USCA11 Case: 22-12012 Document: 11-1 Date Filed: 01/10/2023 Page: 1 of 10
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-12012
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
JACKIE RAY ROLLER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
CRYSTAL HOLLOWAY,
PAMELA BALLINGER,
JEANIE KASPER,
JOHN STROH,
CARMEN GEER, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 22-12012
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
D.C. Docket No. 4:21-cv-00065-HLM
____________________
Before LUCK, BRASHER, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Jackie Roller, a Georgia prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals
the district court’s sua sponte dismissal -- for failure to state a claim
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A -- of his pro se
42 U.S.C. § 1983 com-
plaint. 1 No reversible error has been shown; we affirm.
I.
Roller filed pro se this civil action against eleven prison offi-
cials at the Walker State Prison in Rock Spring, Georgia. Con-
strued liberally, Roller’s complaint purported to assert claims for
violations of the First, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments
arising from an incident that occurred in July 2020.
Roller’s complaint alleges these facts. While talking aloud
to himself in the shower, Roller said the term “niggard”: a word
Roller says he used to refer to himself having to pay filing fees in
an unspecified state-court action. A fellow inmate overheard
1 We read liberally briefs filed by pro se litigants. See Timson v. Sampson,
518
F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008). We also construe liberally pro se pleadings. See
Tannenbaum v. United States,
148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998).
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22-12012 Opinion of the Court 3
Roller and -- believing Roller had uttered a racial slur -- reported
Roller to prison officials.
Prison officials placed Roller in a “restrictive-segregation-
isolation” unit. Roller later received a disciplinary report charging
him with using a racial slur. The disciplinary report also cited to
ten inmate witness statements about the incident.
Roller attended a disciplinary hearing on 16 July 2020. At
the conclusion of the hearing, the hearing officer found Roller
guilty of the charged disciplinary offense. Roller was sentenced to
14 days in isolation. During his period of isolation, Roller was de-
nied his daily hour of recreational yard time.
The magistrate judge conducted an initial screening of
Roller’s complaint, as required by the Prison Litigation Reform Act
(“PLRA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. The magistrate judge issued a report
and recommendation (“R&R”), recommending that the complaint
be dismissed for failure to state a claim.
Roller objected to the R&R. The district court overruled
Roller’s objections, adopted the R&R, and dismissed Roller’s com-
plaint. This appeal followed.
II.
We review de novo a district court’s sua sponte dismissal
under section 1915A(b)(1) for failure to state a claim, applying the
same standards that govern dismissals under Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6). See Leal v. Ga. Dep’t of Corr.,
254 F.3d 1276, 1278-79
(11th Cir. 2001). We view the complaint in the light most favorable
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4 Opinion of the Court 22-12012
to the plaintiff, accepting the fact allegations in the complaint as
true. See Dimanche v. Brown,
783 F.3d 1204, 1214 (11th Cir. 2015).
To survive dismissal, “a complaint must contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plau-
sible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quo-
tations omitted). To state a plausible claim for relief, plaintiffs must
offer “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”
Id. “Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief
above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S.
544, 555 (2007). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of
action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”
Iqbal,
556 U.S. at 678.
As an initial matter, Roller has abandoned his claim alleging
a double-jeopardy violation under the Fifth Amendment and his
claims alleging equal-protection and substantive-due-process viola-
tions under the Fourteenth Amendment. See Sapuppo v. Allstate
Floridian Ins. Co.,
739 F.3d 678, 681-83 (11th Cir. 2014) (“[A]n ap-
pellant abandons a claim when he either makes only passing refer-
ences to it or raises it in a perfunctory manner without supporting
arguments and authority.”); Timson v. Sampson,
518 F.3d 870, 874
(11th Cir. 2008) (“While we read brief filed by pro se litigants liber-
ally, issues not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed
abandoned.” (citations omitted)). We also need not address
Roller’s argument -- raised for the first time on appeal -- asserting a
violation of his right to privacy under the Health Insurance
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22-12012 Opinion of the Court 5
Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. See Access Now, Inc.
v. Sw. Airlines Co.,
385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (“[A]n issue
not raised in the district court and raised for the first time in an
appeal will not be considered by this court.”).
A. Eighth Amendment
Roller challenges the district court’s dismissal of his claim for
relief under the Eighth Amendment. Roller says he was subjected
to cruel and unusual punishment when he was denied outside rec-
reational time during his 18 total days of isolation. Roller also con-
tends that -- by wrongfully labeling Roller a “racist” -- prison offi-
cials exposed Roller to potential future bodily harm by other in-
mates.
To state a claim under the Eighth Amendment, a prisoner
must allege facts sufficient to demonstrate two things: (1) an “ob-
jectively, ‘sufficiently serious’” deprivation, and (2) that the prison
official acted with a “sufficiently culpable state of mind.” See
Farmer v. Brennan,
511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994). “[A] prison official
cannot be found liable under the Eighth Amendment for denying
an inmate humane conditions of confinement unless the official
knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or
safety; the official must both be aware of facts from which the in-
ference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm ex-
ists, and he must also draw the inference.”
Id. at 837.
“In the context of an inmate’s conditions of confinement af-
ter incarceration, the standard is that prison officials violate the
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6 Opinion of the Court 22-12012
Eighth Amendment through ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of
pain.’” Bass v. Perrin,
170 F.3d 1312, 1316 (11th Cir. 1999). We
have acknowledged that the deprivation “of all outdoor exercise
time” can amount to an “infliction of pain.” See
id. But a depriva-
tion of outdoor time is neither “unnecessary” nor “wanton” when
a “penological reason” exists for assigning a prisoner to solitary
confinement and when prison officials are not deliberately indiffer-
ent to “a substantial risk of serious harm to a prisoner.”
Id. at 1316-
17.
Here, Roller has failed to allege facts showing that his being
deprived of outdoor recreation time constituted an “unnecessary
and wanton infliction of pain” rising to the level of an Eighth
Amendment violation. Roller’s temporary placement in isolation
was supported by a penological justification: Roller was found
guilty of violating the prison’s rules prohibiting the use of racial
slurs. Furthermore, Roller has alleged no facts sufficient to demon-
strate that prison officials were deliberately indifferent to a known
substantial risk of serious harm to Roller arising from the 18-day
restriction on outdoor recreation time.
Roller has also failed to state a plausible Eighth Amendment
claim based on his purported potential exposure to future physical
harm. Roller alleges no facts to support his speculative assertion
that he will be targeted for violence by other inmates. Nor has
Roller alleged facts sufficient to show that prison officials -- in dis-
ciplining Roller -- acted with deliberate indifference to a known
substantial risk that Roller would suffer serious physical harm in
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22-12012 Opinion of the Court 7
the future. To the contrary, disciplining prisoners for violating
prison rules is often necessary for prison officials to maintain order
and to ensure prisoner safety. Cf. United States v. Mayes,
158 F.3d
1215, 1224 (11th Cir. 1998) (recognizing that the government’s in-
terest in maintaining order and in preventing violent altercations
among prisoners requires “punishing individuals for violent or
other disruptive conduct” (quotations omitted)).
B. Fourteenth Amendment Due Process
The district court dismissed properly Roller’s procedural-
due-process claim under the Fourteenth Amendment. Roller con-
tends that he was denied procedural due process because the
prison’s disciplinary policy on obscene language was unduly vague,
the disciplinary report reflected an incorrect date and time of the
incident, and because Roller was denied copies or summaries of the
pertinent witness statements.
To state a claim for violation of procedural due process, a
plaintiff must allege facts showing “(1) a deprivation of a constitu-
tionally-protected liberty or property interest; (2) state action; and
(3) constitutionally-inadequate process.” See Arrington v. Helms,
438 F.3d 1336, 1347 (11th Cir. 2006). In the context of prison disci-
plinary proceedings, a prisoner has no liberty interest to which due
process attaches unless he can demonstrate that he suffered an
“atypical and significant hardship . . . in relation to the ordinary in-
cidents of prison life.” See Sandin v. Conner,
515 U.S. 472, 484-86
(1995).
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8 Opinion of the Court 22-12012
Roller has failed to allege facts sufficient to demonstrate that
being placed in isolation for 18 days caused him to suffer an atypical
and significant hardship. See
id. (concluding that a prisoner had no
liberty interest protecting against a 30-day disciplinary assignment
to segregated confinement because the confinement did not “pre-
sent a dramatic departure from the basic conditions of [the in-
mate’s] sentence”); Rodgers v. Singletary,
142 F.3d 1252, 1252-53
(11th Cir. 1998) (concluding that placement in administrative con-
finement for two months does not present the type of atypical, sig-
nificant deprivation that might create a constitutionally-protected
liberty interest). Because Roller has shown no constitutionally-pro-
tected liberty interest, he can state no claim for relief based upon
the alleged inadequacies of the prison’s disciplinary process.
C. First Amendment Retaliation
“The First Amendment forbids prison officials from retaliat-
ing against prisoners for exercising the right of free speech.” See
Farrow v. West,
320 F.3d 1235, 1248 (11th Cir. 2003). To state a
viable First Amendment retaliation claim, a plaintiff must allege
facts sufficient to establish: (1) that he engaged in constitutionally-
protected speech; (2) that he was subjected to “retaliatory conduct
. . . likely to deter a person or ordinary firmness from engaging in
such speech”; and (3) that a causal connection exists between the
retaliatory conduct and the protected speech. See Smith v. Mosley,
532 F.3d 1270, 1276 (11th Cir. 2008). To establish a causal connec-
tion, a prisoner must demonstrate prison officials were motivated
subjectively by the prisoner’s protected speech. See
id. at 1278.
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22-12012 Opinion of the Court 9
Roller contends that he was disciplined in retaliation for ex-
ercising his right to petition the government: his use of the word
“niggard” while complaining aloud to himself about having to pay
fees in his state-court action. But Roller has failed to allege facts
establishing plausibly a causal connection between these com-
plaints and the discipline he received. Never has Roller alleged that
prison officials understood Roller’s use of the word “niggard” as a
complaint related to Roller’s state-court proceedings. To the con-
trary, prison officials disciplined Roller based on a determination
that Roller’s speech constituted a racial slur prohibited by prison
rules. 2 Roller cannot show that prison officials were motivated
subjectively by Roller’s supposed complaints about having to pay
state-court fees. The district court committed no error in conclud-
ing that Roller failed to state a claim for retaliation under the First
Amendment.
D. Leave to Amend
We reject Roller’s assertion that the district court erred in
dismissing his complaint without first granting him leave to
amend. Generally speaking -- “[w]here a more carefully drafted
complaint might state a claim” -- a pro se plaintiff “must be given
at least one chance to amend the complaint before the district court
2 That a prisoner’s use of a prohibited racial slur constitutes no constitution-
ally-protected speech is undisputed. See Smith,
532 F.3d at 1277 (noting that,
“if a prisoner violates a legitimate prison regulation, he is not engaged in ‘pro-
tected conduct’”).
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10 Opinion of the Court 22-12012
dismisses the action with prejudice.” See Bank v. Pitt,
928 F.2d
1108, 1112 (11th Cir. 1991), overruled in part by Wagner v. Dae-
woo Heavy Indus. Am. Corp.,
314 F.3d 541, 542 & n.1 (11th Cir.
2002) (en banc) (holding that the rule in Bank does not apply to
counseled plaintiffs). This rule applies even when -- as in this case
-- the plaintiff never seeks leave to amend the complaint in the dis-
trict court. See
id.
Roller contends -- without elaboration -- that the district
court should have granted him leave to amend. Roller offers no
details about what proposed amendments he would make. In-
stead, Roller reiterates the same factual allegations and arguments
asserted in his initial complaint. Given the factual allegations and
claims involved in this case, we are unpersuaded that “a more care-
fully drafted complaint might state a claim.” The district court
committed no error in concluding that Roller’s complaint was sub-
ject to dismissal for failing to state a claim upon which relief could
be granted.
AFFIRMED.
