “succeeded in gaining a position on the ballot.” 
    314 F. Supp. at 995
    . But here, “each” political party in Alabama with ballot ac-
    cess gets a copy of the voter list for free. Ala. Code. § 17-4-33(a)(10).
    Thus, the New York law imposed burdens on political parties be-
    yond simply obtaining ballot access. The Alabama law does not
    impose this burden; rather, it gives “each” political party with bal-
    lot access—major and minor alike—a free copy of the voter list. Id.
    In other words, Alabama’s voter list law gives minor parties
    “the same benefit granted to major political parties.” Socialist
    Workers Party, 
    314 F. Supp. at 996
    . Because Socialist Workers
    Party does not involve the “precise issues presented” here, it
    doesn’t control this case. See Jacobson, 974 F.3d at 1267. We de-
    cline to read more into Socialist Workers Party than what “was es-
    sential to sustain that judgment.” Anderson, 
    460 U.S. at 784 n.5
    .
    CONCLUSION
    The district court did not err in its application of the Ander-
    son-Burdick test to the Libertarian Party’s challenge to Alabama’s
    USCA11 Case: 20-13356      Date Filed: 11/19/2021    Page: 28 of 28
    28                    Opinion of the Court                20-13356
    voter list law. The voter list law did not discriminate against the
    Party or severely burden its constitutional rights. It rationally
    served two categories of important state interests—Alabama’s in-
    terest in supporting political parties with a modicum of popular
    support and its administrative interests. And the non-severe bur-
    dens on the Party’s rights did not outweigh the state’s regulatory
    interests. The district court’s summary judgment for the secretary
    is therefore AFFIRMED.