Nina Janet Seung v. Regent Seven Seas Cruises, Inc. ( 2010 )

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-10810 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
Non-Argument Calendar AUGUST 19, 2010
________________________ JOHN LEY
CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 0:08-cv-60695-MGC
NINA JANET SEUNG,
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
REGENT SEVEN SEAS CRUISES, INC.,
PAUL GAUGUIN SHIPPING LIMITED,
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(August 19, 2010)
Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Nina Janet Seung appeals from the district court’s dismissal of her lawsuit
arising from injuries she incurred while onboard the M/S Paul Gauguin, owned by
Defendants Regent Seven Seas Cruises and M/V Paul Gauguin Shipping Limited
(collectively, “Regent”). On appeal, Seung argues that the district court erred in
enforcing a forum selection claim that required the lawsuit to be brought in Paris,
France, instead of Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. After careful review, we affirm.
We review de novo the enforceability of forum-selection and choice-of-law
provisions in international agreements. Krenkel v. Kerzner Int’l Hotels Ltd., 579 F.3d
1279, 1281 (11th Cir. 2009); Lipcon v. Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London, 148 F.3d
1285, 1290-91 (11th Cir. 1998).
Forum-selection clauses are presumptively valid and enforceable unless the
plaintiff makes a “strong showing” that enforcement would be unfair or unreasonable
under the circumstances. See Krenkel, 579 F.3d at 1281 (citing Carnival Cruise
Lines, Inc. v. Shute, 499 U.S. 585, 593-95 (1991); M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore
Co., 407 U.S. 1, 10 (1972)). A forum-selection clause will be invalidated when: (1)
its formation was induced by fraud or overreaching; (2) the plaintiff would be
deprived of its day in court because of inconvenience or unfairness; (3) the chosen
law would deprive the plaintiff of a remedy; or (4) enforcement of the clause would
contravene public policy. Id.
2
The forum selection clause at issue here provides that:
For all cruises which include a port of the United States of America, it
is agreed by and between the Passengers and Owners that any dispute
arising out of or in connection with this Ticket/Contract shall be
determined by the United States District Court for the Southern District
of Florida in Fort Lauderdale . . . . For all cruises which do not include
a port of the United States, it is agreed by and between the passengers
and Owners that any and all disputes and matters whatsoever arising out
of or in connection with this Ticket/Contract shall be litigated and
determined, if at all, before a court of competent jurisdiction in Paris,
France . . . .
Seung’s cruise departed from Tahiti, and was to travel only within French Polynesia.
We, like the district court, sympathize with Seung’s situation. Nevertheless,
we do not believe that Seung has made the “strong showing” required to prove that
the forum selection clause should not be enforced in this case. For starters, Seung
does not argue that she agreed to the forum through fraud or overreaching, nor that
the chosen law would deprive her of a remedy. Further, to the extent Seung contends
that enforcing the clause contravenes United States public policy in favor of
reimbursing Medicare for Seung’s prior medical expenses, we are unpersuaded, since
Seung has not suggested that Paris is not a legally competent forum for her claim.1
1
In any event, we do not consider this argument, as Seung did not raise it below. Access
Now, Inc. v. Southwest Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (“[A]n issue not
raised in the district court and raised for the first time in an appeal will not be considered by this
court.”) (quotations omitted).
3
Seung’s main argument is that the forum selection clause was unfair and
unreasonable under the circumstances -- to wit, she is financially unable to bring a
lawsuit in Paris; she is a California resident with medical limitations, due in part to
her injury, that prevent her from traveling to Paris; and Paris is a remote, alien forum
chosen merely as a means of discouraging passengers from bringing legitimate
claims. As for her financial hardship claim, we have held that “[t]he financial
difficulty that a party might have in litigating in the selected forum is not a sufficient
ground by itself for refusal to enforce a valid forum selection clause.” P&S Business
Machines, Inc. v. Canon USA, Inc., 331 F.3d 804, 807-08 (11th Cir. 2003) (citing
Bonny v. Society of Lloyd’s, 3 F.3d 156, 160 n.11 (7th Cir. 1993) (reasoning that a
“party’s financial status at any given time in the course of litigation cannot be the
basis for enforcing or not enforcing a valid forum selection clause”); Moses v.
Business Card Exp., Inc., 929 F.2d 1131, 1138-39 (6th Cir. 1991) (reasoning that
economic disparity between franchisor and franchisees and franchisees’ claim of
financial hardship were insufficient reasons to refuse enforcement of a forum
selection clause since “the expense of travel . . . is inherent in a forum selection clause
[u]nless all parties reside in the selected jurisdiction”)). While Seung argues that
P&S is distinguishable because it involved an Alabama corporation and a California
corporation in a dispute about whether to pursue a case in California, this distinction
4
falls flat. Indeed, travel and litigation expenses will usually be at issue in forum
selection cases, regardless of the kinds of parties and locations involved.
As the Supreme Court has reasoned, in a suit -- much like this one -- between
injured cruise ship passengers and a cruise line:
Including a reasonable forum clause in a form contract of this kind well
may be permissible for several reasons: First, a cruise line has a special
interest in limiting the fora in which it potentially could be subject to
suit. Because a cruise ship typically carries passengers from many
locales, it is not unlikely that a mishap on a cruise could subject the
cruise line to litigation in several different fora. Additionally, a clause
establishing ex ante the forum for dispute resolution has the salutary
effect of dispelling any confusion about where suits arising from the
contract must be brought and defended, sparing litigants the time and
expense of pretrial motions to determine the correct forum and
conserving judicial resources that otherwise would be devoted to
deciding those motions. Finally, it stands to reason that passengers who
purchase tickets containing a forum clause like that at issue in this case
benefit in the form of reduced fares reflecting the savings that the cruise
line enjoys by limiting the fora in which it may be sued.
Shute, 499 U.S. at 593-94 (citations omitted). Thus, Seung, who chose to travel
internationally, may have benefitted financially from the inclusion of the forum
selection clause. The fact that she is an “elderly female plaintiff,” that Regent’s
headquarters are not in Paris, or that the forum is overseas does not mean that Seung’s
current financial difficulties should dictate the invalidation of the clause.
Nor are we convinced by Seung’s reliance on her medical problems. As the
district court noted, traveling from California to Paris, rather than cross-country to
5
Florida, would impose similar -- though not identical -- burdens on Seung in terms
of access to quality medical care and mobility problems. Seung additionally argues
that if any medical issues arise in Paris, she would have difficulties communicating
in French and would not receive the free Medicare coverage she would receive in
Florida. But the possibility that Seung may need to receive medical care while she
is in Paris for litigation does not satisfy the “strong showing” she must make to prove
that the forum selection clause should not be enforced in this case.
Seung has also failed to show that Paris is a remote, alien forum. As the record
shows, the Paul Gauguin did not travel or cruise to any United States port of call, but
instead sailed exclusively in waters subject to French jurisdiction, in French
Polynesia. In addition, while Seung asserts that the majority of passengers that travel
on Regent cruises are American, she cites no proof for that assertion. Furthermore,
even if more of Regent’s cruises depart from Ft. Lauderdale than French ports,
Seung’s ship notably did not depart from Ft. Lauderdale, but from French Polynesia.
In fact, the contract expressly provides that had her cruise departed from any United
States port, the appropriate forum would have been in Ft. Lauderdale. Thus, as a
Florida state court has held in a forum selection suit also involving the Paul Gaugin,
where “the Paul Gauguin both departed and returned from a foreign locale, never
making contact with any ports or waters of the United States[,] . . . it is reasonable
6
that Radisson selected Paris, France as a neutral location in order to dispel confusion
as to where passengers from a variety of countries could bring a lawsuit.” Burns v.
Radisson Seven Seas Cruises, Inc., 867 So. 2d 1191, 1193 (Fla. App. 4th Dist. 2004).
Finally, we are unpersuaded by Seung’s claim that pursuant to Regent’s forum
selection clause, the proper forum for the lawsuit is Ft. Lauderdale, because she left
for the cruise on an airplane flight out of Los Angeles International Airport, a port in
the United States. The contract provides a United States forum for disputes arising
out of “all cruises which include a port of the United States of America.” Seung’s
suggestion that her “cruise package” departed from Los Angeles International
Airport, a United States port, is irrelevant. Under the plain language of the contract,
Seung’s “cruise” did not include a United States port, and Paris is the appropriate
forum.
AFFIRMED.
7