Ira Lee McQueen v. Shedrick Johnson , 506 F. App'x 909 ( 2013 )

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 11-15069
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 3:10-cv-00085-MCR-CJK
IRA LEE MCQUEEN,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee- Cross-Appellant,
versus
SHEDRICK JOHNSON,
Deputy Sgt #127,
MICKEY A. O’REILLY, JR.,
Deputy Sheriff #200, et al.,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellants- Cross-Appellees.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
________________________
(February 5, 2013)
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Before HULL, WILSON and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
A series of unfortunate misunderstandings led to several officers of the
Escambia County Sheriff’s Office forcefully arresting Ira Lee McQueen, a plain-
clothes officer with the Florida Department of Professional Regulation, Division
of Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco (“ABT”). An individual mistook McQueen
for an armed robber when McQueen was in the process of securing the firearm of
a liquor store clerk who had sold alcohol to a minor. Police officers responding to
the subsequent armed robbery call utilized tasers and a K-9 unit to subdue
McQueen, who was visibly armed with two guns, as he exited the liquor store
while talking on the phone. McQueen sued the officers who used the tasers and
K-9 in both their individual and official capacities, alleging excessive use of force
under the Fourth Amendment, in addition to state law false imprisonment and
battery claims. The district court bifurcated discovery, and before us are only the
claims against the officers in their individual capacities. The district court granted
in part and denied in part the officers’ motions for summary judgment on qualified
immunity grounds with regard to the individual-capacity Fourth Amendment
claims. The officers appeal the district court’s denial of summary judgment with
respect to their actions after the initial tasing. McQueen cross-appeals the district
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court’s partial grant of qualified immunity to Johnson with respect to the initial
tasing. We conclude that the officers were entitled to qualified immunity on
those claims, and we therefore affirm in part and reverse in part the judgment of
the district court.
I.
A.
On October 28, 2008, Ira Lee McQueen was working undercover as an ABT
Special Agent attempting to find individuals violating Florida statutes related to
the sale of alcoholic beverages.1 McQueen and his partner, another undercover
ABT Special Agent named Tammy Richards, determined that the clerk at a liquor
1
“We resolve all issues of material fact in the [plaintiff’s] favor and approach the
facts from the [plaintiff’s] perspective because ‘[t]he issues appealed here concern not which
facts the parties might be able to prove, but, rather, whether or not certain given facts showed a
violation of clearly established law.’” Terrell v. Smith, 668 F.3d 1244, 1250 (11th Cir. 2012)
(quoting Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d 1188, 1190 (11th Cir. 2002)). Thus, the operative facts at the
summary judgment stage “may not be the ‘actual’ facts of the case.” Priester v. City of Riviera
Beach, Fla., 208 F.3d 919, 926 n.3 (11th Cir. 2000). “[O]nce we have determined the relevant
set of facts and drawn all inferences in favor of the nonmoving party to the extent supportable by
the record, . . . the reasonableness of [the defendants’] actions . . . is a pure question of law.”
Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 381 n.8 (2007) (emphasis omitted). Accordingly, the district court
erred insofar as it concluded that “a jury reasonably could find that the use of any force after the
initial tasing was excessive” and thus that genuine issues of material fact prevented it from
entering summary judgment as to the reasonableness of the defendants’ use of force.
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store had illegally sold alcohol to an underage individual working in conjunction
with McQueen and Richards. McQueen entered the liquor store, identified
himself to the clerk with his state identification, and commenced a non-custodial
arrest. The clerk questioned the identification of the minor, prompting Richards to
leave the store to retrieve the minor’s identification as proof. Subsequent
questioning by McQueen during Richards’s absence revealed that the clerk had a
firearm in his pants. A video recording from the liquor store shows that the clerk
placed his hands in the air as McQueen went behind the store counter to retrieve
and secure the firearm. McQueen then returned to the front of the counter to
continue the citation process.
A customer entered the store during the minimal time period in which
Richards was absent and McQueen was retrieving and securing the clerk’s
weapon. The customer, believing that she was walking in on a robbery in
progress, returned to the laundromat next store and told a laundromat employee to
call the police. The Escambia County Sheriff’s Office dispatcher alerted deputies
to a possible armed robbery in progress at the liquor store. The dispatcher also
provided the deputies with a description of the suspect (McQueen).
Meanwhile, McQueen was unloading the clerk’s firearm and placing it in
his jacket pocket as Richards returned to the store with the minor’s identification.
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McQueen then contacted the Sheriff’s Office on the store’s telephone to conduct a
record check on the clerk. The individual who conducted such checks was not
immediately reachable, so McQueen remained on the line while the police
department attempted to locate the appropriate person.
Around this time, numerous police officers converged outside the liquor
store. Officers called the store’s phone, but the line was busy. They also observed
a male (McQueen) matching the description of the suspect. Noticing the
commotion, McQueen, Richards, and the clerk all moved closer to the glass
storefront to see what was happening outside. The police officers saw the three
individuals inside the store and began shouting commands to “show your hands,”
to “put down the phone,” to “get on the ground,” and eventually to “come out.”
Realizing that they were the cause of the heavily armed police presence, Richards,
McQueen, and the clerk began yelling that Richards and McQueen were state
officers.2 All three individuals inside the store remained standing, looking
outside. Although Richards could hear the commands of the police, McQueen
2
Although Richards, McQueen, and the clerk differed as to what exactly they
yelled – McQueen said he was “from the beverage department,” while both Richards and the
clerk were saying that McQueen and Richards were with the “police” – it is clear that all three
were yelling that Richards and McQueen were somehow involved with state authorities. At least
one member of the Escambia County Sheriff’s Office (Officer Jennifer Lovely) heard Richards’s
attempt to identify the occupants of the store, but the deputy did not communicate that
information to anyone else.
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could not. Richards held her hands in front of her chest, occasionally pointing at
what was happening outside. The clerk put his arms straight up in the air.
McQueen, however, continued to stand near the inside of the store’s front door on
the telephone.
McQueen exited the front door of the store in an attempt to identify himself.
Still on the phone with his right hand, McQueen pushed open the door with his
left. The firearm that McQueen had taken from the store clerk remained visible in
McQueen’s right jacket pocket. McQueen’s second gun -- his own service firearm
underneath his jacket -- also became visible to Deputy Sergeant Shedrick Johnson
as McQueen exited the store. The cacophony continued, with the officers yelling
at McQueen to get off the phone and on the ground and McQueen screaming that
he was “state police.” Officer Steve McCann was the only officer to hear
McQueen, and he testified that he heard McQueen say in a conversational tone “I
am a State Officer.” McQueen stopped several feet in front of the door of the
liquor store and began to lower himself onto his knees, with the phone still in his
right hand and his left hand free but visible. Johnson, believing that McQueen
was not being compliant with officers’ commands, deployed his taser, striking
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McQueen in the shoulder. McQueen, incapacitated by the tasing, fell forward
onto his hands.3
The police officers swarmed McQueen, whose hands remained underneath
his body. Four or five officers were on top of him, yelling at him to move his
hands that remained out of sight. Believing that McQueen was not being
compliant in moving his hands, Johnson tased McQueen again approximately ten
seconds after the first tasing. Another officer removed the clerk’s firearm from
McQueen’s jacket pocket and placed it a safe distance away. At that point, Deputy
Sheriff Jimmie Tatum and another officer (Richard Baily) noticed McQueen’s
other gun – the service revolver – that had gone unnoticed to all but Johnson.
Tatum and Baily yelled “gun,” and Baily instructed Deputy Sheriff Mickey
O’Reilly to tase McQueen.4 O’Reilly tased McQueen nearly simultaneously with
Tatum releasing his K-9.5 The officers then successfully handcuffed McQueen.
3
Although McQueen testified in his deposition that his hands were visible above
his body when he fell, his brief in this Court and his response to the defendants’ motions for
summary judgment state that his hands were beneath his body. Additionally, the video of the
incident indicates that McQueen’s hands were not above his body.
4
Although Baily did not recall directing O’Reilly to tase McQueen, when asked
whether this could have occurred, he stated, “Yes, sir, it could have happened, absolutely.”
5
As the district court noted, the number of times a taser was used -- and by whom -
- is not entirely clear. McQueen testified in his deposition that he was tased three times;
McQueen’s motion in response to the defendants’ motion for summary judgment claims that
McQueen was tased four times (twice by Johnson and twice by O’Reilly); the defendants assert
that McQueen was tased three times (twice by Johnson and once by O’Reilly); and McQueen’s
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Shortly thereafter, the police verified McQueen’s identity through his credentials
and Richards’s statements. Only at this time did a few officers recognize
McQueen. McQueen was then released and taken to the hospital, where he was
treated for the taser wounds, dog bites, and injuries to his neck and ear. McQueen
still continues to suffer neck pains, in addition to psychological and emotional
problems such as anger, depression, paranoia, and nightmares.
B.
A threshold issue exists regarding the subject-matter jurisdiction of this
Court: before us are both (1) an appeal from the district court’s denial of qualified
immunity to defendants Tatum, O’Reilly, and Johnson (to the extent of his activity
after the initial tasing), and (2) a cross-appeal from the district court’s partial grant
of qualified immunity to Johnson with regard to his first use of the taser.
Ordinarily, a court of appeals may review only the “final decisions of the district
courts.” 28 U.S.C. §1291. However, this Court has jurisdiction over the first
appeal, concerning the denial of qualified immunity, pursuant to the collateral
order doctrine. See Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985) (concluding
that denial of qualified immunity defense is immediately appealable under the
brief in this appeal says that he was tased three times (twice by Johnson and once by O’Reilly).
We conclude that the exact answer to this question is immaterial to the resolution of this appeal
in light of the analysis below.
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collateral order doctrine “to the extent that it turns on an issue of law”).
McQueen’s cross-appeal of the partial grant of qualified immunity to Johnson,
however, does not fit within the collateral order doctrine’s exception to the finality
rule of 28 U.S.C. §1291 for appeals of denials of qualified immunity. See Hudson
v. Hall, 231 F.3d 1289, 1293-94 (11th Cir. 2000).
However, McQueen’s cross-appeal falls within our pendent appellate
jurisdiction. “Under the pendent appellate jurisdiction doctrine, we may address
otherwise non-appealable orders if they are ‘inextricably intertwined’ with an
appealable decision or if ‘review of the former decision is necessary to ensure
meaningful review of the latter.’” Id. at 1294 (quotation marks and alterations
omitted); see also Swint v. Chambers Cnty. Comm’n, 514 U.S. 35, 51 (1995).
Both of these criteria are met here. It is necessary to determine the reasonableness
of Johnson’s initial use of force in order to determine whether the subsequent uses
of force by Johnson, O’Reilly, and Tatum mere seconds later were reasonable. Cf.
Hudson, 231 F.3d at 1293-94 & n.4 (concluding that court of appeals had pendent
appellate jurisdiction over appeal of partial grant of qualified immunity to officer
for traffic stop when officer appealed partial denial of qualified immunity for
subsequent searches of the persons of the stopped vehicle’s occupants).
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Accordingly, we have jurisdiction over McQueen’s cross-appeal regarding the
partial grant of qualified immunity to Johnson.
II.
“We review de novo a district court’s resolution of qualified immunity on
summary judgment.” Hoyt v. Cooks, 672 F.3d 972, 977 (11th Cir. 2012).
Qualified immunity “offers complete protection for government officials sued in
their individual capacities as long as their conduct violates no clearly established
statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have
known,” Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d 1188, 1193-94 (11th Cir. 2002) (quotation
marks omitted), “protecting from suit all but the plainly incompetent or one who is
knowingly violating the federal law,” Terrell v. Smith, 668 F.3d 1244, 1250 (11th
Cir. 2012) (quotation marks omitted). If the public official first shows that he was
acting within the scope of his discretionary authority -- a burden undisputedly met
by the defendants here -- the burden shifts to the plaintiff to establish that qualified
immunity is not appropriate. Id. at 1250. To determine whether a plaintiff has
met his burden, a court must both “decide whether the facts that a plaintiff has
alleged . . . make out a violation of a constitutional right” and “whether the right at
issue was ‘clearly established’ at the time of [defendants’] alleged misconduct.”
Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009). A court may undertake these two
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inquiries in either order. Id. at 236. We conclude that the defendants’ uses of
force were reasonable under McQueen’s version of the facts, and the officers are
accordingly entitled to qualified immunity.
McQueen argues that the actions of Johnson, O’Reilly, and Tatum
constituted “excessive and unconstitutional force” under the Fourth Amendment.
“[C]laims that law enforcement officers have used excessive force . . . in the
course of an arrest, investigatory stop, or other ‘seizure’ . . . should be analyzed
under the Fourth Amendment and its ‘reasonableness’ standard.” Graham v.
Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989); accord Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 383
(2007) (“[A]ll that matters is whether [the defendants’] actions were reasonable.”).
To assess the reasonableness of a seizure, “we must balance the nature and quality
of the intrusion on the individual’s Fourth Amendment interests against the
importance of the governmental interests alleged to justify the intrusion,” Scott,
550 U.S. at 383 (2007) (alteration omitted), “requir[ing] careful attention to the
facts and circumstances of each particular case, including the severity of the crime
at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers
or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest
by flight,” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. In conducting this analysis, we adopt the
viewpoint of “a reasonable officer on the scene with knowledge of the attendant
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circumstances and facts, and balance the risk of bodily harm to the suspect against
the gravity of the threat the officer sought to eliminate.” Terrell, 668 F.3d at 1251
(quoting McCullough v. Antolini, 559 F.3d 1201, 1206 (11th Cir. 2009)); see also
Graham, 490 U.S. at 396 (“The ‘reasonableness’ of a particular use of force must
be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than
with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.”). “The calculus of reasonableness must
embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make
split-second judgments – in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly
evolving – about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation.”
Graham, 490 U.S. at 396-97. “[I]n the end,” however, “we must still slosh our
way through the factbound morass of ‘reasonableness.’” Scott, 550 U.S. at 383.
Taking the plaintiff’s facts from the perspective of a reasonable officer on
the scene, we conclude that all three defendants acted reasonably under the
circumstances. Three factors are particularly salient in reaching this conclusion.
First, the officers were responding to an armed robbery call – a first-degree felony
in Florida in which the suspect, by the very nature of the alleged crime, is expected
to be armed with a dangerous weapon. See Fla. Stat. Ann. §812.13(2)(a)-(b).
Additionally, it is undisputed that McQueen had two guns on him at the time, and
the officers became aware of this fact at various times during the incident.
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Second, McQueen – unlike the store clerk and Richards, who both had their hands
up – decided to approach the officers while he was visibly armed and still holding
the telephone.6 From a reasonable officer’s perspective, McQueen was, at best,
questionably compliant with the officers’ commands. While at least some of the
officers were telling McQueen to exit the store, he was also told to get rid of the
phone, to put his hands up, and to get on the ground. Instead of doing so,
McQueen exited the store, phone in hand and firearm apparent, and kneeled before
being tased. Observing the general compliance with their commands by Richards
and the store clerk, the officers could reasonably conclude that the gist of their
commands was audible and capable of being heeded, and that McQueen was
failing to act accordingly. Third, the officers utilized non-lethal force to subdue
the visibly armed and only potentially compliant suspect. Under these
circumstances, Deputy Sergeant Johnson acted reasonably in initially tasing
McQueen. Cf. Long v. Slaton, 508 F.3d 576, 581 (11th Cir. 2007) (“[T]he law
does not require officers in a tense and dangerous situation to wait until the
moment a suspect uses a deadly weapon to act to stop the suspect.”).
6
It is undisputed that Richards and the store clerk followed commands to stay
inside and put their hands up and were not harmed by the officers in any way.
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The subsequent uses of force by Officers Johnson, O’Reilly, and Tatum
were also objectively reasonable. As both the officers and McQueen agree,
McQueen had the misfortune of falling on top of his hands after being
incapacitated by Johnson’s initial tasing. As a result, McQueen’s hands were
obscured under his body at the same time that the police were yelling at McQueen
to reveal his hands, and many officers had already observed that there was a
second weapon located in the same area as his hands. Despite McQueen’s
unfortunate inability to make his hands visible, a reasonable officer in this rapidly
evolving situation could perceive that, rather than being incapacitated, the armed
robbery suspect who undoubtedly had at least one firearm on his body was
continuing to resist the officers’ orders. Deputy Sergeant Johnson’s second use of
his taser – after reasonably believing that McQueen was being non-compliant and
seeing that officers were still unable to handcuff him – was therefore reasonable.
The reasonableness of this action was confirmed by the discovery of a second
firearm – McQueen’s service firearm – secreted in his belt shortly thereafter.
After seeing this second weapon, Officers O’Reilly and Tatum, who had not seen
the second firearm before and who could reasonably assume that McQueen was
still not complying with the orders to make his hands visible, simultaneously tased
the still-armed McQueen once more and released the K-9. Under these
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circumstances, in which a second firearm was revealed within arm’s reach and the
armed robbery suspect’s hands remained beneath him in close proximity to a
second gun, the officers acted reasonably in using additional force to immobilize a
questionably noncompliant McQueen.
McQueen argues that he posed no actual threat, that he was either
attempting to or unable to comply with the officers’ commands and was physically
incapable of resisting, and that his self-identification as a state officer rendered the
use of force by the police unnecessary. However accurate this argument may be in
retrospect in this instance, it is not the correct perspective from which to assess
Fourth Amendment excessive force qualified immunity claims. As the Supreme
Court has made clear, “[t]he ‘reasonableness’ of a particular use of force must be
judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with
the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396; see also Garczynski v.
Bradshaw, 573 F.3d 1158, 1168 (11th Cir. 2009) (“Our task is not to evaluate what
the officers could or should have done in hindsight.”); Menuel v. City of Atlanta,
25 F.3d 990, 997 (11th Cir. 1994) (“Reconsideration will nearly always reveal that
something different could have been done if the officer knew the future before it
occurred. This is what we mean when we say we refuse to second-guess the
officer.” (quoting Plakas v. Drinski, 19 F.3d 1143, 1149 (7th Cir. 1994))). Police
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officers, as in the situation at issue here, “are often forced to make split-second
judgments -- in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving --
about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation.” Graham,
490 U.S. at 396. While the police would have been safe in taking McQueen’s
assertions of state law enforcement employment7 and passivity at face value this
time, such statements would by no means necessarily be true in the next armed
robbery call or situation in which an armed suspect’s hands are concealed. Such a
rule, in addition to contravening settled doctrine, would undermine the very
purpose of qualified immunity, which “is to give meaning to the proposition that
government officials are not required to err on the side of caution when it comes to
avoiding constitutional violations.” Crosby v. Monroe County, 394 F.3d 1328,
1334 (11th Cir. 2004) (quotation marks and alteration omitted).
The defendants’ uses of force under these circumstances were reasonable
under the Fourth Amendment, and they are therefore entitled to qualified
immunity. We affirm the district court’s partial grant of qualified immunity to
Johnson with respect to the initial tasing. We reverse the district court’s denial of
7
We note, again, that only one officer heard McQueen state that he was an officer
as he exited the store.
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summary judgment for all three officers with respect to their actions after the
initial tasing. We remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
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