USCA11 Case: 20-14727 Date Filed: 05/16/2022 Page: 1 of 14
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 20-14727
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
JAMES FARRELL WILKERSON,
a.k.a. James Ferrell Wilkerson,
a.k.a. Spot,
Defendant - Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 1:19-cr-00027-AW-GRJ-1
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 20-14727
Before GRANT, BRASHER, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
James Wilkerson appeals his conviction for possession of a
firearm by a convicted felon and resulting sentence of 235 months’
imprisonment. He argues that the government failed to present
sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that he construc-
tively possessed the firearm. He also argues that his sentence was
procedurally unreasonable because the district court erred in ap-
plying the armed career criminal enhancement where his prior
conviction for cocaine trafficking under Ga. Code § 16-13-31(a)(1)
does not qualify as a predicate felony under the Armed Career
Criminal Act (“ACCA”). He further argues that his sentence was
substantively unreasonable because the district court gave too
much weight to his criminal history and failed to consider other
factors. Finding sufficient evidence to support the conviction and
no sentencing errors, we affirm.
I.
A grand jury indicted Wilkerson on one count of possession
of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of
18 U.S.C. §§
922(g)(1), 924(e). At trial, the government presented Gainesville
Police Department (GPD) detective John Pandak, who testified to
the following. The arrest occurred at a popular hangout spot and
high-crime area on a vacant lot known as “the Slab.” Pandak’s unit
had been searching for evidence regarding a gunshot homicide that
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18-14190 Opinion of the Court 3
had occurred the week before and a shootout at the Slab the week
before that. Just north of the Slab, the detectives came across a
“campsite type area.” The campsite had a tent, with two people
inside. Pandak approached to ask whether they knew anything
about the crimes. He immediately smelled marijuana inside the
tent, Wilkerson was sitting in a chair, accompanied by Dejanee
Petty. Pandak noticed something balled up in Wilkerson’s hand
and ordered Wilkerson to reveal it, but Wilkerson refused. Pandak
grabbed one of Wilkerson’s arms, while his boss, Sergeant Blizzard,
grabbed the other, and “within seconds [they] sort of just fell to the
ground.” Wilkerson tried to pull away, but the detectives hand-
cuffed him and removed him from the tent. Pandak did not work
up a sweat (it was not a hot day) nor suffer any injuries. He did not
get any blood on his hands or bloodstains on his clothes. Wilkerson
did not sweat or get injured.
Pandak further testified as follows. He searched the tent and
found inside on the ground, a white plastic bag containing a hol-
stered pistol. He also found a marijuana blunt and a small bag of
marijuana that Wilkerson had been holding. The detectives took
several photographs: some of the pistol and one of where they had
found the pistol next to Wilkerson’s chair. Pandak had moved the
chair while searching the tent and again before taking the photo,
but the pistol would have been next to Wilkerson’s feet. Pandak
had also moved the firearm, “carefully, with two fingertips or so,”
and “flipped it over on its side, touching only the holster and not
the firearm itself.” He was not wearing gloves.
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4 Opinion of the Court 20-14727
The government then presented Blizzard, who testified as
follows. Blizzard and Pandak were investigating a shootout and
separate homicide that had occurred near the Slab when they en-
countered Wilkerson in the tent. Wilkerson attempted to stand
up; the detectives commanded him to sit back down. Wilkerson
did not comply, the detectives grabbed his hands, and a “small little
tussle” ensued, which lasted between 8 and 10 seconds. It was not
particularly hot; Blizzard did not work up a sweat or get injured or
observe injuries to Pandak or Wilkerson. He did, however, notice
a small abrasion on Wilkerson’s left wrist from the handcuffs. He
corroborated that Pandak had found the pistol in a white plastic
bag in front of where Wilkerson’s toes had been.
The government presented Petty, an acquaintance of
Wilkerson’s, who testified as follows. They had been in the tent
for 30 or 45 minutes when the detectives “came in [] very aggres-
sive.” After “tussling” with Wilkerson, they “started kicking the
trash.” She remained seated after they had removed Wilkerson
from the tent and watched as they discovered a pistol—which she
had never seen. She would have noticed it if it had been near
Wilkerson’s feet. The day was hot; Wilkerson was “sweating bad.”
The government presented the testimony of Hayley Miller,
who testified that she was the GPD Officer that collected the evi-
dence and further testified as follows. Usually, she would collect
evidence in GPD-issued paper evidence bags, but because she had
exhausted her supply that day, she put the pistol, bag of marijuana,
and blunt into a single plastic Publix bag from the trunk of her car.
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18-14190 Opinion of the Court 5
She did not see blood on any of the items. She may have collected
Wilkerson’s hat, but she would have kept it separate from the other
items.
The government also presented the testimony of Lauren
Foong, who testified that she was a former GPD crime scene inves-
tigator who had forensically processed the evidence and further
testified as follows. When she received the Publix bag and hat, the
pistol was still in its holster, the magazine was still in place, and the
pistol was loaded with ammunition. There were no visible signs of
blood or sweat. She swabbed the pistol and magazine separately,
using a different swab for each item. She did not change gloves
between handling the pieces of evidence. However, she photo-
graphed each item before swabbing it, and her photo of the pistol
was timestamped as having been taken 30 minutes earlier than her
photo of the hat.
The government presented the testimony of DNA analyst,
Amanda Stratton, who testified that she had analyzed the DNA and
further testified as follows. She found DNA on both the pistol and
magazine from three individuals and it was 700 billion times more
likely than not that one of them was Wilkerson. The DNA that
matched Wilkerson’s constituted 94 percent of the sample from the
pistol and 93 percent of the sample from the magazine. Such a
large amount of DNA could “possibly” have been transferred onto
the pistol and magazine by someone handling the items without
gloves or from the items in the Publix bag, but only through wet
bodily fluid—which she did not observe. The DNA results were
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6 Opinion of the Court 20-14727
most likely the result of repeated handling of the pistol by its pri-
mary user.
After the government rested, Wilkerson moved for a judg-
ment of acquittal based on insufficiency of the evidence as to pos-
session of the pistol. He argued that no one ever saw Wilkerson
touch, handle, or possess the pistol; the pistol had been found on a
vacant lot owned by the city; the photographs did not show the
original positioning of the pistol or surrounding items; the pistol
had not been in plain view or anywhere where he could have exer-
cised possession and control; he did not know the gun was there;
people were in and out of the tent all the time; no one knew who
owned the tent; and the DNA evidence was contaminated by mis-
handling. The court denied the motion.
Wilkerson presented the testimony of DNA consultant
Candy Zuleger, who, like Stratton, testified that she had analyzed
the DNA evidence. Zuleger testified she found DNA from three
individuals on the pistol and calculated that it was 700 billion times
more likely than not that one of the three was Wilkerson. How-
ever, her results showed that the quantity of Wilkerson’s DNA on
the pistol was “in the range of a secondary transfer.” Moreover,
she testified that Wilkerson’s DNA could have transferred to the
pistol as a result of Pandak’s handling of the pistol without gloves
after contact with Wilkerson’s sweat, abrasions, or skin cells, or
could have been transferred in the Publix bag from the blunt wet
with saliva, or from Foong’s handling the items without changing
gloves.
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II.
We review de novo the sufficiency of the evidence to sup-
port a conviction, “viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
to the government and drawing all reasonable inferences and cred-
ibility choices in favor of the jury’s verdict.” United States v. Tay-
lor,
480 F.3d 1025, 1026 (11th Cir. 2007). A district court’s denial of
a motion for a judgment of acquittal will be upheld if a reasonable
trier of fact could conclude that the evidence establishes the de-
fendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Rodri-
guez,
218 F.3d 1243, 1244 (11th Cir. 2000).
Federal law prohibits possession of a firearm by a convicted
felon.
18 U.S.C. § 922(g). Possession of a firearm may be actual or
constructive and proven through direct or circumstantial evidence.
United States v. Iglesias,
915 F.2d 1524, 1528 (11th Cir. 1990). To
establish constructive possession, the government must show that
the defendant “(1) was aware or knew of the firearm’s presence and
(2) had the ability and intent to later exercise dominion and control
over that firearm.” United States v. Perez,
661 F.3d 568, 576 (11th
Cir. 2011). A defendant’s presence in the vicinity of a firearm is
insufficient to establish constructive possession.
Id.
Here, the government presented sufficient evidence to sup-
port Wilkerson’s conviction, particularly that he constructively
possessed the pistol. Viewing the evidence in the light most favor-
able to the government, a reasonable jury could conclude that
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8 Opinion of the Court 20-14727
almost all the DNA found on the pistol and its magazine was
Wilkerson’s. The evidence indicated that such a large amount of
DNA could only have gotten there through wet bodily fluid or re-
peated handling. Because Wilkerson was neither sweating nor
bleeding when he was arrested a reasonable jury could find beyond
a reasonable doubt that Wilkerson had repeatedly handled the
weapon and his DNA was not transferred to the weapon by the
officers who had just arrested him. Because the pistol was also dis-
covered near where he had been sitting, a reasonable jury could
find that he knew it was there and had the ability and intent to ex-
ercise dominion and control over it.
Although there was contrary evidence—e.g. evidence from
the defense expert of the possibility that Wilkerson’s DNA could
have been on the pistol and magazine as a result of secondary trans-
fer—there was ample evidence on the basis of which the jury could
find that the DNA was Wilkerson’s as a result of repeated handling.
We affirm Wilkerson’s conviction.
III.
When reviewing the reasonableness of a sentence, we must
first ensure that the district court committed no significant proce-
dural error. Gall v. United States,
552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). We then
review for substantive reasonableness under the totality of the cir-
cumstances.
Id.
A.
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18-14190 Opinion of the Court 9
We review de novo whether a prior conviction qualifies as
a serious drug offense under the ACCA. United States v. White,
837 F.3d 1225, 1228 (11th Cir. 2016). In conducting this review, we
are bound to follow a prior binding precedent unless and until it is
overruled by this court sitting en banc or by the Supreme Court.
Id.
The ACCA mandates a 15-year minimum sentence for a de-
fendant who is convicted of possessing a firearm as a convicted
felon and who has at least 3 separate prior convictions for a “violent
felony” or a “serious drug offense.”
18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). The stat-
ute defines “serious drug offense” as “an offense under State law,
involving manufacturing, distributing, or possessing with intent to
manufacture or distribute, a controlled substance.”
§ 924(e)(2)(A)(ii). We have adopted an expansive interpretation of
the word “‘involving’” in this definition. United States v. Conage,
976 F.3d 1244, 1249 (11th Cir. 2020).
Federal courts use the “categorical approach” to decide
whether a state court conviction qualifies as a serious drug offense
under the ACCA. Shular v. United States,
140 S. Ct. 779, 783 (2020).
The categorical approach asks courts to look “only to the statutory
definitions of the prior offenses” and not “the particular facts un-
derlying the prior convictions” or “the label a State assigns to the
crimes.”
Id. (quotation marks and brackets omitted). Under the
categorical approach, “a conviction qualifies as a serious drug of-
fense only if the state statute under which the defendant was con-
victed defines the offense in the same way as, or more narrowly
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10 Opinion of the Court 20-14727
than, the ACCA’s definition of a serious drug offense.” Conage,
976 F.3d at 1250. Thus, “[i]f even one method of sustaining a drug
trafficking conviction does not qualify as a serious drug offense,
then the entire statute is disqualified as a predicate conviction for
ACCA purposes.” Id. at 1251.
Wilkerson had a previous conviction for trafficking cocaine
under O.C.G.A. § 16-13-31 that the district court used to enhance
his sentence under the ACCA. That statute provides that “any per-
son who sells, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state or
who is in possession of 28 grams or more of cocaine . . . commits
the felony offense of trafficking in cocaine.” O.C.G.A. § 16-13-31.
Wilkerson argues that the language “brings into this state” does not
satisfy the ACCA definition of serious drug offense because it can
be accomplished without conduct connected to, attendant with, or
in any way touching the conduct of manufacturing, distributing or
possession with intent to distribute cocaine.
We have addressed a similar argument about whether a vi-
olation of
Fla. Stat. § 893.135(1)(b) qualifies as a serious drug of-
fense under the ACCA where one method of violating the statute
is by “purchasing” 28 grams of cocaine.1 Conage, 976 F.3d at 1248,
1 Prior to Conage, we had held that a violation of § 893.135(1)(b) qual-
ified as a serious drug offense. Conage, 976 F.3d at 1253 (citing United States
v. James,
430 F.3d 1150 (11th Cir. 2005) (holding that defendant’s prior convic-
tion under
Fla. Stat. § 893.135(1)(b) qualified as a serious drug offense because
possession of more than 28 grams of cocaine implies an intent to distribute)).
However, we had not previously addressed whether the purchasing element
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18-14190 Opinion of the Court 11
1253. We first acknowledged that possession of more than 28
grams of cocaine necessarily implies intent to distribute and thus
qualifies as a serious drug offense under the ACCA.
Id. at 1254.
We then framed the issue as whether “purchasing” necessarily in-
volves possession under Florida law.
Id. at 1255. Recognizing the
possibility that the term “purchase” could be interpreted by the
Florida Supreme Court as not necessarily involving possession or
constructive possession, and because we could not find a definitive
answer, we certified the question to the Florida Supreme Court.
Id. at 1255-63.
Although we have previously examined § 16-13-31 to deter-
mine if a conviction under it is a predicate felony under ACCA, we
have not addressed this precise issue. In Hollis, we found that a
defendant’s prior conviction under § 16-13-31(a)(1) qualified as a
predicate felony under the ACCA. 958 F.3d at 1122-23 (reaching
this conclusion in deciding whether, in
28 U.S.C. § 2255 proceed-
ings, defendant had shown that his lawyer was deficient for not ar-
guing that the Georgia conviction was not a serious drug offense).
We reasoned that a violation of § 16-13-31(a)(1) satisfies the ACCA
definition of a serious drug offense because, by making possession
of more than 28 grams a “trafficking” offense, the statute infers in-
tent to distribute from a defendant’s possession of the specified
of the statute met the requirements for a serious drug offense under the
ACCA. Id. Thus, the prior panel precedent rule did not preclude us from
considering that issue. See id. at 1253-54.
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12 Opinion of the Court 20-14727
amount of cocaine. Id. at 1124. However, we did not consider
whether “brings into this state” also infers intent to distribute. See
id. at 1123-24. Because we did not consider that argument, the
prior panel precedent rule does not foreclose Wilkerson’s argu-
ment.
Although Georgia law does not address whether § 16-13-
31(a)(1)’s “brings into this state” requires possession, Georgia
courts have held that the statute’s reference to possession can in-
clude constructive possession. Williams v. State,
199 Ga. App. 566,
570,
405 S.E.2d 716, 720 (1991). The Georgia courts have also noted
that the statute explicitly provides that the necessary mens rea is
that the defendant knows he or she possesses the substance and
knows that it is cocaine. Wilson v. State,
312 Ga. App. 166, 169,
718 S.E.2d 31, 34 (2011), aff'd,
291 Ga. 458,
729 S.E.2d 364 (2012).
Under the Georgia statute, the relevant term—“brings into
the state”—differs from “purchase”—found in the Florida statute
examined in Connage—in that “brings” connotes possession more
clearly than does the term “purchase.” Indeed, it arguably is im-
possible to bring something somewhere without at least construc-
tively possessing it; otherwise, someone or something else would
have brought it. We decline to assume an unnatural definition of
“brings” to disqualify § 16-13-31(a)(1) as a predicate felony. The
district court did not procedurally err by applying the ACCA en-
hancement to Wilkerson’s sentence.
B.
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We review a sentence for substantive reasonableness using
a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall,
552 U.S. at 51. Un-
der this standard, a district court abuses its discretion when it
(1) fails to consider relevant factors that were due significant
weight, (2) gives significant weight to an improper or irrelevant fac-
tor, or (3) commits a clear error of judgment by balancing the
proper factors unreasonably. United States v. Irey,
612 F.3d 1160,
1189 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc). The proper factors are set out
in § 3553(a) and include the nature and circumstances of the of-
fense, the criminal history of the defendant, the seriousness of the
crime, adequate deterrence, and protection of the public.
18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a).
We have emphasized that we must give due deference to
the district court’s consideration and weight of the proper sentenc-
ing factors. United States v. Shabazz,
887 F.3d 1204, 1224 (11th Cir.
2018). Though the district court must consider all the § 3553(a)
factors, it need not mention each factor explicitly at the sentencing
hearing. United States v. Scott,
426 F.3d 1324, 1329 (11th Cir.
2005), abrogated on other grounds by Rita v. United States,
551
U.S. 338 (2007). The district court also need not give all the factors
equal weight and has discretion to attach great weight to one factor
over another. United States v. Rosales-Bruno,
789 F.3d 1249, 1254
(11th Cir. 2015). Along with the § 3553(a) factors, the district court
should also consider the particularized facts of the case and the
guideline range. Id. at 1259-60. However, it maintains discretion
to give heavier weight to any of the § 3553(a) factors or
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14 Opinion of the Court 20-14727
combination of factors than to the guideline range. Id. at 1259. We
ordinarily expect a sentence within the Guidelines range to be rea-
sonable. United States v. Gonzalez,
550 F.3d 1319, 1324 (11th Cir.
2008). Another indicator of reasonableness is that a sentence is well
below the statutory maximum.
Id.
Here, Wilkerson’s sentence is not substantively unreasona-
ble. The district court stated that it considered all the § 3553(a)
factors, mentioned that it had considered the mitigating factors,
and had discretion to weigh the factors differently. The district
court did not abuse its discretion in weighing the factors to arrive
at a sentence within the guidelines range and well below the statu-
tory maximum. We affirm Wilkerson’s sentence.
AFFIRMED.
